| 词条 | Lake Willoughby |
| 释义 |
| name = Lake Willoughby | image = Willoughby Lake drone 2017-08.jpg | image_size = 320 | caption = Looking south from above north shore of Lake Willoughby, with Mt. Pisgah distant left and Mount Hor distant right, courtesy of Nathaniel Broderick. | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Orleans County, Vermont, United States | coords = {{coord|44|45|07|N|72|03|46|W|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = glacial lake (ice age) | inflow = glacial aquifer. | outflow = Willoughby River (creek) | catchment =Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean | basin_countries = United States | length = {{convert|5|miles}} | width = {{convert|1|mile}} | area = {{convert|1687|acre|ha|0}} | depth = {{convert|185|ft}} | max-depth = {{convert|320|ft|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|1171|ft|m|abbr=on}}[1] | extra = {{designation list |embed=yes |designation1=NNL |designation1_date=1967}} }} Lake Willoughby is a lake in the town of Westmore in Orleans County in the northeast section of Vermont, United States. The lake's southern end is surrounded by the Willoughby State Forest. This state forest includes Mount Pisgah, Mount Hor, and Bartlett Mountain (Vermont). In 2010, Yankee magazine named Willoughby as the third best lake in New England.[2] Willoughby Lake has a public beach that stretches {{convert|0.4|km}} on the north shore of the lake, or in the zone of the lake outlet. Another public beach is located at the bottom of the South Bay of the Lake. The village of Westmore is located on the east side, at the confluence area of Mill Creek which drains the waters of Long Pond. Many cottages and houses are located on North-East bank of the lake. HydrologyThe lake is known for its clarity and chilly temperature.[3] Because of its depth, the surface of the lake freezes later than other lakes in the Northeast Kingdom.[4] WatershedWilloughby Lake is part of the Saint-François River watershed, its waters eventually reaching the St. Lawrence River in Canada. Willoughby River is the outlet from the lake and runs north through Brownington to feed into the Barton River. The Barton River is tributary to Lake Memphremagog and thence to the Magog River, then the Saint-François River, then the St. Lawrence River, and ultimately to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Prior to the floods of 1927, the river had three dams. All were destroyed by the flood. An iron bridge that ran from Evansville to Brownington Center was destroyed and rebuilt.[5] A dam where the Whetstone Dam had formerly stood, was rebuilt to run a sawmill, which was still in operation in 2008. The "state Fish and Game Department" bought the dam rights to allow rainbow trout to swim upriver.[5] GeologyLake Willoughby is a southeast trending basin. Willoughby is a glacial lake over {{convert|320|ft}} deep in places, the deepest lake entirely contained in the state and second to only Lake Champlain whose deepest point reaches {{convert|400|ft}}. Lake Willoughby resembles a Norwegian fjord. The rock between Mount Pisgah on the east and Mount Hor on the west was eroded by a valley ice lobe. This ice flow cut across the Willoughby granodiorite and adjacent metamorphic rocks. The ice flow may have exploited highly fractured bedrock along the margin of the Willoughby pluton or joint surfaces within the pluton.[6] Other mountains in territory of Westmore, Vermont are on:
Natural historyWilloughby is listed as a National Natural Landmark.[7] Willoughby contains rainbow trout (wild and stocked), Lake Trout, landlocked Atlantic salmon (mainly stocked), rainbow smelt, burbot, yellow perch, longnose sucker, white sucker, lake chub, common shiner, and round whitefish which is a native species of extremely limited distribution in Vermont. Steelhead trout (rainbow trout) are not native to the region, but were imported to Lake Memphremagog from the Pacific Northwest. They migrate up the Barton River and Willoughby River to the lake to spawn.[8]The sheer cliffs of Mount Pisgah and Mount Hor provide an environment conducive for arctic and cliff-alpine plants, as well as ideal nesting areas for the rare peregrine falcon.[9] More than 100 bird species have been recorded around the lake including thrushes, warblers, hummingbirds, jays, finches, loons, herons and gulls.[10] HistoryTiny steam boats operated on the lake for tourists from 1884 to the early 1900s when steam was replaced by the gasoline engine.