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词条 Cuyahoga Valley National Park
释义

  1. History

  2. Wildlife

  3. Attractions

      Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail    History    Stanford House (formerly Stanford Hostel)    Towpath trailheads  

  4. Geology

  5. Visitor centers

  6. Points of historic interest

     National Register of Historic Places 

  7. See also

  8. References

     Notes  Bibliography 

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Cuyahoga Valley National Park
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Cuyahoga Valley National Park.jpg
| photo_caption = Bedrock outcrops, such as this one, can be found throughout the park
| map = USA#Ohio
| relief = 1
| map_caption = Location in the United States##Location in Ohio
| location = Summit County & Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States
| nearest_city = Cleveland, Akron
| coordinates = {{coords|41|14|30|N|81|32|59|W|region:US|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|32572|acres|sqmi km2|1}}
| area_ref = [1]
| established = October 11, 2000
| visitation_num = 2,096,053
| visitation_year = 2018
| visitation_ref = [2]
| governing_body = National Park Service
| website = {{Official website}}
}}

Cuyahoga Valley National Park is an American national park that preserves and reclaims the rural landscape along the Cuyahoga River between Akron and Cleveland in Northeast Ohio. Cuyahoga Valley is unusual among American national parks being adjacent to two large urban areas and including a dense road network, small towns, and private attractions.

The {{convert|32572|acres|sqmi km2|1|adj=on}} park[1] is administered by the National Park Service, but within its boundaries are areas independently managed as city parks or private businesses. Cuyahoga Valley was originally designated as a National Recreation Area in 1974, then redesignated as a national park 26 years later in 2000, and remains the only national park that originated as a national recreation area.

Cuyahoga Valley is the only national park in the state of Ohio, one of nine Midwestern national parks, and one of three in the Great Lakes Basin, with Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior and Indiana Dunes National Park bordering Lake Michigan.

History

The valley began providing recreation for urban dwellers in the 1870s when people came from nearby cities for carriage rides or leisure boat trips along the canal. In 1880, the Valley Railway became another way to escape urban industrial life. Actual park development began in the 1910s and 1920s with the establishment of Cleveland and Akron metropolitan park districts. In 1929, the estate of Cleveland businessman Hayward Kendall donated {{convert|430|acre|sqmi km2|1}} around the Ritchie Ledges[3] and a trust fund to the state of Ohio. Kendall's will stipulated that the "property should be perpetually used for park purposes". The area was called Virginia Kendall Park, in honor of his mother. In the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps built much of the park's infrastructure including the Happy Days Lodge and the shelters at Octagon, the Ledges, and Kendall Lake.[4] The Happy Days Lodge, near Peninsula, was constructed from 1938–39 as a camp for urban children.[6] The lodge is presently used only as a special events site.[5]

Although the regional parks safeguarded certain places, by the 1960s local citizens feared that urban sprawl would overwhelm the Cuyahoga Valley's natural beauty. An additional concern was the environmental degradation of the Cuyahoga River via factory waste and sewage, along with fires that burned on the river in 1952 and 1969.[6][7] Citizens joined forces with state and national government staff to find a long-term solution. Finally, on December 27, 1974, President Gerald Ford signed the bill establishing the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area.[8]

The National Park Service acquired the {{convert|47|acre|sqmi km2|1|adj=on}} Krejci Dump in 1985 to include as part of the recreation area. They requested a thorough analysis of the site's contents from the Environmental Protection Agency. After the survey identified extremely toxic materials, the area was closed in 1986 and designated a superfund site under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980.[9] Litigation was filed against potentially responsible parties: Ford, GM, Chrysler, 3M, Waste Management, Chevron, Kewanee Industries, and Federal Metals.[10] Only 3M would not agreed to a settlement, and the company lost at trial.[11] Removal of toxic materials began in 1987 with {{convert|371,000|ST|lb kg}} of contaminated soils and debris removed by 2012, and restoration completed by 2015.[9][12]

The area was redesignated a national park by Congress on October 11, 2000,[8] with the passage of the Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001, House Bill 4578, 106th Congress.[13] The park is administered by the National Park Service. The David Berger National Memorial in Beachwood, a Cleveland suburb, is also managed through Cuyahoga Valley National Park.

