词条 | List of cardinal-nephews | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a pope who was his uncle, or more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.[1] From the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, Romanum decet pontificem (1692), nearly every pope who appointed cardinals appointed at least one relative to the College of Cardinals,[2] including every Renaissance-era pope.[3] Although nephews were the most common relation to be elevated to the College, other family members include (legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted) sons and grandsons, brothers, grandnephews, cousins and even uncles.[1][3] At least 15, and possibly as many as 19 cardinal-nephews were later elected pope (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII, perhaps also John XIX, Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals, as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators). One became antipope (John XXIII), and two or three were canonized (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if in fact he was really elected cardinal).{{#tag:ref|Miranda, citing older authors such as Alphonsus Ciacconius, says that Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado della Suburra) was probably a nephew of his elevator Honorius II;[4] however, modern scholars are in agreement that Corrado was created by Paschalis II, and deny or do not mention his relationship with Honorius II.[5]|group="n"}} Similarly-created cardinals include cardinal-nephews of antipopes and papal relatives made cardinals by other popes. Notes on symbolsBecause statements concerning the familial ties of popes and cardinals prior to 14th century are often of much later origin, some sources regard their factual accuracy as dubious. Thus, individuals are marked with:
Occupants of the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew are denoted with †. 11th century
12th century
13th century
14th century
15th century
16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
Footnotes1. ^1 Bunson, Matthew. 1995. "Cardinal Nephew." The Pope Encyclopedia. Crown Trade Paperbacks. {{ISBN|0-517-88256-6}}. 2. ^Until Pope Innocent XII, the only exceptions were popes who did not appoint the cardinals at all (Pope Pius III, Pope Marcellus II, Pope Urban VII, Pope Leo XI) and Pope Adrian VI (who appointed only one cardinal). 3. ^1 Vidmar, John. 2005. The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History. Paulist Press. {{ISBN|0-8091-4234-1}}. 4. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1127". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 5. ^(Brixius, p. 36 and 78; Klewitz, p. 128; Hüls, p. 128 and 201; Zenker, p. 46–48) 6. ^Authors which affirm his cardinalate do not mention any documentary proof to attest his existence and promotion (cf. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: consistory of 1015; retrieved on 15 September 2009; and Cardella, vol. I pt 1, p. 93). His name does not appear in the papal registers of that time (cf. Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 911–1024) and Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102325/http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ |date=17 July 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102325/http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ |date=17 July 2009 }}; retrieved on 15 September 2009; Ph. Jaffè: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. I, Leipzig 1885, p. 506-529; P. F. Kehr: Italia Pontificia, vol. I, Berlin 1906; J. P. Migne: Patrologia Latina, vol. 139 col. 1577–1638, vol. 141 col. 1115–1156 and 1343–1370) and is not mentioned in the genealogies of the family of Pope Benedict VIII, cf. Medieval Lands; retrieved on 15 September 2009; L.Brook, Popes and Pornocrats:Rome in the early middle ages Foundations (Vol. 1, no. 1, Jan 2003), p. 5-17; F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 4 pt. 1, London 1905, p. 6 and 19. Therefore, the existence of this cardinal remains uncertain. 7. ^According to his biography in {{BBKL|j/Johannes_XIX|band=3|autor= Udo Tavares|artikel=Johannes XIX., Papst|spalten=220–224}}; and {{Cite CE1913 |wstitle=Pope John XIX (XX) |title=Pope John XIX |last=Kirsch |first=J. P. }} he was a layman at the time of his election to the papacy 8. ^Nephew to both Benedict VIII and John XIX 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 Miranda, S. 1998. "11th Century (999–1099)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 10. ^According to Genealogie-Mittelalter {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624093207/http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/mittelalter/paepste/benedikt_9_papst_+_1055.html |date=24 June 2010 }}; retrieved on 1 September 2009; he was a layman when elected pope. Biographical entries by {{Cite CE1913 |wstitle=Pope Benedict IX |title=Pope Benedict IX |last=Mann |first=Horace }} and {{BBKL|b/benedikt_ix_p|band=1|autor= Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|artikel=Benedikt IX., Papst|spalten=484–485}}; do not mention his cardinalate 11. ^For the date of promotion see Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung III. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058) nr 71 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102325/http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ |date=17 July 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102325/http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ |date=17 July 2009 }}; retrieved on 15 September 2009 12. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20040416023825/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/crescentier_tuskulaner/petrus_bischof_von_silva_candida_%2B_1049.html Genealogie-Mittelalter: Petrus von Silva Candida]; retrieved on 15 September 2009 13. ^Hüls, p. 138 no. 1 14. ^Hüls, Ganzer, Klewitz, Robinson. 15. ^Klewitz, p. 115 no. 4 and pp. 159–160. 16. ^Hüls, pp. 103–104. 17. ^1 2 3 4 Miranda, S. 1998. "12th Century (1099–1198)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 18. ^Ganzer, pp. 79–80. 19. ^Hüls, pp. 232–233. 20. ^Brixius, p. 42, and Zenker, p. 49. 21. ^Brixius, pp. 45 and 93, and Zenker, p. 49. 22. ^Brixius, p. 103, and Maleczek, p. 248 note 283. 23. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of December 1144". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 24. ^Brixius, p. 51; Zenker, pp. 41 and 218; and Robinson, p. 51. 25. ^Maleczek, p. 248 note 283. 26. ^{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Boso (Breakspear)}} 27. ^Zenker, pp. 149–150; Robinson, pp. 254–255; c.f. Brixius, pp. 113–114 28. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso (note 6)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. Kartusch, p. 198 note 4, concluded that he should be removed from the list of the cardinals promoted by Lucius III. See also Ganzer, p. 174 29. ^L. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, Rome 1792, I, pt. 2, pp. 142–143. 30. ^Maleczek, p. 78. 31. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "consistory of 1182". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 32. ^{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Pope Innocent III}} 33. ^Michele Maccarrone, "Innocenzo III prima del pontificato," Archivo della R. Deputatazione romana di Storia patria, 1943, p. 66. 34. ^H. Tillmann, "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo", II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana", Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, 1975, p. 371. 35. ^Maleczek, pp. 101–104. 36. ^Kartusch, pp. 284–28; Maleczek, pp. 97–98. 37. ^Cardella, L. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, Rome 1792, I, pt. 2, p. 189. 38. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1191". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 39. ^1 Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1193". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 40. ^Maleczek, p. 111 41. ^Maleczek, p. 114. 42. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Miranda, S. 1998. "13th Century (1198–1303)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 43. ^1 2 Maleczek, pp. 289–290 44. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1216 (X)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 45. ^1 2 Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland & Company. {{ISBN|0-7864-2071-5}}. p. 32. 46. ^Paravicini Bagliani, pp. 47–48. 47. ^Maleczek, p. 132 note 43. 48. ^Eubel, Vol. I, pp. 6 and 43; Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of December 1228". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 49. ^Paravicini Bagliani, pp. 98, 531–532. 50. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1237". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 51. ^Levillain, 2002, p. 657. 52. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1275". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 53. ^Eubel, Vol. I, p. 9. 54. ^Williams, 2004, p. 37. 55. ^DeCormenin, Louis Marie, and de Lahaye, vicomte de Louis-Marie. 1857. [https://books.google.com/books/pdf/A_Complete_History_of_the_Popes_of_Rome_.pdf?id=aQMQAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U3LpPQmtgLfnaDRG3NhhQwx658FCg&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 A Complete History of the Popes of Rome] (PDF link). 56. ^James L. Gihon. p. 25. Eubel, vol. I, p. 11. 57. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Masci". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 58. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Colonna". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 59. ^1 2 Williams, 2004, p. 38. 60. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Miranda, S. 1998. "14th Century (1303–1404)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 61. ^Contemporary accounts edited by G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, I, Paris 1914, pp. 25 and 55, say that out of ten new cardinals created on the first consistory of Clement V only four were papal relatives and do not mention Berengar among them. Sophia Menache: Clement V, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 41–42 and 50, does not consider him a relative of Clement V. 62. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 23 December 1312 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 63. ^He was nephew of Berenger Fredol, whose relationship with Clement V is disputed. 