[11] In 1915, Robert Frost mentioned the lake in a poem, "A Servant to Servants, ToponymyThe toponym "lake Willoughby" was officially recognized on September 1, 1992, by GNIS (Geographic Names Information System) of United States.[14] Local customs and cultureDevil's Rock, located on the Mount Pisgah side of the lake at a less than halfway point from the lake's southern beach, is a popular diving spot for daring locals and vacationers.[15] It takes its name from a painted image of a devil on the front of the rock facing out toward the lake. It is also called Devil's Rock because when reflected in still water, the image of a skull lying on its side can be seen. Along the eastern shore, there are a series of natural waterslides that flow into Lake Willoughby.[16] In the winter, these turn into an ice wall which is used by ice climbers.[17] EconomyLake facilities offer swimming, hiking, and ice fishing. There is a nude beach on the lake's southern shore.[18] Surrounding the Willoughby Lake, there are some campgrounds and cottage rental services for tourists. The Route 5A runs along the lake's eastern edge. See also
Footnotes1. ^{{cite gnis|1460283|Lake Willoughby}} 2. ^{{Cite news|first= |last= |title=NEK establishments listed in Yankee's best of NE awards |url=http://www.yankeemagazine.com/issues/2010-01/interact/10things/readers-choice |work= |publisher=the Chronicle |location=Barton, Vermont |pages=7 |date=February 3, 2010 |id= |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612152215/http://www.yankeemagazine.com/issues/2010-01/interact/10things/readers-choice |archivedate=June 12, 2010 |df= }} 3. ^Department of Environmental Conservation, Agency of Natural Resources - retrieved August 9, 2007 4. ^{{cite book| author = Wheeler, Scott |title = Good Fishermen Don't Get Old, They Become Legends | publisher = Vermont's Northland Journal | year = February 2007}} 5. ^1 Northland Journal, November 2008, page 13, "The Flood of 1927," Ralph Swett 6. ^{{cite book | author = Ebbett, Ballard. |title = Pleistocene Glaciation at Lake Willoughby, Vermont | publisher = Vermont Geology Vol 5 | year = 1981}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vermonter.com/nek/willoughby.asp|title=Lake Willoughby, Vermont - Westmore, Vermont, VT|work=vermonter.com}} 8. ^{{Cite news | first=Joseph | last=Gresser | title=Steelhead run draws crowds to Willoughby River | url=| work= | newspaper=the Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages= 14A | date=May 1, 2013 | id= | accessdate=}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wildernet.com/pages/area.cfm?areaID=VTSFWB&CU_ID=1|title=Wildernet.com - Willoughby State Forest, Vermont State Parks, Forests and Historic Sites|work=wildernet.com}} 10. ^Willoughvalle.com Spring, Summer and Fall Recreation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714005240/http://www.willoughvale.com/content/summer-fall-recreation.html |date=2010-07-14 }} 11. ^{{Cite journal |first=Harriet |last=Fisher |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=August 2007 |title=Steaming Around Willoughby |journal=Vermont's Northland Journal |volume= |issue= |pages=7–10 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/118/9.html|title=9. A Servant to Servants. Frost, Robert. 1915. North of Boston|work=bartleby.com}} 13. ^{{Cite news | first=Sally | last=Pollak | title=Art grows in the Northeast Kingdom | url=| work= | newspaper=The Burlington Free Press | location=Burlington, Vermont | pages= 1A | date=August 4, 2013 | id= | accessdate=}} 14. ^GNIS - Toponym: "Lake Willoughby" 15. ^Barton Area Lakes and Mountains {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129095522/http://www.centerofthekingdom.com/Vermont_Lakes_Mountains.html |date=2010-01-29 }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.northeastwaterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=240&p=0|title=Mill Brook Falls - Waterfalls of the Northeastern United States|work=northeastwaterfalls.com}} 17. ^{{cite web|last1=Thatcher|first1=Erik|title=Lake Willoughby Ice Climbs|url=http://www.mooneymountainguides.com/blog/category/lake-willoughby-ice-climbs/|website=MooneyMountainGuides|accessdate=May 6, 2015}} 18. ^Nudity is legal everywhere in Vermont External links{{Commons category|Lake Willoughby}}{{GeoGroup}}
5 : Lakes of Vermont|Westmore, Vermont|Glacial lakes of the United States|Lakes of Orleans County, Vermont|Northeast Kingdom, Vermont |
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