The Richfield Coliseum, a multipurpose arena in the Cuyahoga River area, was demolished in 1999 and the vacant site became part of Cuyahoga Valley National Park upon its designation in 2000. The area has since become a grassy meadow that is a popular birdwatching site.[14][15]

Wildlife

Animals found in the park include raccoons, muskrats, coyotes, skunks, red foxes, beavers, peregrine falcons, river otters, bald eagles, opossums, three species of moles, white-tailed deer, Canada geese, gray foxes, minks, great blue herons, and seven species of bats.[16]

Attractions

Cuyahoga Valley features natural, man-made, and private attractions, which is unusual for an American national park. The park includes compatible-use sites not owned by the federal government, such as regional parks of the Cleveland Metroparks and Summit Metro Parks systems.

The natural areas include forests, rolling hills, narrow ravines, wetlands, rivers, and waterfalls. About 100 waterfalls are located in the Cuyahoga Valley, with the most popular being the {{convert|65|ft|m|adj=on}} tall Brandywine Falls—the tallest waterfall in the park and the tallest in Northeast Ohio. The Ledges are a rock outcropping that provides a westward view across the valley's wooded areas. Talus caves are located among the boulders in the forest around the Ledges.

The park has many trails, most notably the {{convert|20|mi|adj=on}} Towpath Trail, which follows a former stretch of the {{convert|308|mi|adj=on}} Ohio and Erie Canal and is popular for hiking, bicycling, and running. Skiing and sled-riding are available during the winter at Kendall Hills.[17] Visitors can play golf, or take scenic excursions and railroad tours on the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad during special events.[18]

The park also features preserved and restored displays of 19th and early 20th century sustainable farming and rural living, most notably the Hale Farm and Village, while catering to contemporary cultural interests with art exhibits, outdoor concerts, and theater performances in venues such as Blossom Music Center and Kent State University's Porthouse Theatre. In the mid-1980s, the park hosted the National Folk Festival.

Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail

The multi-purpose Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail was developed by the National Park Service and is the major trail through Cuyahoga Valley National Park. The trail traverses almost {{convert|21|mi|km|abbr=on}} from Rockside Road in Independence in the north to Summit County's Bike & Hike trail in the south, following the Cuyahoga River for much of its length. Restrooms are available at several trailheads, and food and drink establishments are along Rockside Road, as well as the Boston Store in Peninsula, and at the seasonal farmer's market on Botzum Road. Three visitor centers are located along the path: the Canal Exploration Center, Boston Store, and the Hunt House. The trail connects to a Cleveland Metroparks trail at Rockside Road, which continues another {{convert|6|mi|km|abbr=on}} north. The Summit County trail continues through Akron and further south through Stark and Tuscarawas counties to Zoar, Ohio, almost {{convert|70|mi|km|abbr=on}} continuously, with a single {{convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on}} interruption. Sections of the towpath trail outside of Cuyahoga Valley National Park are owned and maintained by various state and local agencies. The trail also meets the Buckeye Trail in the national park near Boston Store. Another section of the Summit County Bike & Hike Trail system is nearby, connecting to Brandywine Falls, Cleveland Metroparks' Bedford Reservation and the cities of Solon in Cuyahoga County, Hudson and Stow in Summit County, and Kent and Ravenna in Portage County.

Seasonally, the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad (CVSR) allows visitors to travel along the towpath from Rockside Road to Akron, embarking or disembarking at any of the stops along the way. The train is especially popular with bicyclists, and for viewing and photographing fall colors. CVSR is independently owned and operated.

History

The Towpath Trail follows the historic route of the Ohio and Erie Canal. Before the canal was built, Ohio was a sparsely settled wilderness where travel was difficult and getting crops to market was nearly impossible. The canal, built between 1825 and 1832, provided a new transportation route from Cleveland on Lake Erie, to Portsmouth on the Ohio River. The canal connected Ohio to the rest of the eastern United States.[19] Numerous wayside exhibits provide information about canal features and sites of historic interest.[20]

Visitors can walk or ride along the same path that the mules used to tow the canal boats loaded with goods and passengers. The scene is different than it was then; the canal was full of water carrying a steady flow of boats. Evidence of beavers can be seen in many places along the trail.[19]

Stanford House (formerly Stanford Hostel)

Located in the scenic Cuyahoga Valley near Peninsula, Stanford House is a historic 19th-century farm home built in the 1830s by George Stanford, one of the first settlers in the Western Reserve. In 1978, the NPS purchased the property to serve as a youth hostel in conjunction with the American Youth Hostels (AYH) organization. In March 2011, Stanford Hostel became Stanford House, Cuyahoga Valley National Park's first in-park lodging facility. The home was renovated by the Conservancy for Cuyahoga Valley National Park and the National Park Service.[21]

Towpath trailheads

{{GeoGroup|section=Towpath trailheads}}

Within the national park, trailhead parking for the towpath trail is available along Canal Road, from north to south, at:

  • Lock 39—west of intersection with Rockside Road; {{Coord|41.39309|-81.628565|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Lock 39}}
  • Canal Exploration Center—at Hillside Road; {{Coord|41.372624|-81.613035|format=dms|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Canal Exploration Center}}
  • Frazee House—south of Alexander Road, north of Sagamore Road; {{Coord|41.352443|-81.592377|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Frazee House}}

and along Riverview Road, from north to south, at:

  • Station Road Bridge—east along with Chippewa Creek Drive; {{Coord|41.318618|-81.587957|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Station Road Bridge}}
  • Red Lock—east of the river, along Vaughn/Highland Road; {{Coord|41.289148|-81.563379|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Red Lock}}
  • Boston Store—east on Boston Mills Road; {{Coord|41.263205|-81.559408|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Boston Store}}
  • Peninsula Depot—east across river on Route 303, then N Locust Street, and W Mill Street to parking lot; {{Coord|41.243331|-81.549186|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Peninsula Depot}}
  • Lock 28—also called Deep Lock; south of Major Road; {{Coord|41.229917|-81.554756|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Lock 28}}
  • Hunt House—at Bolanz Road; {{Coord|41.200288|-81.57201|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Hunt House}}
  • Ira Road—just north of intersection; {{Coord|41.184467|-81.583038|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Ira Road}}
  • Botzum Station—south of Bath Road; {{Coord|41.158453|-81.573788|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Botzum Station}}.[22]

Geology

The "V" course of the Cuyahoga River is rather unique, first flowing southwest, and then abruptly turning north to drain into Lake Erie not far from its origin. The left arm of this "V", flowing north through the park, corresponds to an older preglacial valley, while the right arm corresponds to relatively new drainage. The new segment cut into the old at Cuyahoga Falls, the base of the "V". Other streams have made routes into the Cuyahoga preglacial valley by cutting gorges with waterfalls such as those found along the Tinkers, Brandywine and Chippewa Creeks. These waterfalls form as flowing water erodes the Bedford Shale, which underlies the more resistant Berea Sandstone. Glacial drift fills the valley to a depth of {{convert|400|ft|m}}. This fill is very complex due to ponding in front of the ice before and after each glaciation. Beach deposits, gravel bars and other shoreline deposits from Lake Maumee are found in the valley, as are gravels from the time of Lake Arkona, and ridges marking the shores of Lake Whittlesey, Lake Warren, and Lake Wayne.[23][24]

A noticeable remnant of the Wisconsin glaciation is the Defiance moraine, which trends from Defiance in western Ohio, across the state into Pennsylvania. As Cushing et al. point out, "The Defiance moraine represents the last notable stand of the glacial front in this region." The moraine varies in width from {{convert|2-4|mi|km|abbr=on}}, and according to Leverett, "it is like a broad wave whose crest stands 20 to 50 feet above the border of the plain outside it." This moraine forms a lobe that protrudes south into the valley for {{convert|8|mi|km|abbr=on}} all the way to Peninsula, the lobe being {{convert|6|mi|km|abbr=on}} wide at the north end, tapering to {{convert|3|mi|km|abbr=on}} wide at the south end. Kames and eskers mark the terrain south of this moraine up to the southern extent of the glaciation.[23]{{rp|581–584}}[24]{{rp|63–64, 96}}[25]

The Berea Sandstone and the Bedford Shale were deposited in a river delta environment in the Lower Mississippian. River channels were incised into the Bedford Shale and subsequently these channels were filled by the Berea Sandstone. Besides setting the stage for majestic gorges and waterfalls within the valley, they have provided an economic use as well. The Berea Sandstone was quarried in Berea for grindstones and building stones, while the lowermost part of the Bedford Shale was quarried in South Euclid and Cleveland Heights for its bluestone.[24]{{rp|109–111}}[26]

The Sharon Conglomerate is a Lower Pennsylvanian formation composed of sandstone and conglomerate which forms, according to Cushing et al., "disconnected patches or outliers that cap the highest hills... these outliers stand boldly above the surrounding country" due to its resistance to erosion. The Boston Ledges are the most noteworthy example. As the Mississippian shale underneath is washed away, huge blocks of the Sharon result from the settling. As Cushing et al. explain, "frost action aids in pushing these blocks apart, cracks are widened into caves, and a tangle of blocks results, separated by passages of uneven widths."[24]{{rp|54–57}}

