1. History

2. Oracle

3. Notes

4. Footnotes

5. References

6. External links

History

Before the Persian invasion the temple was richly adorned with treasuries and votive offerings.^[7] It was twice destroyed by fire; the first time by the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes in their march through Phocis (480 BCE), and a second time by the Boeotians in the Sacred or Phocian War in 346 BCE. It was rebuilt by Hadrian.^[8] Hadrian caused a smaller temple to be built near the ruins of the former one. In the new temple there were three ancient statues in brass of Apollo, Leto, and Artemis, which had been dedicated by the Abaei, and had perhaps been saved from the former temple. The ancient agora and the ancient theatre still existed in the town in the time of Pausanias. According to the statement of Aristotle, as preserved by Strabo, Thracians from the Phocian town of Abae emigrated to Euboea, and gave to the inhabitants the name of Abantes.^{[9][10][11][12][2]}

Oracle

Despite destruction of the town, the oracle was still consulted, e.g. by the Thebans before the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE.^[13][14] The temple, along with the village of the same name, may have escaped destruction during the Third Sacred War (355–346 BCE), due to the respect given to the inhabitants;^[15] however it was in a very dilapidated state when seen by Pausanias in the 2nd century CE,^[16] though some restoration, as well as the building of a new temple, was undertaken by Emperor Hadrian.^[17]

The sanctity of the shrine ensured certain privileges to the people of Abae,^[18] and these were confirmed by the Romans. The Persians did not reflect this opinion and would destroy all the temples that they overcame, Abae included. The Greek pledged to not rebuild them as a memorial of the ravages of the Persians.^[19]

Among the most exciting recent archaeological discoveries in Greece is the recognition that the sanctuary site near the modern village of Kalapodi is not only the site of the oracle of Apollon at Abae but that it was in constant use for cult practices from early Mycenaean times to the Roman period. It is thus the first site where the archaeology confirms the continuity of Mycenaean and Classical Greek religion, which has been inferred from the presence of the names of Classical Greek divinities on Linear B texts from Pylos and Knossos.{{refn | group = nb |See reports of the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Archaeological Reports for 2008/9 43-45, Archaeological Reports for 2007/8 47-49, Archaeological Reports for 2006/7 41-43, Archaeological Reports for 2005/6 68-69, Archaeological Reports for 2004/5 55-56.}}

The fortified site described below, originally identified as Abae by Colonel William Leake in the 19th century, is much more likely to be that of the Sanctuary of Artemis at Hyampolis.

The polygonal walls of the acropolis may still be seen in a fair state of preservation on a circular hill standing about {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} above the little plain of Exarcho; one gateway remains, and there are also traces of town walls below. The temple site was on a low spur of the hill, below the town. An early terrace wall supports a precinct in which are a stoa and some remains of temples; these were excavated by the British School at Athens in 1894, but little was found.

Notes

Footnotes

References

• {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Avery | editor-first = Catherine A. | encyclopedia = The New Century Classical Handbook | publisher = Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. | location = New York, NY | year = 1962 | lccn = 62-10069 | title = Abae | ref = harv }}
• {{cite book | last = Bell | first = Robert E. | title = Place-Names in Classical Mythology | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 1989 | location = Santa Barbara, CA | isbn = 978-0874365078 | ref = harv }}
• {{cite journal | last = Bilco | first = J. | journal = Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique | title = Lettre du roi Philippe aux habitants d'Abae | volume = 6 | pages = 171–175 | year = 1882 | doi = 10.3406/bch.1882.4191 | url = http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bch_0007-4217_1882_num_6_1_4191 | ref = harv }}
• {{cite book | editor-last = Henderson | editor-first = Jeffrey | title = Pausanian Description of Greece | year = 2000 | orig-year = 1926 | translator = W. H. S. Jones | translator2 = H. A. Ormerod | volume = II: Books III-V | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, UK | isbn = 0-674-99207-5 | ref = harv }}
• {{cite book | editor-last = Henderson | editor-first = Jeffrey | title = Pausanian Description of Greece | year = 2000a | orig-year = 1935 | translator = W. H. S. Jones | translator2 = H. A. Ormerod | volume = IV: Books VIII §22 — X | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, UK | isbn = 0-674-99328-4 | ref = harv }}
• {{cite book | author = Herodotus | authorlink = Herodotus | translator = Godley, A. D. | year = 1920 | title = Herodotus | publisher = William Heinemann | location = London, UK | volume = I: Books I and II | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8RsMAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=herodotus+histories&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jfySUtnzDcXToASg0IDAAg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref = harv }}
• {{cite book | author1 = Herodotus | authorlink = Herodotus | editor-last = Powell | editor-first = J. Enoch | title = Herodotus, Book VIII | series = Herodotus | publisher = Duckworth Publishers | year = 2003 | location = London, UK | origyear = 1939 | isbn = 978-0862920043 | language = Ancient Greek | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177&dq=Herodotus,+Book+VIII&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7wKTUrmDHMjWoATNgYHYDQ&ved=0CGUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=abae&f=false | ref = harv }}
• {{cite encyclopedia | last1 = Hesychius | last2 = Schmidt | first2 = Mauricius | year = 1867 | encyclopedia = Hesychii Alexandrini lexicon | language = Ancient Greek | title = Ἄβαι | publisher = Sumptibus Hermanni Dufftii (Libraria Maukiana) | authorlink = Hesychius of Alexandria | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PNI9AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Hesychii+Alexandrini+lexicon%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gmrkU-GiEdOUyASf_oCgDw&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Hesychii%20Alexandrini%20lexicon%22&f=false | edition = 2nd | ref = harv }}
• {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica| title = Abae | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = 1: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, Illinois | isbn = 0-85229-961-3 | lccn = 2002113989 | ref = harv }}
• {{cite book | author1 = Pausanias | authorlink = Pausanias (geographer) | title = Pausanias's Description of Greece | translator = Frazer, J. G. | publisher = Macmillan and Company, Limited | location = London, UK | year = 1898 | volume = V | ref = harv }}
• {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Schmitz |first=Leonhard |title=Abaeus |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=William |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |volume=1: Abaeus - Dysponteus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2013 |origyear=1867 |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0010.html |series=Cambridge Library Collection - Classics |isbn=978-1108060820 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714093030/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0010.html |archivedate=2008-07-14 |df= }}
• {{cite encyclopedia | last = Smith | first = William | authorlink = William Smith (lexicographer) | title = Abæ | encyclopedia = A new classical dictionary of biography, mythology, and geography, partly based on the "Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology" | publisher = Nabu Press | year = 2011 | origyear = 1850 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5_oGAAAAQAAJ | isbn = 978-1172756001 | ref = harv }}

External links

• Black-and-white photo essay of the archeological site of Abae

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