| 词条 | Latvian Americans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|group = Latvian Americans Amerikas latvieši |image = |caption = |pop = 93,498 (2008 American Community Survey) |popplace = California, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota |langs = American English, Latvian |rels = Mostly Lutheranism with Roman Catholic minority |related = Lithuanian Americans, Latvians}} Latvian Americans are Americans who are of Latvian ancestry. According to the 2008 American Community Survey, there are 93,498 Americans of full or partial Latvian descent. HistoryThe first significant wave of Latvian settlers who immigrated to the United States came in 1888 to Boston. By the end of century, those Latvians immigrants settled primarily in other East Coast and Midwest cities, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Chicago, as well as coastal cities on the West Coast, such as Seattle, Portland, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Some immigrants also established themselves in rural areas, but they were few and usually did not form long-lasting communities. Although most Latvians settled in cities, in most of these (with the exception of the Roxbury district of Boston) they lived dispersed and did not form ethnic neighborhoods. The first Lutheran church built by Latvians in the United States was erected in 1906 in Lincoln County, where an agricultural colony had been established in 1897.[1] A new wave of Latvian immigration began around 1906, after the failure of the 1905 Russian Revolution. Many of these immigrants were political leaders and rank-and-file revolutionaries who could be killed by Russian soldiers if they were discovered, so they decided to emigrate and continue the revolutionary movement in other countries. Most of the Latvian revolutionaries were more politically radical than the earlier immigrants to the United States, which increased friction in a number of communities. In 1917, many Latvian revolutionaries went back to their homeland to work for the creation of a Bolshevik government, and in 1918, when Latvia declared its independence, some nationalists also returned. After the First World War, the promise of economic improvements in the newly independent nation, immigration quotas established in 1924 by the United States, and the Great Depression all contributed to slow emigration from Latvia. Toward the end of World War II, tens of thousands Latvians fled from advancing Soviet troops to Western Europe and moved into Displaced Persons camps. About half were eventually repatriated to Latvia, but the rest resettled to Germany, England, Australia, Canada, the United States and other countries. From 1949 to 1951, 40,000 Latvians immigrated to the United States with the help of the U.S. government and various social service and religious organizations. Although many of these refugees had been professionals in their country, in the United States they often had jobs as farmhands, custodians, or builders until they could find better paying jobs. Most Latvians settled in cities, such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago. As with the earlier Latvian immigrants, most did not create ethnic neighborhoods and relied on social events and the press for a sense of community. Within a few years, Latvian organizations managed to create schools, credit unions, choirs, dance groups, theater troupes, publishers and book sellers, churches, veterans' groups, and political organizations. From 1980 to 1990, 1,006 Latvians arrived in the United States.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Latvia reestablished its independence in 1991; however, few of the immigrants or their descendants have returned.[2] DemographyAccording to the 2000 census, a total of 87,564 people of Latvian descent lived in the United States. There are larger populations in the states of California, New York, Illinois, Florida and Massachusetts. Many Latvian Americans (about 9,000) have dual citizenship, which became available to Latvians who emigrated after the reestablishment of independence. Also, many often travel to Latvia and provide financial support and give material to various organizations. Some Latvian Americans have been elected to the Saeima, or Parliament, in Latvia.[2] The states with the largest Latvian-American populations are:
Latvian-born populationLatvian-born population in the US since 2010:[3]
EducationThe majority of Latvians immigrants to the United States after World War II were university graduates. Many were academics or belonged to intelligentsia.[2] Languages and religionsMost Latvian Americans speak English, while Latvian (also known as Lettish) is basically the language spoken by American Latvians of the first generation due to intermarriage. As for religion, although most Latvians Americans are Lutherans, there are also small Catholic communities, represented by the American Latvian Catholic Association,[2] as well Baptist communities. Notable people
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Gaiss svaigs kā Kurzemes mūžamežā: Linkolnas kolonija Viskonsīnā|url=http://pedas.lapamuzejs.lv/?page_id=39|website=Latviešu pēdas pasaulē|publisher=Latvieši pasaulē – muzejs un pētniecības centrs|accessdate=5 July 2017}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Ha-La/Latvian-Americans.html |title=Latvian Americans - History, The first Latvians in America, Significant immigration waves |website=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-05}} 3. ^https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B05006&prodType=table 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.latvia.lv/library/latvias-famous-people|title=Latvia's Famous People|publisher=Latvia.lv|accessdate=September 23, 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Ha-La/Latvian-Americans.html |title=Latvian Americans - History, The first latvians in america, Significant immigration waves |website=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-05}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.actorbuddyebsen.info/bebio.htm |title=Buddy Ebsen Biography |website=Actorbuddyebsen.info |date= |accessdate=2017-03-05}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nataliegulbis.com/all_about_natalie/heritage.aspx|title=Country Profile|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=7 October 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403031223/http://www.nataliegulbis.com/all_about_natalie/heritage.aspx|archivedate=3 April 2008|df=}} 8. ^{{cite web|title="Latvian Art in Exile," The Latvian Institute |url=http://www.li.lv |date=2008|quotation=Elizabetes iela 57, Rīga, LV 1050, LATVIA|website=Li.lv|accessdate=7 October 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/education/?doc=19329 |title=Daughter of Latvian refugees receives top technological award at White House :: The Baltic Course | Baltic States news & analytics |publisher=The Baltic Course |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=2017-03-05}} Further reading
External links
3 : Latvian American|American people of Latvian descent|European-American society |
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