Shale gas has been produced in the area since 1883, when H.A. Mastick's well was drilled in the Rockport Township to a depth of {{convert|527|ft|m|abbr=on}}, yielding {{convert|21643|cuft|m3}} of gas daily. A gas boom occurred in 1914–1915, and by 1931, several hundred gas wells were producing from the Devonian Huron shale. Production came from shales {{convert|1250|ft|m|abbr=on}} thick at depths from {{convert|400-1840|ft|m|abbr=on}}. Pressures were {{convert|3-135|psi|kPa|abbr=on}} flowing less than {{convert|20000|cuft|m3}} of gas daily, but was sufficient to furnish light for a house or two, and sometimes heat. As Cushing et al. pointed out in the 1930s, "there are vast amounts of petroleum in the Devonian shales." Since then, the Marcellus Shale and the deeper Utica Shale have shown their economic potential.[24]{{rp|115–116, 123}}

Visitor centers

The Canal Exploration Center is located along Canal Road at Hillside Road in Valley View, south of Rockside Road. The visitor center contains interactive maps and games related to the history of the canal, especially the years from 1825 to 1876. The canal-era building once served canal boat passengers waiting to pass through the Ohio and Erie Canal's Lock 38.[27]

Boston Store was constructed in 1836 and is located just east of Riverview Road. The building was used as a warehouse, store, post office, and a general gathering place. The visitor center has a museum featuring exhibits on canal boat-building. A short video is available, as well as maps, brochures and NPS passport stamps.[28]

The Hunt House at Riverview and Bolanz Roads is typical of late-19th-century family farms in the Cuyahoga Valley. Visitors can obtain information about park activities and see exhibits about the area's agricultural history. The farm is an ideal starting point for a hike or a bicycle ride as it is adjacent to the canal towpath trail.[28]

The Frazee House on Canal Road in Valley View south of Rockside Road was constructed from 1825–26, during the same years the northern section of the canal was dug. The house is a fine example of a Western Reserve home and features exhibits relating to architectural styles, construction techniques, and the Frazee family.[29]

Points of historic interest

SiteImageDescription
Canal Exploration Center
Exhibits related to the Ohio and Erie Canal history are available at the Canal Exploration Center. The exhibits are housed in a renovated canal-era tavern that had such a colorful reputation that it was called "Hell's Half Acre." Lock 38 is located in the front.[27]
Ohio and Erie Canal related structures
The Ohio and Erie Canal was constructed between 1825 and 1832, providing Ohio with a transportation system that permitted residents to conduct trade with the world. While it stopped functioning after the Great Flood of 1913, remnants and ruins of canal-related structures can be seen alongside the Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail. Wayside exhibits explain the function of many of the structures visible from the trail.[30][20]
Frazee HouseThe Frazee House was under construction in 1825 when the canal was dug through its front yard. The house was built in the Western Reserve architectural style.[29]
Boston StoreThis early canal-era building was owned by the Boston Land and Manufacturing Company. The store has numerous canal boat-building exhibits.[28]
Peninsula DepotThe Peninsula Depot of the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad (CVSR) is located on West Mill Street in the village of Peninsula. The depot was originally in the village of Boston, but was moved to Peninsula in the late 1960s. The building may be the only surviving combination station from the Valley Railway, which operated between Cleveland and Tuscarawas County in the late 19th century. The depot is an operating station for CVSR train rides.[28]
Everett Covered BridgeThe Everett Covered Bridge—the only covered bridge in Summit County—was constructed after a local resident was killed attempting to cross the swollen Furnace Run in 1877. The bridge was destroyed by storm floodwaters in 1975 and reconstructed by the National Park Service in 1986. The bridge is located on Everett Road about {{convert|1/2|mi|m}} west of Riverview Road near Everett Village.[31]
Brandywine VillageBrandywine Village was conceived and founded by George Wallace, who built a sawmill next to Brandywine Falls in 1814. He encouraged others to move to the area, including his brother-in-law, who built a grist mill on the opposite side of the falls. With inexpensive land available and the presence of mills to provide lumber, flour, and corn meal, Brandywine Village began to grow. A couple of buildings remain from the village, and historic photos and remnants of building foundations can also be seen.[32]
Civilian Conservation Corps structuresThe Civilian Conservation Corps was responsible for the construction of several structures in the valley. Happy Days Lodge and the shelters at the Ledges, Octagon, and Kendall Lake were built of American chestnut in the late 1930s. All four structures are in the Virginia Kendall Unit of the park.[33][34]
Stanford HouseJames Stanford moved to Boston Township immediately after surveying and naming it in 1806. He and his wife Polly and son George were the first homesteaders in what is today Cuyahoga Valley National Park. His son George built the stately Greek revival home in about 1830. The house accommodates meetings and retreats as a day-use facility, and tourists as a moderately priced overnight facility with nine bedrooms. The house had previously served as a youth hostel.[35][36][37]
Hale Farm and VillageHale Farm and Village is an outdoor living history museum. Costumed interpreters describe life in the Western Reserve. The village features 21 historic buildings and many talented craftspeople. The site is operated by the Western Reserve Historical Society. Craft demonstrations include glassblowing, candlemaking, broommaking, spinning and weaving, cheesemaking, blacksmithing, woodworking, sawmilling, hearth cooking, and pottery making. The farm also has oxen, sheep, cows, and gardens.[38]
[39]

