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词条 Cádiz
释义

  1. Name

  2. Demographics

     Population density 

  3. History

  4. Diocese

  5. Main sights

     Plazas and their landmark buildings  Plaza de Mina  Plaza de San Francisco and San Francisco Church and Convent  Plaza San Antonio  Plaza de Candelaria  Plaza de la Catedral and the Cathedral  Plaza de San Juan de Dios and the Old Town Hall  Plaza de España and the monument to the constitution of 1812  Plaza de Falla and the Gran Teatro Falla (Falla Grand Theater)  Other sights  Tavira tower  Admiral's House  Old customs house  Palacio de Congresos  Roman theatre  Pylons of Cádiz   Carranza Bridge   La Pepa Bridge  City walls and fortifications 

  6. Notable people born in Cádiz and Cádiz province

  7. Climate

  8. Beaches

  9. Carnival

  10. Gastronomy

  11. Transportation

  12. Twin towns—sister cities

     Other relations 

  13. See also

  14. References

     Citations  Bibliography 

  15. External links

{{about|the Spanish city||Cadiz (disambiguation)}}{{redirects|Gadira|the genus of moths|Gadira (moth)}}{{use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cádiz
| settlement_type = Municipality
| native_name =
| official_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Catedral Cadiz.jpg {{!}} Catedral de la Santa Cruz
| photo1b = Carcelcadiz2.JPG {{!}} Cárcel Real
| photo2a = Monumento a la Constitución de 1812, Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 80.JPG {{!}} Monumento a la Constitución de 1812.
| photo3a = Palacio de la Aduana, Cádiz, España.jpg {{!}} Palacio de la Aduana
| photo3b = Iglesia de San Antonio de Padua, Cádiz.jpg{{!}} Iglesia de San Antonio.
| spacing = 2
| border = 0
| color = #F2F2F2
| size = 275
}}
| imagesize = 330 px
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_flag = Bandera de Cádiz.svg
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Cádiz.svg
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Spain Cadiz Municipality of Cadiz.png
| map_caption = Municipal location in the Province of Cádiz
| pushpin_map = Spain Province of Cádiz#Spain Andalusia#Spain
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Cádiz
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{ESP}}
| subdivision_type1 = Autonomous community
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Andalusia}}
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Flag Cádiz Province.svg}} Cádiz
| subdivision_type3 = Comarca
| subdivision_name3 = Bay of Cádiz
| subdivision_type4 = Judicial district
| subdivision_name4 = Cádiz
| subdivision_type5 = Mancomunidad
| subdivision_name5 = Municipios de la Bahía de Cádiz
| seat_type =
| seat =
| coordinates = {{coord|36|32|N|6|17|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 11
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 12.10
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = Phoenicians; 1104 BC
| government_type = Mayor–council
| governing_body = Ayuntamiento de Cádiz
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = José María González
| leader_party = Por Cádiz Sí Se Puede
| population_footnotes =

Plaza de San Juan de Dios and the Old Town Hall

Construction of this plaza began in the 15th century on lands reclaimed from the sea. With the demolition of the City walls in 1906 the plaza increased in size and a statue of the Cádiz politician Segismundo Moret was unveiled. Overlooking the plaza, the Ayuntamiento is the town hall of Cádiz's Old City. The structure, constructed on the bases and location of the previous Consistorial Houses (1699), was built in two stages. The first stage began in 1799 under the direction of architect Torcuato Benjumeda in the neoclassical style. The second stage was completed in 1861 under the direction of García del Alamo, in the Isabelline Gothic ({{lang-es|Gótico Isabelino}} or, simply, the Isabelino) style. Here, in 1936, the flag of Andalusia was hoisted for the first time.

Plaza de España and the monument to the constitution of 1812

{{unreferenced section|date=May 2013}}

The Plaza de España is a large square close to the port. It is dominated by the Monument to the Constitution of 1812, which came into being as a consequence of the demolition of a portion of the old city wall. The plaza is an extension of the old Plazuela del Carbón.

The goal of this demolition was to create a grand new city square to mark the hundredth anniversary of the liberal constitution, which was proclaimed in this city in 1812, and provide a setting for a suitable memorial. The work is by the architect, Modesto Lopez Otero, and of the sculptor, Aniceto Marinas. The work began in 1912 and finished in 1929.

