| 词条 | Cross Country Route |
| 释义 |
| box_width = | name = Cross Country Route | color = | logo = | logo_width = | logo_alt = | image = Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station_MMB_71_221130.jpg | image_width = 320px | image_alt = | caption = CrossCountry Class 221 Super Voyager departing {{rws|Bristol Temple Meads}} in 2010 | type = Suburban rail, Heavy rail, Inter-city rail | system = National Rail | status = Operational | locale = | start = {{rws|York}} | end = {{rws|Bristol Temple Meads}} | stations = 48 | routes = | daily_ridership = | open = | close = | owner = Network Rail | operator = CrossCountry (principal operator) East Midlands Trains Great Western Railway Grand Central Northern TransPennine Express Transport for Wales Virgin Trains West Midlands Trains | character = | depot = | stock = Class 43 HST (main stock) {{brc|170}} Turbostar (main stock) {{BRC|220}} Voyager (main stock) {{BRC|221}} Super Voyager (main stock) | linelength = | tracklength = | tracks = | gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}} | old_gauge = | minradius = | racksystem = | routenumber = | electrification = Partial 25 kV AC OHLE | speed = Up to 125 mph (200 km/h) maximum, some sections limited to 100 mph (160 km/h) | elevation = | website = | map = | map_state = }}{{Cross Country Route RDT|collapse=yes}} The Cross Country Route is a long-distance UK rail route that has in its central part superseded the Midland Railway. It runs from Cornwall via Bristol, Birmingham, Derby, Sheffield and Leeds and the north east to Scotland. It facilitates some of the longest passenger journeys in the UK such as {{rws|Aberdeen}} to {{rws|Penzance}}. In the summer services are provided to additional coastal stations such as {{rws|Newquay}}. The line is classed as a high-speed line because the sections of the line from Birmingham to Wakefield and from Leeds to York have a speed limit of {{convert|125|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, though the section from Birmingham to Bristol is limited to {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} due to there being numerous level crossings, especially half-barrier level crossings, and the section from Wakefield to Leeds is limited to {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} due to a number of curves.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} HistoryThe Birmingham to Bristol section was built as the Birmingham and Gloucester and Bristol and Gloucester Railways{{refn|Briefly amalgamated as the Birmingham and Bristol Railway|group= n}} before joining the Midland Railway, the southern forerunner to the cross-country route. From Birmingham to the NNE, the line had three separately owned sections, namely the:
From the Labour Government's nationalisation in 1948 until privatisation in 1990 it ran through six regions of British Rail but had (timetabling) priority in none of them and therefore the services were poorly promoted and thus not always well-patronised.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Most Derby-Nottingham local passenger trains were taken over by diesel units from 14 April 1958, taking about 34 minutes between the two cities.[1] Use and services have expanded since privatisation when a better-prioritised route was awarded as a single franchise to Virgin Trains. During the 1990s and early 2000s, the network was served by High Speed Trains, and Class 47s, which hauled various types of coaching stock. Modern, more powerful multiple-units of the 21st century such as the Turbostars and Voyagers have improved train performance without electrification. However, the line has higher operating costs and a significantly higher carbon footprint than if it were electrified. The use of the route for freight has decreased, due to the bulk of haulage switching to road use and the building of the M5, M6 and M1 motorways. Abortive British Rail proposals for complete electrificationIn the 1960s the route was considered for electrification.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In the early 1980s, electrification was again discussed at length and documentation for various proposals produced in 1981 [2]. This would have been particularly beneficial for climbing the Lickey Incline between Cheltenham and Birmingham, as many of the early diesels were underpowered. In 1977 the Parliamentary Select Committee on Nationalised Industries recommended considering electrification of more of Britain's rail network, and by 1979 BR presented a range of options that included electrifying the cross-country route by 2000.[3] Under the governments that succeeded the 1976–79 Labour government the proposal was not implemented. RouteThe route is well connected, and aside from its own alignment it uses parts of the South Wales Main Line, West Coast Main Line, Midland Main Line, Swinton to Doncaster Line, and the East Coast Main Line. Major cities and towns served along the route include:
Milepost zero for the main predecessor Derby to Bristol route has always been Derby, hence a train travelling the whole route starts out going "up" then becomes "down". The Birmingham to Derby section of the route has a line speed of {{convert|125|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, however Birmingham to Bristol is restricted to {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} due to a number of half barrier level crossings. ElectrificationThe line is not fully electrified, but some sections are overhead electrified at 25 kV AC such as {{rws|Barnt Green}} and extended to Bromsgrove in May 2018 to Grand Junction, with further electrified sections around {{rws|Leeds}} and the East Coast Main Line near {{rws|York}}.[4] The section between Leeds and York is due to be fully electrified by 2022 with the electrification of the North TransPennine from Liverpool Lime Street to York via {{rws|Manchester Piccadilly}},[5] as is the section between Westerleigh Junction and {{rws|Bristol Temple Meads}} as part of the 21st Century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line. It had been confirmed that the line between {{rws|Derby}} and {{rws|Sheffield}} would be electrified as part of the Midland Main Line upgrade.[6] However, the electrification programme was severely cut back in July 2017.[7] ServicesMost long distance services on the route are operated by Class 220/221 Voyager Trains, although a few services operate using Class 43 HSTs. These trains are capable of achieving {{convert|125|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, compared to the previous Class 47s and Mk 2 coaching stock, which had a top speed of {{convert|95|mph|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}. See also
Notes and references
1. ^Railway Magazine June 1958 p. 432 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoTBRB_Electrification1981.pdf|title=1981 Railway archive|last=|first=|date=1981|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 3. ^{{cite book |author=Anonymous |title=Railway Electrification |date=Winter 1979 |location= |publisher= British Railways Board (Central Publicity Unit) |pages=0–2, 8}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/69115/electric-train-birmingham-bromsgrove/|title=First electric train travels between Birmingham and Bromsgrove|website=www.globalrailwayreview.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-07}} 5. ^{{cite journal | author = Philip Haigh | editor = Nigel Harris | date = 14 December 2011 | title = £290m to wire York-Manchester trans-Pennine route | journal = RAIL magazine | issue = 685 | pages = 8–9 | publisher = Bauer Media }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/midland-main-line-improvement-programme/|title=Midland Mainline improvement programme – Network Rail|author=|date=|website=www.networkrail.co.uk|accessdate=4 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226154102/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/midland-main-line-improvement-programme/|archivedate=26 December 2016|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40669869|title=Rail electrification plans scrapped|date=2017-07-20|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-10-31|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825000330/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-40669869|archivedate=25 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}
External links{{Commons category|Cross Country Route|position=left}}{{Main inter-regional railway lines in Great Britain|state=expanded}} 5 : Railway lines in the East Midlands|Railway lines in South West England|Railway lines in Yorkshire and the Humber|Railway lines in the West Midlands (region)|Main inter-regional railway lines in Great Britain |
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