National Register of Historic Places

{{see also|National Register of Historic Places listings in Cuyahoga Valley National Park}}

All properties listed here are open to the public, though some in a limited way—see Status column. Many of the NRHP sites found in the full list are in private ownership and are not listed here.[40]

Cuyahoga Valley National Park - National Register of Historic Places
CountyLocale
District or site
Status
Address
Register date
Both Independence to AkronValley Railway Historic District Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad scenic train ridesCuyahoga Valley between Rockside Road and Howard Street at Little Cuyahoga Valley1985/05/17
Cuyahoga BedfordCleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad BridgeTinkers Creek1975/07/24
Cuyahoga 41|19|17|N|081|35|14|W|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Brecksville-Northfield High-Level Bridge}}[41]Brecksville-Northfield High Level Bridge (state highway bridge)Ohio State Route 82 and Cuyahoga River (also in Northfield, Summit County, Ohio); best viewed from Station Road Bridge Trailhead on the Towpath Trail (Riverview Road just south of Ohio State Route 82)1986/01/06
Cuyahoga BrecksvilleBrecksville Trailside Museum (Cleveland Metroparks Nature Center)Chippewa Creek Drive off Ohio State Route 821992
Cuyahoga Valley ViewFrazee, Stephen House CVNP visitor center with limited open hours7733 Canal Road1976/05/04
Cuyahoga Valley ViewLock 37 and Spillway Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailFitzwater Road1979/12/11
Cuyahoga Valley ViewLock 38 and Spillway Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailHillside Road1979/12/11
Cuyahoga Valley ViewLock 39 and Spillway Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailCanal Road1979/12/11
Cuyahoga 41.372624|-81.613035|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Canal Exploration center}}Inn at Lock 38 CVNP Canal Exploration Center 7104 Canal Road, Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail1979/12/11
Cuyahoga 41|21|53|N|081|36|32|W|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Tinkers Creek Aqueduct}}[42]Tinkers Creek Aqueduct Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailTinkers Creek1979/12/11
Cuyahoga Valley ViewWilson Feed Mill feed and grain store7604 Canal Road, Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail1979/12/17
Cuyahoga Valley ViewOhio and Erie Canal National Historic Landmark, 1966/11/13Ohio State Route 6311965/11/13
Summit BathHale, Jonathan Homestead - Hale Farm and Village2686 Oak Hill Road1973/04/23
Summit BostonBoston Land and Manufacturing Company Store (a.k.a. Boston Store) CVNP visitor center with limited open hours Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail, Boston Mills Road1979/12/11
Summit BostonLock 32 Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail{{convert|800|ft|m|abbr=on}} north of Boston Mills Road1979/12/11
Summit BostonBoston Mills Historic District most buildings are privateBoston Mills Road, Stanford Road & Main Street1992/11/09
Summit Boston vicinityLock 33 Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail{{convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Highland Road1979/12/11
Summit Cuyahoga FallsHunt House limited open hours2049 Bolanz Road1993/03/12
Summit 41.318618|-81.58795741|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Station Road Bridge}}[43]Station Road BridgeEast of Brecksville at Cuyahoga River1979/03/07
Summit EverettLock 27 Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailApprox. {{convert|400|ft|m|abbr=on}} east of intersection of Riverview and Everett Roads1993/03/12
Summit Everett vicinityFurnace Run Aqueduct Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailFurnace Run1979/12/11
Summit EverettEverett Historic District village is open to the public; some buildings are private residences; NPS buildings have no visitor facilitiesEverett and Riverview Roads1994/01/14
Summit IraLock 26 Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail{{convert|3.3|mi|km|abbr=on}} north of Ira Road1979/12/11
Summit Northfield vicinityWallace Farm open to patrons of the bed & breakfast only (Inn at Brandywine Falls)8230 Brandywine Road1985/06/27
Summit PeninsulaEverett Covered Bridge destroyed by floodwaters in 1975; reconstructed in 1986SW of Peninsula on Everett Road over Furnace Creek1973/05/23
Summit PeninsulaLock 28 Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailDeep Lock Quarry Metro Park1979/12/11
Summit PeninsulaLock 29 and Aqueduct Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trailoff Ohio State Route 3031979/12/11
Summit PeninsulaLock 30 and Feeder Dam Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trailoff Ohio State Route 3031979/12/11
Summit PeninsulaLock 31 Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail{{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}} east of Cuyahoga River and approx. {{convert|0.5|mi|m|abbr=on}} south of Ohio Turnpike1979/12/11
Summit 41|14|32|N|81|32|57|W|region:US-OH_type:landmark|name=Peninsula Historic District}}Peninsula Village Historic District most buildings are private; some are retail storesBoth sides of Ohio State Route 3031974/08/23
Summit Peninsula vicinityStanford, George, Farm hosts meetings and retreats as a day-use facility; overnight accommodations6093 Stanford Road1982/02/17
Summit Peninsula vicinityStumpy Basin Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail{{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}} east of Cuyahoga River and approx, {{convert|0.5|mi|m|abbr=on}} south of Ohio Turnpike1979/12/11
Summit Peninsula vicinityVirginia Kendall Historic District shelter, restrooms, winter sports centerTruxell Road1997/01/10
Summit Sagamore HillsLock 34 Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath TrailHighland Road1979/12/17
Summit Sagamore Hills Lock 35 Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail Off Ohio State Route 82 1979/12/11