The lower level of the monument represents a chamber and an empty presidential armchair. The upper level has various inscriptions surmounting the chamber. On each side are bronze figures representing peace and war. In the centre, a pilaster rises to symbolize, in allegorical terms, the principles expressed in the 1812 constitution. At the foot of this pilaster, there is a female figure representing Spain, and, to either side, sculptural groupings representing agriculture and citizenship.

Plaza de Falla and the Gran Teatro Falla (Falla Grand Theater)

The original Gran Teatro was constructed in 1871 by the architect García del Alamo, and was destroyed by a fire in August 1881. The current theater was built between 1884 and 1905 over the remains of the previous Gran Teatro. The architect was Adolfo Morales de los Rios, and the overseer of construction was Juan Cabrera de la Torre. The outside was covered in red bricks and is of a neo-Mudéjar or Moorish revival style. Following renovations in the 1920s, the theater was renamed the Gran Teatro Falla, in honor of composer Manuel de Falla, who is buried in the crypt of the cathedral. After a period of disrepair in the 1980s, the theater has since undergone extensive renovation.

Other sights

Tavira tower

In the 18th century, Cádiz had more than 160 towers from which local merchants could look out to sea to watch for arriving merchant ships from the New World. These towers often formed part of the merchants' houses, but this particular tower was located on a high point in the city, 45 meters above sea level, and was chosen by the Navy as their official lookout in 1787 (after eliminating several other locations previously.) [37] The Torre Tavira, was named for its original watchman, Don Antonio Tavira, a lieutenant in the Spanish Navy. [38] Today it is the tallest of the towers which still dot the Cádiz skyline. Since 1994 there is a camera obscura, a room that uses the principle of the pinhole camera and a specially prepared convex lens to project panoramic views of the Old City onto a concave disc. There are also two exhibition rooms and a rooftop terrace. [39]

Admiral's House

The Casa del Almirante is a palatial house, adjacent to the Plaza San Martín in the Barrio del Pópulo, which was constructed in 1690 with the proceeds of the lucrative trade with the Americas. It was built by the family of the admiral of the Spanish treasure fleet, the so-called Fleet of the Indies, Don Diego de Barrios. The exterior is sheathed in exquisite red and white Genoan marble, prepared in the workshops of Andreoli, and mounted by the master, García Narváez. The colonnaded portico, the grand staircase under the cupola, and the hall on the main floor are architectural features of great nobility and beauty. The shield of the Barrios family appears on the second-floor balcony.

Old customs house

Situated within the confines of the walls which protect the flank of the port of Cádiz are three identical adjacent buildings: the Customs House, the House of Hiring and the Consulate. Of the three, the former had been erected first, built in a sober neo-classical style and of ample and balanced proportions. The works began in 1765 under the direction of Juan Caballero at a cost of 7,717,200 reales.

Palacio de Congresos

Cádiz's refurbished tobacco factory offers international conference and trade-show facilities.[40] Home to the third annual MAST Conference and trade-show (12 to 14 November 2008)

Roman theatre

{{main|Roman Theatre (Cádiz)}}

The Roman theatre was discovered in 1980, in the El Pópulo district, after a fire had destroyed some old warehouses, revealing a layer of construction that was judged to be the foundations of some medieval buildings; the foundations of these buildings had been built, in turn, upon much more ancient stones, hand-hewn limestone of a Roman character. Systematic excavations have revealed a largely intact Roman theatre.

The theatre, constructed by order of Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor) during the 1st century BC, is the second-largest Roman theatre in the world, surpassed only by the theatre of Pompeii, south of Rome. Cicero, in his Epistulae ad Familiares ('Letters to his friends'), wrote of its use by Balbus for personal propaganda.

Pylons of Cádiz

The Pylons of Cádiz are electricity pylons of unusual design, one on either side of the Bay of Cádiz, used to support huge electric-power cables. The pylons are {{convert|158|m|sp=us}} high and designed for two circuits. The very unconventional construction consists of a narrow frustum steel framework with one crossbar at the top of each one for the insulators.

