“Coydog”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A coydog is a canid hybrid resulting from a mating between a coyote and a dog. The term is sometimes mistakenly used for coywolves, which are common in northeast North America, whereas true coydogs are only occasionally found in the wild.^[1] A study found that when a coyote met a dog, the reaction was either antagonistic or equally as likely to lead to bouts of play.^[2]

Hybridization usually only occurs when coyotes are expanding into areas where conspecifics are few and dogs are the only alternatives. Even then, pup survival rates are lower than normal, as dogs do not form pair bonds with coyotes, thus making the rearing of pups more difficult.^[3] Nevertheless, hybrids of both sexes are fertile, and can be successfully bred through four generations.^[4] Such matings have occurred long before the European colonization of the Americas, as melanistic coyotes have been shown to have inherited their black pelts from dogs likely brought to North America through the Bering Land Bridge 12,000 to 14,000 years ago by the ancestors of the Americas' indigenous people.^[4]

Coydogs were deliberately bred in Pre-Columbian Mexico, where coyotes were held in high regard. In the city of Teotihuacan, it was common practice to crossbreed coyotes and Mexican gray wolves with dogs in order to breed resistant, loyal but temperamental, good guardians.^[5] Northern Canada's Aboriginal populations were mating coyotes and wolves to their sled dogs in order to produce more resilient animals as late as the early 20th century.^[6]

In captivity, F₁ hybrids tend to be more mischievous and less manageable as pups than dogs, and are less trustworthy on maturity than wolf–dog hybrids.^[6] Hybrids vary in appearance, but generally retain the coyote's adult sable coat color, dark neonatal coat color, bushy tail with an active supracaudal gland, and white facial mask. F₁ hybrids tend to be intermediate in form between dogs and coyotes, while F₂ hybrids are more varied. Both F₁ and F₂ hybrids resemble their coyote parents in terms of shyness and intrasexual aggression.^[7] Hybrid play behavior includes the coyote "hip-slam".^[8] A population of non-albino white coyotes in Newfoundland owe their coloration to a MC1R mutation inherited from golden retrievers.^[9]

Some 15% of 10,000 coyotes taken annually in Illinois for their fur during the early 1980s may have been coydogs based on cranial measurements. As the coyote population in Illinois at the time was estimated at 20,000-30,000, this would suggest a population of 3,000-4,500 coydogs in the state.^[10] Of 379 wild canid skulls taken in Ohio from 1982 to 1988, 10 (2.6%) were found to be coydogs. It was noted that "The incidence of coydog hybrids was high only in areas of expanding, widely dispersed coyote populations".^[11]

See also

References

1. ^Zimmerman, David. "Eastern Coyotes Are Becoming Coywolves". Caledonian-Record. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
2. ^Boydston, Erin E.; Abelson, Eric S.; Kazanjian, Ari; and Blumstein, Daniel T. (2018) [https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/hwi/vol12/iss2/9 Canid vs. Canid: Insights into Coyote-Dog Encounters from Social Media], Human–Wildlife Interactions: Vol. 12 : Iss. 2 , Article 9.
3. ^Cartaino, Carol (2011). Myths & Truths about Coyotes: What You Need to Know about America's Most Misunderstood Predator. Readhowyouwant.com. pp. 61-63. {{ISBN|1458726681}}
4. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = T. M. | last2 = Vonholdt | first2 = B. M. | last3 = Candille | first3 = S. I. | last4 = Musiani | first4 = M. | last5 = Greco | first5 = C. | last6 = Stahler | first6 = D. R. | last7 = Smith | first7 = D. W. | last8 = Padhukasahasram | first8 = B. | last9 = Randi | first9 = E. | doi = 10.1126/science.1165448 | last10 = Leonard | first10 = J. A. | last11 = Bustamante | first11 = C. D. | last12 = Ostrander | first12 = E. A. | last13 = Tang | first13 = H. | last14 = Wayne | first14 = R. K. | last15 = Barsh | first15 = G. S. | title = Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves | journal = Science | volume = 323 | issue = 5919 | pages = 1339–1343 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19197024| pmc =2903542 | bibcode = 2009Sci...323.1339A }}
5. ^Valadez, R., Rodríguez, B., Manzanilla, L. & Tejeda, S. (2006), Dog-wolf hybrid biotype reconstruction from the archaeological city of Teotihuacan in prehispanic central Mexico, in Dogs and People in Social, Working, Economic or Symbolic Interaction, ed. L. M. Snyder & E. A. Moore, pp. 121-131, Oxford, England: Oxbow Books (Proceedings of the 9th ICAZ Conference, Durham, England, 2002.
6. ^¹²Young, S. P.; Jackson, H. H. T. (1978). The Clever Coyote. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 121-124. {{ISBN|0-8032-5893-3}}.
7. ^Fox, M. W. (1978). The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior. Garland STPM Press. p. 105. {{ISBN|0824098587}}.
8. ^Fox, M. W. (1978). The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior. Garland STPM Press. p. 136. {{ISBN|0824098587}}.
9. ^Zimmer, Carl. "Snow Coyotes and Spirit Bears". National Geographic Magazine.com (Jan. 21, 2013).
10. ^Hoffmeister, Donald F. (2002). Mammals of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. pp. 271-272. {{ISBN|0252070836}}
11. ^Weeks, John L., et al. [https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/23411/1/V090N5_142.pdf "Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Ohio"], Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 90, Issue 5 (December, 1990)