See also

  • List of birds of Cuyahoga Valley National Park
  • List of national parks of the United States

References

{{NPS|article=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/ohio-and-erie-canal-towpath-trail.htm}}

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite web|title=National Reports|url=https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/Reports/National|work=National Park Service|accessdate=5 May 2017|quote=Click on Park Acreage Reports (1997 – Last Calendar/Fiscal Year), then select By Park, Calendar Year, , and then click the View PDF Report button – the area used here is Gross Area Acres which appears in the final column of the report}}
2. ^{{NPS Visitation |accessdate=2019-03-06}}
3. ^[https://www.nps.gov/cuva/the-ledges.htm "The Ledges"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20181014003630/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/the-ledges.htm archive]). nps.gov. National Park Service. June 1, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
4. ^[https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/upload/A-Park-for-All-People-2017.pdf "Cuyahoga Valley: Ohio's National Park"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20181119143350/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/upload/A-Park-for-All-People-2017.pdf archive]). nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
5. ^[https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/hours.htm "Operating Hours & Seasons"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20181104161219/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/hours.htm archive]). nps.gov. National Park Service. October 29, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
6. ^[https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/kidsyouth/the-cuyahoga-river.htm "The Cuyahoga River"]. nps.gov. National Park Service. January 4, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
7. ^Jonathan H. Adler (June 22, 2014). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/06/22/the-fable-of-the-burning-river-45-years-later/?noredirect=on "The fable of the burning river, 45 years later"]. washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
8. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/management/statistics.htm |title=Cuyahoga Valley National Park – Park Statistics |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |date=August 7, 2017 |accessdate=November 19, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031213511/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/management/statistics.htm |archivedate=October 31, 2018 |deadurl=no}}
9. ^1 [https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/krejci-dump-a-story-of-transformation.htm "Krejci Dump- A story of Transformation"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20181119110613/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/krejci-dump-a-story-of-transformation.htm archive]). nps.gov. National Park Service. July 10, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2018. "Image caption: Krejic dump site in 2013 after clean up and restoration."
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ohiocitizen.org/about/akron/costliest.htm |first=Bob|last=Downing|title=Dump cleanup costliest for parks |work=Akron Beacon Journal|location=Akron|date=December 2, 2001 |accessdate=February 8, 2016}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2002/February/02_enrd_064.htm|title=3M to pay $15.5 million for Krejci Dump|website=justice.gov|publisher=United States Department of Justice|date=February 7, 2002|accessdate=February 8, 2016}}
12. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20171025030332/http://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/news/krejci.htm "Krejci: Recent Updates"] (archive). National Park Service. May 20, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2018. "August 29, 2012...remediation goals for the 46-acre former dump site have been met; February 3, 2015:..restoring the ecology to its native condition"
13. ^{{cite web|author=Rep. Ralph Regula [R-OH16, 1973-2009] |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h106-4578&tab=summary |title=H.R. 4578 (106th): Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001: Overview |website=govtrack.us |publisher=GovTrack, Civic Impulse, LLC |date=n.d. |accessdate=November 19, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193412/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr4578 |archivedate=August 30, 2017 |deadurl=no}}
14. ^{{cite news |first=James F.|last=McCarty|title=Coliseum Grasslands Offer Intimate Views of Some of the Most-threatened Bird Species: Aerial View|url=http://www.cleveland.com/neobirding/index.ssf/2012/06/cvnps_coliseum_grasslands_prov.html|newspaper=The Plain Dealer|location=Cleveland|date=June 5, 2012|accessdate=November 19, 2018}}
15. ^"Former Coliseum Property". nps.gov. National Park Service. August 28, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/nature/mammals.htm|title=Mammals - Cuyahoga Valley National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Winter Sports|url=http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/winter-sports.htm|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=27 May 2014}}
18. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.cvsr.com/| title=Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad| website=cvsr.com| publisher=Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad| accessdate=November 19, 2018}}
19. ^1 {{cite web| title=Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/ohio-and-erie-canal-towpath-trail.htm| date=August 31, 2018| accessdate=November 19, 2018| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104162847/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/ohio-and-erie-canal-towpath-trail.htm| archivedate=November 4, 2018| deadurl=no}}
20. ^1 {{cite web| title=Cuyahoga Valley National Park - Interactive Tow-Path Tour| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/visitonline/towpathtour/interact.htm| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604045408/http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/visitonline/towpathtour/interact.htm| archivedate=June 4, 2008| deadurl=yes}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/life-times-of-the-stanford-house/ |title=Life & Times of the Stanford House |website=conservancyforcvnp.org |publisher=Conservancy for Cuyahoga Valley National Park |date=December 15, 2016 |accessdate=November 19, 2018}}