Carranza Bridge

{{main|José Leon de Carranza Bridge}}

La Pepa Bridge

La Pepa Bridge, officially "La Pepa" and also named the second bridge to Cádiz or new access to Cádiz. It opened 24 September 2015. It crosses the Bay of Cádiz linking Cádiz with Puerto Real in mainland Spain. It is the longest bridge in Spain and the longest span cable-stayed in the country.[41]

City walls and fortifications

Las Puertas de Tierra originated in the 16th century.[42][43] Once consisting of several layers of walls, only one of these remain today. By the 20th century it was necessary to remodel the entrance to the Old City to accommodate modern traffic. Today, the two side-by-side arches cut into the wall serve as one of the primary entrances to the city.

El Arco de los Blancos is the gate to the Populo district, built around 1300. It was the principal gate to the medieval town. The gate is named after the family of Felipe Blanco who built a chapel (now disappeared) above the gate.

El Arco de la Rosa ("Rose Arch") is a gate carved into the medieval walls next to the cathedral. It is named after captain Gaspar de la Rosa, who lived in the city during the 18th century. The gate was renovated in 1973.

The Baluarte de la Candelaria (fortress or stronghold of Candlemas) is a military fortification. Taking advantage of a natural elevation of land, it was constructed in 1672 at the initiative of the governor, Diego Caballero de Illescas. Protected by a seaward-facing wall that had previously served as a seawall, Candelaria's cannons were in a position to command the channels approaching the port of Cádiz. In more recent times, the edifice has served as a headquarters for the corps of military engineers and as the home to the army's homing pigeons, birds used to carry written messages over hostile terrain. Thoroughly renovated, it is now used as a cultural venue. There has been some discussion of using it to house a maritime museum, {{citation needed|date=May 2013}} but, at present, it is designated for use as a permanent exposition space.

The Castle of San Sebastián is also a military fortification and is situated at the end of a road leading out from the Caleta beach. It was built in 1706. Today the castle remains unused, although its future uses remain much debated.

The Castle of Santa Catalina is also a military fortification, and is situated at the end of the Caleta beach. It was built in 1598 following the English sacking of Cádiz two years earlier. Recently renovated, today it is used for exhibitions and concerts.

Notable people born in Cádiz and Cádiz province

{{maincat|People from Cádiz}}
  • Rafael Alberti, writer
  • Juan Bautista Aznar (1860–1933), Prime Minister of Spain
  • Jose Manuel Caballero, novelist
  • Camarón de la Isla, flamenco singer
  • Manuel de Falla, composer
  • José Manuel Flores, football defender for Swansea City
  • Paco de Lucía, flamenco guitarist
  • Lucius Cornelius Balbus, consul
  • Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger, general
  • Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, Roman agronomic writer
  • Miguel Martínez de Pinillos Sáenz, ship-owner and politician
  • George Meade, Union general of The American Civil War
  • Enrique MacDonell Spanish Vice-Admiral at Trafalgar
  • José Celestino Mutis, botanist and mathematician
  • Niña Pastori, or María Rosa García García, flamenco singer.
  • Esteban Piñero Camacho, known as Basty, member of the Spanish band D'NASH
  • Javier Ruibal musician, singer, songwriter
  • Suso, professional footballer for A.C. Milan

Climate

{{climate chart|Cádiz
| 9.4 | 16.0 | 69
| 10.7 | 16.8 | 59
| 12.3 | 18.8 | 35
| 13.7 | 19.9 | 45
| 16.2 | 22.1 | 27
| 19.5 | 25.3 | 7
| 21.4 | 27.7 | 0
| 22.0 | 27.9 | 2
| 20.3 | 26.3 | 24
| 17.3 | 23.4 | 67
| 13.4 | 19.6 | 98
| 10.9 | 16.9 | 92
| float=right
| clear=none
| source=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología}}

Cádiz has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with very mild to warm winters and warm to hot summers. The city has significant maritime influences due to its position on a narrow peninsula. Amongst any European city, Cádiz has the second warmest winters, after Algeciras in the south of Cádiz province. The annual sunshine hours of Cádiz are above 3000h, being one of the most sunny cities in Europe. Although summer nights are tropical in nature, daytime temperatures are comparatively subdued compared to nearby inland areas such as Jerez and the very hot far inland areas in Andalucia. Snowfall is unknown at least since the XIX century, being the least snowy place of Europe.[44]

