| 词条 | Cubulco |
| 释义 |
|official_name = Cubulco |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Municipality of Guatemala |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Guatemala |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Guatemala |pushpin_map1 = Baja Verapaz |pushpin_map_caption1 =Location in Baja Verapaz Department |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Guatemala |subdivision_type1 = Department |subdivision_name1 = Baja Verapaz |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = [1] |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = Mayor (2016-2020) |leader_name1 = Tomás Alonzo |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of =2004 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =42,000 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|15|6|30|N|90|37|50|W|region:GT|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = Climate |blank_info = Aw |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} Cubulco is a small town located in the Guatemalan department of Baja Verapaz, at {{coord|15|6|30|N|90|37|50|W|}}. It serves as the administrative seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. The municipality covers 444 km² and, in 2004, had a population of around 42,000. HistoryBefore the Spanish conquestWorried about the defection of the aj K’ub’ul family chief -who had taken his family away in order to look for fertile and, above all, pacific land which eventually became the modern Cubulco-, the K’iche’ king sent a group of soldiers to control every single movement of them. He was afraid that the aj K'ub'ul would look for reinforcements from other ethnic group in the area to form a strong army and then attack the k'iche's. The warriors settled to the east of the aj K’ub’ul and since the latter had moved away to look for peace and tranquility, they were a very peaceful community. And that is exactly what the warriors inform the K’iche’ king, reassuring him by telling that he should not worry about the exiled group, as they were really peaceful.[3] As time went by, the k'iche' warriors realized that the aj K'ub'ul life was very different from the one they were used to have under the ruling of their king, as they simple worked on their land and crops and then enjoyed their families without having to worry about being invaded or called to fight in a war. Therefore, they went back to their place of origin, Tujalj (Sacapulas and Canillá)), but only to pick up their families and set out again to settle a new community where they were once stationed to keep an eye on the aj K'ub'ul.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|This was confirmed by Antonio Rodríguez, from Sacapulas, who witnessed the contact his family had with Rabinal, San Miguel Chicaj and Salamá in the 1950s. They knew that their families were related and always brought Sacapulas produce into those municipalities.[3]}} Pacific conquest by the Dominican friars{{Main|Bartolomé de las Casas}}On his second visit to Guatemala, in 1537, friar Bartolome de las Casas, O.P. wanted to employ his new method of conversion based on two principles: 1) to preach the Gospel to all men and treat them as equals, and 2) to assert that conversion must be voluntary and based on knowledge and understanding of the Faith. It was important for Las Casas that this method be tested without meddling from secular colonists, so he chose a territory in the heart of Guatemala where there were no previous colonies and where the natives were considered fierce and war-like. Because of the fact that the land had not been possible to conquer by military means, the governor of Guatemala, Alonso de Maldonado, agreed to sign a contract promising that if the venture was successful he would not establish any new encomiendas in the area. Las Casas's group of friars established a Dominican presence in Rabinal, Sacapulas and Cobán, reaching as far as Chahal and including Cubulco. Through the efforts of Las Casas' missionaries the so-called "Land of War" came to be called "Verapaz", "True Peace". Las Casas's strategy was to teach Christian songs to merchant Indian Christians who then ventured into the area. In this way he was successful in converting several native chiefs, among them those of Atitlán and Chichicastenango, and in building several churches in the territory named Alta Verapaz. These congregated a group of Christian Indians in the location of what is now the town of Rabinal.{{sfn|Wagner|Parish|1967|pp=86–93}} In 1538 Las Casas was recalled from his mission by Bishop Francisco Marroquin who wanted him to go to Mexico and then on to Spain in order to seek more Dominicans to assist in the mission.{{sfn|Wagner|Parish|1967|pp=94–95}} Cubulco's Catholic church was erected in the 1540 and was dedicated to Saint James.{{sfn|Wagner|Parish|1967|pp=94–95}} MunicipalityAs of 1850, four years after it was elevated to a municipality, Cubulco had an estimated population of 4,000.[4] PopulationThe local people are predominantly Achi Maya Native Americans who speak the Achi Maya language. ClimateCubulco has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw). {{Weather box|location = Cubulco |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan mean C = 20.5 |Feb mean C = 21.2 |Mar mean C = 22.7 |Apr mean C = 23.7 |May mean C = 23.6 |Jun mean C = 23.3 |Jul mean C = 23.1 |Aug mean C = 23.0 |Sep mean C = 22.6 |Oct mean C = 22.0 |Nov mean C = 21.1 |Dec mean C = 20.3 |year mean C = |Jan high C = 27.5 |Feb high C = 28.5 |Mar high C = 30.1 |Apr high C = 30.6 |May high C = 30.0 |Jun high C = 28.8 |Jul high C = 28.6 |Aug high C = 28.7 |Sep high C = 28.2 |Oct high C = 27.6 |Nov high C = 27.5 |Dec high C = 27.4 |year high C = |Jan low C = 13.6 |Feb low C = 13.9 |Mar low C = 15.4 |Apr low C = 16.8 |May low C = 17.3 |Jun low C = 17.9 |Jul low C = 17.7 |Aug low C = 17.3 |Sep low C = 17.0 |Oct low C = 16.4 |Nov low C = 14.7 |Dec low C = 13.2 |year low C = |Jan precipitation mm = 6 |Feb precipitation mm = 10 |Mar precipitation mm = 15 |Apr precipitation mm = 37 |May precipitation mm = 102 |Jun precipitation mm = 228 |Jul precipitation mm = 145 |Aug precipitation mm = 99 |Sep precipitation mm = 165 |Oct precipitation mm = 117 |Nov precipitation mm = 37 |Dec precipitation mm = 7 |year precipitation mm = |source 1 = Climate-Data.org[5] }} Geographic locationCubulco is at the geographic center of Guatemala and is one of the most visited spots in the whole country. {{Geographic location|Center=Cubulco |North=Chicamán, municipality of El Quiché Department |Northwest=Uspantán, municipality of El Quiché Department |Southeast=Granados, municipality of Baja Verapaz Department[6] |East=Rabinal, municipality of Baja Verapaz Department[6] |West=Concepción and Joyabaj, municipalities of El Quiché Department |South=Granados, municipality of Baja Verapaz Department }} See also
Notes and referencesNotes1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/baja-verapaz/comite-civico-encabeza-resultados-en-eleccion-de-alcalde-de-salama|date=8 September 2015|accessdate=8 September 2015|newspaper=Prensa Libre|title=Byron Tejeda gana elección a alcalde de Salamá|location=Guatemala|language=es|ref=harv}} 2. ^ 3. ^1 {{cite book|first=Francisco Luis|last=Tz’unun|first2=Miguel Antret|last2=Chom|last3=Terga|first3=Ricardo|title=Transcripción de la tradición oral de Cubulco|year=n.d.|location=Guatemala|language=Spanish|ref=harv}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Baily|first=John|title=Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica|year=1850|publisher=Trelawney Saunders|location=London|page=87|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7306/view/1/87/}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/53890/|title= Climate: Cubulco|accessdate= 20 August 2015|website= Climate-Data.org}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|author=SEGEPLAN|title=Municipios de Baja Verapaz, Guatemala|url=http://www.segeplan.gob.gt/2.0/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=46:salama&Itemid=333|location=Guatemala|website=Secretaría General de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia de la República|date=n.d.|accessdate=29 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629204143/http://www.segeplan.gob.gt/2.0/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=46%3Asalama&Itemid=333|archivedate=29 June 2015|ref=harv|deadurl=yes|df=}} References{{reflist}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
External links
2 : Municipalities of the Baja Verapaz Department|Populated places in the Baja Verapaz Department |
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