22. ^[https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Towpath5Bleed_FY11_2011_FINAL_for-web.pdf "Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20181010232007/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Towpath5Bleed_FY11_2011_FINAL_for-web.pdf archive]). nps.gov. National Park Service. March 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
23. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Leverett|first1=Frank|title=Glacial Formations and Drainage Features of the Erie and Ohio Basins, USGS Monograph Vol. XLI|date=1902|publisher=US Government Printing Office|location=Washington|page=216}}
24. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Cushing|first1=H.P.|last2=Leverett|first2=Frank|last3=Van Horn|first3=Frank|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of the Cleveland District, Ohio, USGS Bulletin 818|date=1931|publisher=US Government Printing Office|location=Washington|pages=9, 16–19, 68–79}}
25. ^{{cite book|editor=Soller|last1=Swinford|first1=Edward|last2=Pavey|first2=Richard|last3=Larsen|first3=Glenn|title=New Map of the Surficial Geology of the Lorain and Put-in-Bay 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangles, Ohio, in Digital Mapping Techniques '06- Workshop Proceedings|date=2006|publisher=USGS Open-File Report 2007-1285 2007|location=Columbus|page=178}}
26. ^{{cite book|last1=Pepper|first1=James|last2=De Witt|first2=Wallace|last3=Demarest|first3=David|title=Geology of the Bedford Shale and Berea Sandstone in the Appalachian Basin, USGS Professional Paper 259|date=1954|publisher=US Government Printing Office|location=Washington|pages=12, 70–71}}
27. ^1 [https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/canal-exploration-center.htm "Canal Exploration Center"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180926170401/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/canal-exploration-center.htm archive]). nps.gov. National Park Service. April 24, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
28. ^1 2 3 4 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080729185832/http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/planavisit/visitorcenters.htm "Visitor Centers"] (archive). nps.gov. National Park Service. July 29, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
29. ^1 [https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/kidsyouth/western-reserve-pioneers.htm "Western Reserve Pioneers"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20181114185233/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/kidsyouth/western-reserve-pioneers.htm archive]). nps.gov. National Park Service. April 10, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
30. ^{{cite web| title=Cuyahoga Valley National Park - Ohio and Erie Canal| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/planavisit/todo/recreation/ohioerie.htm| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703053422/https://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/planavisit/todo/recreation/ohioerie.htm| archivedate=July 3, 2008| deadurl=yes}}
31. ^{{cite web| title=Cuyahoga Valley National Park - Everett Road Covered Bridge| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/everett-road-covered-bridge.htm| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712234344/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/everett-road-covered-bridge.htm| archivedate=July 12, 2017| deadurl=no}}
32. ^{{cite web | title=Cuyahoga Valley National Park - Brandywine Village | publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior | url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/visitonline/brandywine/index.htm | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609024501/http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/visitonline/brandywine/index.htm| archivedate=June 9, 2008| deadurl=yes}}
33. ^{{cite web| title=Cuyahoga Valley National Park - Ledges Area Trails| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Ledges_2016.pdf| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016051216/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Ledges_2016.pdf| archivedate=October 16, 2018| deadurl=no}}
34. ^{{cite web| title=Cuyahoga Valley National Park - Kendall Lake Area Trails| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Kendall-Lake-Area-Trails.pdf| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014002610/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Kendall-Lake-Area-Trails.pdf| archivedate=October 14, 2018| deadurl=no}}
35. ^{{cite web| title=The George Stanford House| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/friends/stanford.htm| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516161905/http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/friends/stanford.htm| archivedate=May 16, 2008| deadurl=yes}}
36. ^{{cite web| title=Lodging - Stanford House| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/lodging.htm| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104161324/https://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/lodging.htm| archivedate=November 4, 2018| deadurl=no}}
37. ^{{cite web| title=Stanford House| publisher=Conservancy for Cuyahoga Valley National Park| url=https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/experience/space-rental/meetings-retreats/stanford-house/| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022085326/https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/experience/space-rental/meetings-retreats/stanford-house/| archivedate=October 22, 2018| deadurl=no}}
38. ^{{cite web|title = Hale Farm and Village|publisher = Western Reserve Historical Society|url = http://www.wrhs.org/sites/hale.htm|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030410105611/http://www.wrhs.org/sites/hale.htm|archivedate = April 10, 2003}}
39. ^{{cite web| title=Points of Historic Interest| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/history/PntsHist.htm| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151133/https://www.nps.gov/archive/cuva/history/pntshist.htm| archivedate=June 17, 2008| deadurl=yes}}
40. ^{{cite web| title=National Register of Historic Places - Cuyahoga Valley National Park| publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior| url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/SearchResults/24f81219986b48539d90c0e4cafd0d27?page=1&view=list| website=npgallery.nps.gov| accessdate=November 8, 2018}}
41. ^{{cite gnis |id=1073888 |name=Brecksville-Northfield High Level Bridge |accessdate=2009-05-03}}
42. ^{{cite gnis |id=1073893 |name=Tinkers Creek Aqueduct |accessdate=2009-05-03}}
43. ^{{cite gnis |id=1073892 |name=Station Road Bridge |accessdate=2009-05-03}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{cite web