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Cádiz (1981–2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 22.5
|Feb record high C = 25.3
|Mar record high C = 29.0
|Apr record high C = 31.4
|May record high C = 36.5
|Jun record high C = 37.6
|Jul record high C = 40.0
|Aug record high C = 43.0
|Sep record high C = 37.8
|Oct record high C = 31.5
|Nov record high C = 27.6
|Dec record high C = 23.6
|year record high C = 43.0
|Jan high C = 16.0
|Feb high C = 16.8
|Mar high C = 18.8
|Apr high C = 19.9
|May high C = 22.1
|Jun high C = 25.3
|Jul high C = 27.7
|Aug high C = 27.9
|Sep high C = 26.3
|Oct high C = 23.4
|Nov high C = 19.6
|Dec high C = 16.9
|year high C = 21.6
|Jan mean C = 12.7
|Feb mean C = 13.8
|Mar mean C = 15.5
|Apr mean C = 16.8
|May mean C = 19.1
|Jun mean C = 22.4
|Jul mean C = 24.6
|Aug mean C = 25.0
|Sep mean C = 23.3
|Oct mean C = 20.3
|Nov mean C = 16.5
|Dec mean C = 13.9
|year mean C = 18.6
|Jan low C = 9.4
|Feb low C = 10.7
|Mar low C = 12.3
|Apr low C = 13.7
|May low C = 16.2
|Jun low C = 19.5
|Jul low C = 21.4
|Aug low C = 22.0
|Sep low C = 20.3
|Oct low C = 17.3
|Nov low C = 13.4
|Dec low C = 10.9
|year low C = 15.4
|Jan record low C = 0.2
|Feb record low C = 3.2
|Mar record low C = 3.0
|Apr record low C = 8.0
|May record low C = 9.2
|Jun record low C = 14.0
|Jul record low C = 16.8
|Aug record low C = 17.2
|Sep record low C = 14.0
|Oct record low C = 9.0
|Nov record low C = 4.6
|Dec record low C = 2.2
|year record low C= 0.2
|Jan rain mm = 69.0
|Feb rain mm = 58.5
|Mar rain mm = 34.7
|Apr rain mm = 45.2
|May rain mm = 26.9
|Jun rain mm = 6.7
|Jul rain mm = 0.2
|Aug rain mm = 1.7
|Sep rain mm = 23.8
|Oct rain mm = 67.3
|Nov rain mm = 97.7
|Dec rain mm = 92.3
|Jan rain days = 6.9
|Feb rain days = 6.4
|Mar rain days = 4.8
|Apr rain days = 5.6
|May rain days = 3.2
|Jun rain days = 1.0
|Jul rain days = 0.1
|Aug rain days = 0.2
|Sep rain days = 2.5
|Oct rain days = 5.6
|Nov rain days = 7.2
|Dec rain days = 8.1
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan humidity = 75
|Feb humidity = 74
|Mar humidity = 71
|Apr humidity = 69
|May humidity = 70
|Jun humidity = 69
|Jul humidity = 68
|Aug humidity = 70
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 74
|Nov humidity = 74
|Dec humidity = 76
|Jan sun = 184
|Feb sun = 197
|Mar sun = 228
|Apr sun = 255
|May sun = 307
|Jun sun = 331
|Jul sun = 354
|Aug sun = 335
|Sep sun = 252
|Oct sun = 228
|Nov sun = 187
|Dec sun = 166
|year sun =
|source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[45]
|date = December 2014}}{{Weather box
|location = Cádiz (highest and lowest mean temperatures in 1981–2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan avg record high C = 17.6
|Feb avg record high C = 19.3
|Mar avg record high C = 21.8
|Apr avg record high C = 22.1
|May avg record high C = 24.8
|Jun avg record high C = 28.0
|Jul avg record high C = 30.1
|Aug avg record high C = 31.4
|Sep avg record high C = 28.7
|Oct avg record high C = 25.6
|Nov avg record high C = 22.9
|Dec avg record high C = 18.1
|year avg record high C = 31.4
|Jan avg record low C = 7.0
|Feb avg record low C = 6.8
|Mar avg record low C = 10.7
|Apr avg record low C = 11.7
|May avg record low C = 13.9
|Jun avg record low C = 16.7
|Jul avg record low C = 19.5
|Aug avg record low C = 20.4
|Sep avg record low C = 17.8
|Oct avg record low C = 14.6
|Nov avg record low C = 11.1
|Dec avg record low C = 8.6
|year avg record low C= 6.8
|source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[46]
}}

Beaches

Cádiz, situated on a peninsula,[47] is home to many beaches.

