| 词条 | Kirkuk status referendum |
| 释义 |
The Kirkuk status referendum was the Kirkuk part of a planned plebiscite to decide whether the disputed territories of Northern Iraq should become part of the Iraqi Kurdistan region. The referendum was initially planned for 15 November 2007,[1] but was repeatedly delayed[2][3] and ultimately never took place.[4] The referendum was mandated by Article 140 of the Constitution of Iraq. Article 140 required that before the referendum, measures had to be taken to reverse the Arabization policy employed by the Saddam Hussein administration during the Al-Anfal Campaign. Thousands of Kurds returned to Kirkuk following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The referendum was to decide whether enough had returned for the area to be considered Kurdish.[5] Kurdish resentment over the government's failure to implement Article 140 was one of the reasons for the 2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum,[6] which posed the question, "Do you want the Kurdistan Region and the Kurdistani areas outside the Region to become an independent state?"[7] The referendum led to episodes of Iraqi–Kurdish conflict and the government takeover of Kirkuk. The Iraqi ConstitutionFollowing the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by the United States-led coalition, the country was under the direct rule of the United States-appointed Coalition Provisional Authority, with advice from selected Iraqi leaders who sat on the Iraqi Governing Council. The IGC approved an interim constitution, the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period (Transitional Administrative Law, TAL), which established the framework for the drafting and approval of a permanent constitution. The TAL included specific clauses providing for the return of and compensation for forced migrants and for the "resolution of disputed territories including Kirkuk" through arbitration: {{Quotation|
|Article 58|Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period}} In 2005, a permanent Constitution was approved which referred back to the TAL and set a deadline of the end of 2007 for completion: {{Quotation|
In late 2007, the U.N. Special Representative for Iraq negotiated an extension of the deadline for six months. However, the federal parliament decided to refer the matter to the Constitutional Court to rule whether the article was now expired or how it should be implemented.[8] De-Arabization{{quote box|align=right|width=30% |quote="We shall accept a solution for Kirkuk worked out by the parties inside the city and oppose any solution imported from outside parties that are enemies to the Kurdish people's experiment."|source=Najat Hassan Karim, senior Kurdish politician.[9]}}The government of Nouri al-Maliki appointed a "Commission on the Normalisation of the Status of Kirkuk" to implement the de-arabization program. The Justice Minister, Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli, a secular Sunni Arab from the secular Iraqi National List coalition was appointed the head. A program of normalisation was to be followed by a census by July 2007 and a referendum in November 2007. In April 2007, Turkish intelligence sources claimed that Kurdistan President Barzani had "offered bribes to various Iraqi officials" involved in the Commission, including $500,000 to al-Shibli.[10] Turkey claimed that Iraqi Kurdistan was planning to annex Kirkuk "illegally", and that the rights of Iraqi Turkmen would be violated if Kirkuk joined Iraqi Kurdistan. Shibli resigned as head of the Commission in March 2007, citing disagreements with his own coalition on Kirkuk.[11] Raed Fahmy Jahid, another Sunni Arab from the INL was appointed his replacement in August 2007.[12] In February 2007, the Commission adopted a controversial plan, which gave Sunni Arabs $15,000 to relocate back to their towns of origin, plus a plot of land in their new home.[13] In September 2007, it was reported that the normalization program had been bogged down in technical difficulties. The Kurdish parties were reported to have agreed a delay to the timetable for the census and referendum.[13] Position of Iraqi parties
The Sadrist Movement called for the referendum to be postponed in June 2007.[15] Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council: In July 2007 they were reported to have supported a delay.[13]
Massoud Barzani, Kurdistan Democratic Party head has said that a delay of three to four months would be acceptable.[13] In September 2007, a news agency reported that the Kurdish parties had agreed a postponement to May 2008. However, Barzani said that failure to implement the law would "result in real civil war".[14]
The Iraqi National Dialogue Front called for a delay in June.[15] The Iraqi Accord Front proposed a delay in June, by way of an amendment to the Constitution of Iraq[13]
Saadeddin Arkej, the leader of the Iraqi Turkmen Front said in June that they aimed to save Kirkuk as the capital of Iraqi Turkmens or at least earn it a special status.[16] International reactions
MediationIn June 2008 the UNAMI head, Staffan de Mistura recommended that the Akra District of Ninawa Governorate and the Makhmur District of Kirkuk Governorate be incorporated into Kurdistan but that the al-Hamdaniya area of Ninawa Governorate and the Mandali area of Diyala Governorate be excluded. These recommendations were rejected by the Council of Representatives of Iraq.[18] See also
References1. ^Iraqi Council of Ministers Presented to the Parliament by Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001111155/http://export.gov/Iraq/pdf/iraq_government.pdf |date=1 October 2013 }} www.export.gov/Iraq 2. ^1 Iran pleases Ankara, irks Kurds with call for Kirkuk poll delay, The New Anatolian, 2007-11-08, accessed on 1 March 2008 3. ^Kirkuk, Other Iraq Issues to Be Delayed 4. ^{{Cite web| last = Iddon| first = Paul| title = Iraqi Kurdistan in disarray after the loss of Kirkuk| work = alaraby| accessdate = 2017-10-31| url = https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2017/10/19/iraqi-kurdistan-in-disarray-after-the-loss-of-kirkuk}} 5. ^1 Iraq: Kurds warn against delaying Kirkuk Referendum RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 6. ^{{Cite web| title = President of Iraqi Kurdistan says independence vote is due to failure of unity| work = The National| accessdate = 2017-10-31| url = https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/president-of-iraqi-kurdistan-says-independence-vote-is-due-to-failure-of-unity-1.626631}} 7. ^{{Cite web| title = Kurdistan referendum commission reveals four-language sample ballot| work = Rudaw| accessdate = 2017-10-31| url = http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/060920172}} 8. ^Kirkuk's Article 140: Expired or Not?, Nazar Janabi, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 31 January 2008 9. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/16/AR2009041604007_pf.html Kurds, Arabs Maneuver Ahead of U.N. Report on N. Iraq Washington Post, April 17, 2009] 10. ^Turkish special rep. to Iraq brings documents showing "Barzani bribes" to the US, Hurriyet, 2007-04-11, accessed on 14 September 2007 11. ^Iraq's justice minister resigns, BBC, 2007-03-31, accessed on 14 September 2007 12. ^Profile of New Head of Iraqi Commission on Normalization of Kirkuk Status, BBC Monitoring via IndustryWatch, 2 August 2007 accessed on 5 August 2007 13. ^1 2 Sectarian disputes delay constitution, Gulf News, 2007-07-09, accessed on 9 July 2007 14. ^1 2 Iraq: Kirkuk Referendum Likely To Be Delayed, Radio Free Europe, 2007-09-13, accessed on 14 September 2007 15. ^1 Muqtada: Postpone Kirkuk Referendum, Sawt al-Iraq translated by Informed Comment, 2007-06-10, accessed on 10 June 2007 16. ^Turkmen Front delegation in New York, wants special status for Kirkuk, The New Anatolian, 2007-06-29, accessed on 17 August 2007 17. ^Saudi Arabia offers Kurds 2 billion dollars to give up Kirkuk, Middle East Online, 2007-04-03, accessed on 1 March 2008 18. ^Iraqi Kurds await U.N. regional recommendations, Kurdish Globe, 12 August 2008 External links
5 : Kirkuk Governorate|Politics of Iraqi Kurdistan|Referendums in Iraq|Cancelled referendums|Dissolution of Iraq |
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