|title = A Green Shrouded Miracle: The Administrative History of Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Ohio
|publisher = National Park Service, Department of the Interior
|url = http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/cuyahoga/
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070506223143/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/Cuyahoga/
|archivedate = 2007-05-06
|df =
}}
  • {{cite web

| title=Ohio and Erie Canal National Heritage Corridor, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
| publisher=National Park Service, Department of the Interior
| url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/ohioeriecanal/
}}
  • {{cite web

| title=The Ohio & Erie Canal: Catalyst of Economic Development for Ohio, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
| publisher=National Park Service, Department of the Interior
| url=http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/41ohio/41ohio.htm
}}
  • {{cite web

| title=Cuyahoga Valley National Park – Official Site
| publisher=National Park Service, Department of the Interior
| url=https://www.nps.gov/cuva/index.htm
}}
  • {{cite web

| title=The National Parks: Index 2012–2016
| publisher=National Park Service, Department of the Interior
| url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf
| format=PDF
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113065657/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf
| archivedate=13 November 2018
| deadurl=no
}}{{Refend}}

Further reading

  • Cuyahoga Valley Trails Council (2007). The Trail Guide to Cuyahoga Valley National Park, 3rd Edition, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-59851-040-9}}

External links

{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Cuyahoga Valley National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Cuyahoga Valley National Park|species=no|d=no}}
  • {{Official website}} of the [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm National Park Service]
  • [https://www.conservancyforcvnp.org/ Conservancy for Cuyahoga Valley National Park]
  • [https://www.cvsr.com/ Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad]
  • [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/national-parks/cuyahoga-valley-scenic-railroad-vintage-zephyr/ Hit the Rails for the Best Cuyahoga Valley Experience] – a National Geographic Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad article
{{GeoGroup}}{{Protected areas of Ohio}}{{National parks of the United States}}{{NRHP in Cuyahoga Valley NP}}

9 : Cuyahoga Valley National Park|Protected areas of Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Protected areas of Summit County, Ohio|Protected areas established in 1974|Civilian Conservation Corps in Ohio|Ohio and Erie Canalway National Heritage Area|2000 establishments in Ohio|1974 establishments in Ohio|National parks in Ohio
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