La Playa de la Caleta is the best-loved beach of Cádiz. It has always been in Carnival songs, due to its unequalled beauty and its proximity to the Barrio de la Viña. It is the beach of the Old City, situated between two castles, San Sebastian and Santa Catalina. It is around {{convert|400|m|sp=us}} long and {{convert|30|m|sp=us}} wide at low tide. La Caleta and the boulevard show a lot of resemblance to parts of Havana, the capital city of Cuba, like the malecon. Therefore, it served as the set for several of the Cuban scenes in the beginning of the James Bond movie Die Another Day.

La Playa de la Victoria, in the newer part of Cádiz, is the beach most visited by tourists and natives of Cádiz. It is about three km long, and it has an average width of {{convert|50|m|sp=us}} of sand. The moderate swell and the absence of rocks allow family bathing. It is separated from the city by an avenue; on the landward side of the avenue, there are many shops and restaurants.

La Playa de Santa María del Mar or Playita de las Mujeres is a small beach in Cádiz, situated between La Playa de Victoria and La Playa de la Caleta. It features excellent views of the old district of Cádiz.

Other beaches are Torregorda, Cortadura and El Chato.

Carnival

{{Main|Carnival of Cádiz}}

The Carnival of Cádiz is one of the best known carnivals in the world. Throughout the year, carnival-related activities are almost constant in the city; there are always rehearsals, public demonstrations, and contests of various kinds.

The Carnival of Cádiz is famous for the satirical groups called chirigotas, who perform comical musical pieces. Typically, a chirigota is composed of seven to twelve performers who sing, act and improvise accompanied by guitars, kazoos, a bass drum, and a variety of noise-makers. Other than the chirigotas, there are many other groups of performers: choruses; ensembles called comparsas, who sing in close harmony much like the barbershop quartets of African-American culture or the mariachis of Mexico; cuartetos, consisting of four (or sometimes three) performers alternating dramatic parodies and humorous songs; and romanceros, storytellers who recite tales in verse. These diverse spectacles turn the city into a colourful and popular open-air theatre for two entire weeks in February.

The {{lang|es|Concurso Oficial de Agrupaciones Carnavalescas}} (the official association of carnival groups) sponsors a contest in the Gran Teatro Falla (see above) each year where chirigotas and other performers compete for prizes. This is the climactic event of the Cádiz carnival.

{{clear left}}

Gastronomy

The gastronomy of Cádiz includes stews and sweets typical of the comarca and the city.

  • Atún encebollado
  • Caballa asada
  • Caballa con babetas
  • Cazón en adobo
  • Cazón en amarillo
  • Chocos con papas
  • Garum
  • Huevas aliñás
  • Morena en adobo
  • Pan de Cádiz
  • Panizas
  • Papas aliñás (patatas aliñadas)
  • Pescado en sobrehúsa
  • Pestiños
  • Piñonate
  • Piriñaca
  • Poleá
  • Ropa vieja
  • Tocino de cielo
  • Tortillitas de camarones

Transportation

Cádiz is connected to European route E5 which connects it with Sevilla, Cordoba and Madrid to the North and Algeciras to the South East, continuing as E15 northbound along the Spanish mediterranean coast.

The city does not have its own airport. The region is served by Jerez Airport, which is approximately 40 km (25 mi) north of the city centre. The airport offers regular domestic flights to Madrid and Barcelona as well as scheduled and seasonal charter flights to the UK, Germany and other European destinations. Cercanías Cádiz line C1 connects the airport to Cádiz main train station in 1hr.[48]

The main line train station is located just outside the old town. It offers regional and national services. The connection to the Madrid-Seville high-speed rail line was finished in 2015 after 14 years of construction, which extends the high speed Alvia trains to the city. Local services make the outskirts and regional destinations accessible along the line to Jerez and Seville.

The port opposite the train station provides weekly ferry services to the Canary Islands (2–3 days travel time)[49] as well as providing a stop for seasonal cruise ships.[50]

Twin towns—sister cities

Cádiz is twinned with:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
  • {{flagicon|COL}} Ambalema, Colombia (2008)[55]
  • {{flagicon|COL}} Bogotá, Colombia (2008)[55]
  • {{flagicon|FRA}} Brest, France (1986)[51][55]
  • {{flagicon|ARG}} Buenos Aires, Argentina (1975)[55]
  • {{flagicon|ESP}} Ceuta, Spain (2007)[55]
  • {{flagicon|MAR}} Dakhla, Morocco (1992)[55]
  • {{flagicon|ESP}} A Coruña, Spain (2005)[55]
  • {{flagicon|COL}} Guaduas, Colombia (2008)[55]
  • {{flagicon|CUB}} Havana, Cuba (1998)[55]
  • {{flagicon|COL}} Honda, Colombia (2008)[55]
  • {{flagicon|ESP}} Huelva, Spain[55]
  • {{flagicon|MEX}} Mexico DF, Mexico[55]
  • {{flagicon|ESP}} Móstoles, Spain (2008)[55]
  • {{flagicon|ESP}} Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain[55]
  • {{flagicon|MEX}} Puebla, Mexico[55]
  • {{flagicon|MEX}} San Pedro Cholula, Mexico[55]
  • {{flagicon|PUR}} San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA[55]
  • {{flagicon|COL}} San Sebastián de Mariquita, Colombia (2008)[55]
  • {{flagicon|ESP}} Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain[55]
  • {{flagicon|MAR}} Tangier, Morocco[55]
  • {{flagicon|ESP}} Torrevieja, Spain (2003)[52]
  • {{flagicon|MEX}} Veracruz, Mexico[52]
{{div col end}}

Other relations

  • Most Ancient European Towns Network

See also

{{portal|Spain}}
  • Battle of Cádiz (disambiguation)
  • Cádiz CF, football team
  • Costa de la Luz
  • List of mayors of Cadiz
  • Tribe of Gad
  • Atlantic history
  • Triangular trade
  • History of slavery

References

Citations

1. ^ tags -->| population_total = 123948| population_as_of = 2012| population_demonyms = Gaditano (m), Gaditana (f)| population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto| blank_name_sec1 = Patron Saints| blank_info_sec1 = Saint Servando & Saint Germán
Our Lady of the Rosary| timezone = CET| utc_offset = +01:00| timezone_DST = CEST| utc_offset_DST = +02:00| postal_code_type = Postal code| postal_code = 11071| area_code_type = Dialing code| area_code = (+34) 956| website = {{URL|http://www.cadiz.es}}| footnotes = }}Cádiz ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|d|ɪ|z}};{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cadiz?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Cádiz|accessdate=26 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}
2. ^{{web cite| author = Pedro Espinosa | title = Found in Cádiz a wall of 3000 years | year = 2006 | location = Cádiz | publisher = EL PAÍS (newspaper) | url = http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Hallado/Cadiz/muro/3000/anos/elpepucul/20070930elpepicul_7/Tes}}
3. ^{{cite web|author=Oficina Municipal del Plan General de Ordenación Urbana (PGOU), compuesta por personal de la Oficina de Planeamiento y Gestión Urbanística reforzada con personal del Área de Urbanismo.|title=Memoria del Plan General de Ordenación Urbana.|url=http://www.cadiz.es/media/docs/pgou/pgou/2-memoria/Memoria.pdf|quote=Extraido de la web del ayuntamiento y del siguiente apartado.|access-date=30 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215055507/http://www.cadiz.es/media/docs/pgou/pgou/2-memoria/Memoria.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2009|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^Phoenicians according to the Iberian protohistoric architecture project.
5. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/europes-oldest-city-is-found-5328361.html |title='Europe's oldest city' is found - Europe, World - The Independent |first=Elizabeth |last=Nash |work=The Independent |date= 9 October 2007|publisher=INM |location=London |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |accessdate=19 May 2011}}
6. ^1 Strabo, Geographica 3.5.5
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |title=diktyo |first= |last=MAETN |work=classic-web.archive.org |year=1999 |accessdate=19 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022022345/http://www.argos.gr/diktyoe.htm |archivedate=22 October 2005 }}
8. ^"Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions", [https://books.google.com/books?id=kwABAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141 p. 141]. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Accessed 24 July 2013.
9. ^{{Cite book | last =Lipiński | first =Edward | publication-date =2001 | date =2002 | title =Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar | edition = | volume =80 | series =Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta | publication-place = | place =Belgium | publisher =Peeters Leeuven | page =575 | isbn =978-90-429-0815-4 | url =http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=6387}}
10. ^Merriam-Webster. "Cádiz". Accessed 22 July 2013.
11. ^Data provided by Cádiz Municipal Authority {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116080844/http://www.cadiz.es/Category/Estad__237_stica/Datos_estadisticos/540 |date=16 November 2012 }}
12. ^A. B. Freijeiro, R. Corzo Sánchez, Der neue anthropoide Sarkophag von Cadiz. In: Madrider Mitteilungen 22, 1981.
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spainisculture.com/en/obras_de_excelencia/museo_de_cadiz/sarcofagos_fenicios_antropoides_masculino_y_femenino.html|title=Phoenician anthropoid sarcophagi, male (around 450-400 BC) and female (around 470 BC), Cadiz Museum, Cádiz, Cadiz|website=Spain is culture|accessdate=December 23, 2018}}
14. ^[https://books.google.gr/books?id=HsdAAAAAcAAJ&dq=muller%20geographi%20graeci&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q=muller%20geographi%20graeci&f=false Pseudo Scymnus or Pausanias of Damascus, Circuit of the Earth, 160-164]
15. ^Espinosa, Pedro (2007). EL PAIS. Hallado en Cádiz un muro de 3.000 años
16. ^{{cite book|last=Krensky|first=Stephen|others=Illustrated by Steve Sullivan|title=Who Really Discovered America?|year=1987|publisher=Scholastic Inc.|isbn=0-590-40854-2|page=30}}
17. ^Life of Apollonius of Tyana, v. 5.
18. ^From the Life of Apollonius of Tyana: " ... the pillars in the temple were made of gold and silver smelted together so as to be of one color, and they were over a cubit high, of square form, resembling anvils; and their capitals were inscribed with letters which were neither Egyptian nor Indian nor of any kind which he could decipher. But Apollonius, since the priests would tell him nothing, remarked: 'Heracles of Egypt does not permit me not to tell all I know. These pillars are ties between earth and ocean, and they were inscribed by Heracles in the house of the Fates, to prevent any discord arising between the elements, and to save their mutual affection for one another from violation.'"
19. ^Livy, 21.21.
20. ^Livy (epitome) 33.
21. ^Suetonius, Divi Iuli, Vita Divi Iuli 7.
22. ^Strabo. Geography.
23. ^1 2 Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: "Gades".
24. ^Juvenal, Satires, 10.1-2.
25. ^{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=J. A. S.|title=New Catholic Encyclopedia|date=2003|publisher=Gale|location=Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor|pages=95–102|edition=2nd|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=unc_main&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CCX3407706178&it=r&asid=597495c9e192f0c69fe38330c92441cd|accessdate=26 January 2017}}
26. ^Turpin. Thomas Rodd, trans. History of Charles the Great and Orlando, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg4MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA6 p. 6]. James Compton (London), 1812. Accessed 23 July 2013.
27. ^Fear, A.T. "The Tower of Cádiz". Faventia: Revista de Filologia Clàssica, #12-13, Vol. 1-2 (1990-1991), p. 199-211. Accessed 23 Jul 2013.
28. ^Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Makkari. Pascual De Gauangos, ed. & trans. The History of the Mohammadan Dynasties in Spain, Vol. I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hxkigx8ACfQC&pg=PA78 p. 78]. Routledge, 2002. Accessed 23 July 2013.
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ulm/history/eng_armada.htm |title=The Defeat of the English Armada and the 16th-Century Spanish Naval Resurgence |author=Wes Ulm |publisher=Harvard University personal website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207123748/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ulm/history/eng_armada.htm |archivedate=7 February 2004 |dead-url=yes |access-date=30 December 2016}}
30. ^[https://www.directferries.co.uk/arrecife_cadiz_ferry.htm directferries.co.uk]
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://turismo.cadiz.es/en/rutas-y-visitas-en-cadiz/monastery-and-church-san-francisco|title=Turismo - Ayuntamiento de Cádiz | Monastery and Church of San Francisco|publisher=turismo.cadiz.es|accessdate=19 November 2015}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Plan your stay in Cádiz|url=http://espanafascinante.com/english/things-to-do-in-cadiz-hotels-in-cadiz-restaurants-in-cadiz/|website=España Fascinante|accessdate=13 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813181647/http://espanafascinante.com/english/things-to-do-in-cadiz-hotels-in-cadiz-restaurants-in-cadiz/|archivedate=13 August 2016|date=2012}}
33. ^http://turismo.cadiz.es/en/rutas-y-visitas-en-cadiz/santa-cruz-church-old-cathedral
34. ^http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/2167.pdf
35. ^http://www.catedraldecadiz.com/la-catedral/
36. ^http://www.catedraldecadiz.com/la-catedral/
37. ^https://cadizpedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Torre_Tavira_(C%C3%A1diz)
38. ^https://www.torretavira.com/en/tavira-towers-history/
39. ^https://www.torretavira.com/en/visiting-the-tavira-tower/
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.palaciocongresos-cadiz.com/en/the-palace/|title=The palace | Cadiz´s Conference Centre|publisher=palaciocongresos-Cádiz.com|accessdate=19 November 2015}}
41. ^{{cite web|author=Pardillo |url=http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=2d850618192da270505d7b04e0afd32c |title=Puente de La Pepa, 3D View in Google Earth |publisher=Sketchup.google.com |date=6 June 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2011}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whatcadiz.com/cadiz-center-tourism.html |website=www.whatcadiz.com |title=Cadiz Tourism in the City Center}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.southern-spain-travel.com/cadiz-spain.html |website=www.southern-spain-travel.com |title=Cadiz Spain: A Great Beach Town on Spains Coast}}
44. ^https://foro.tiempo.com/olas-de-frio-entradas-frias-y-temporales-de-nieve-en-espana-1830-1985-t91237.0.html
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5973&k=and |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) |accessdate= |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |df=dmy |archivedate=28 October 2017 }}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) |date = October 2017}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=36.512718,-6.276455&spn=0.077299,0.105186&t=k&hl=en |title=Google Maps |publisher=Maps.google.com |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=5 May 2009}}
48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aena.es/en/jerez-airport/public-transport.html|title=Public transport - Jerez Airport - Aena.es|website=www.aena.es|access-date=2016-12-04}}
49. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.directferries.co.uk/cadiz_ferry.htm|title=Cadiz ferry, compare prices, times and book tickets|website=www.directferries.co.uk|access-date=2016-12-04}}
50. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.puertocadiz.com/opencms/PuertoCadiz/en/menu/puerto/darsenas/index.html|title=Port of Cadiz Bay|website=www.puertocadiz.com|access-date=2016-12-04}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mairie-brest.fr/brest/jumelages.htm |title=Les jumelages de Brest |publisher=Mairie-brest.fr |date= |accessdate=7 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403081100/http://www.mairie-brest.fr/brest/jumelages.htm |archivedate=3 April 2009 }}
52. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 {{Cite journal|journal=Diario de Cádiz|url=https://www.diariodecadiz.es/cadiz/Cadiz-familia-numerosa_0_297570545.html|date=19 September 2009|first=Pablo Manuel|last=Durio|title=Cádiz tiene ya una familia más que numerosa}}

Bibliography

{{See also|Timeline of Cádiz#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Cádiz}}
  • {{Catholic|wstitle=Cadiz}}
  • {{citation |last=Head |first=Barclay |editor=Ed Snible |author2=G.F. Hill |author3=George MacDonald |author4=W. Wroth |display-authors=1 |display-editors=0 |url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html |title=Historia Numorum |contribution=Hispania |contribution-url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/hispania.html |pp=1–5 |date=1911 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |ref={{harvid|Head & al.|1911}} }}.

External links

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Cadiz (capital)|Cádiz}}{{Commons|Cádiz}}
  • {{wikivoyage-inline|Cádiz}}
  • Official website
  • Cádiz Province Official Tourism Homepage
  • {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Spain/Autonomous_Communities/Andalucia/Cadiz/}}
  • [https://www.google.com/maps/place/C%C3%A1diz,+Spain/@36.5262829,-6.2762096,30938m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0xd0dd25724ec240f:0x40463fd8ca03b00!8m2!3d36.5270612!4d-6.2885962?hl=en Google Earth view of Cádiz]
{{Municipalities in Cádiz}}{{Capitals of Provinces in Spain}}{{Most Ancient European Towns Network}}{{Phoenician cities and colonies navbox}}{{Costas}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cadiz}}

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