64. ^According to Guillaume Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 720 note 2, there was no blood relationship between Cardinal Gauscelin de Jean and John XXII but cardinal's uncle was married with pope's sister. See also Genealogies of John XXII and of the family de Jean {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714093722/http://www.milhars.com/jean22.pdf |date=14 July 2011 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714093722/http://www.milhars.com/jean22.pdf |date=14 July 2011 }} (pp. 4 and 14). 65. ^G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 725, says that the statement about his relationship with John XXII resulted from an error. 66. ^G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 751 note 1, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven. 67. ^G. Moroni Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni vol V, p. 5, says that he was son of Guillaume and of the sister of John XXII, and therefore, his nephew on his mother side, but this is certainly erroneous, see Genealogy of John XXII {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714093722/http://www.milhars.com/jean22.pdf |date=14 July 2011 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714093722/http://www.milhars.com/jean22.pdf |date=14 July 2011 }} (p. 4). Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 December 1327 (IV)." Florida International University; Retrieved 25 June 2009; says that he was relative of John XXII but gives this information with a question mark. 68. ^G. Mollat: Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 768 note 2, says that his relationship with John XXII is not proven and that documents from the register of John XXII attest only that he was born at Montpellier. 69. ^According to G. Mollat (ed.), Vitae paparum avenionensium, vol. II, Paris 1928, p. 816-817, his relationship with Benedict XII is not proven and is unlikely because pope Benedict XII legislated against nepotism and forbade his family to live at Avignon. Karsten Plöger: England and the Avignon popes: the practice of diplomacy in late medieval Europe, MHRA, 2005, p. 27, also say that Benedict XII opposed nepotism and did not promote any of his relatives to the cardinalate. 70. ^Miranda, S. "Consistory of 20 September 1342". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 71. ^1 2 Williams, 2004, p. 42. 72. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 May 1344". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 73. ^Biraben, Jean-Noël. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Plague." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-92228-3}}. p. 1222. 74. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 December 1350". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 75. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 7 June 1370". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 76. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 30 May 1371". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 77. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 December 1375". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 78. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 18 September 1378". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 79. ^1 2 3 4 5 Martin Souchon: Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, vol. 1, Braunschweig 1898, p. 22 80. ^1 Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 21 December 1381". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 81. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 December 1384". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 82. ^1 2 Martin Souchon: Die Papstwahlen in der Zeit des grossen Schismas, vol. 1, Braunschweig 1898, p. 51 83. ^{{BBKL|j/Johannes_XXIII_g|band=3|autor= Michael Hanst|artikel=Johannes XXIII. (Baldassare Cossa), Gegenpapst|spalten=233–237}} 84. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Miranda, S. 1998. "15th Century (1404–1503)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 85. ^1 2 3 Williams, 2004, p. 47. 86. ^Williams, 2004, p. 71. 87. ^1 Thomson, 1980, pp. 62–64. 88. ^1 2 Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. 2005. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-84154-2}}. p. 102. 89. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 September 1493 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 90. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 March 1500 (VIII)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 91. ^1 Miranda, S. 1998 "Consistory of 28 September 1500 (IX)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 92. ^1 Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 31 May 1503 (IX)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 93. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Miranda, S. 1998. "16th Century (1503–1605)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 94. ^1 2 3 4 Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1 July 1517 (V)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 95. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 3 May 1527 (I)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 96. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 10 January 1529 (VI)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 97. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 December 1544". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 98. ^Trollope, 1876, p. 51. 99. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 20 November 1551 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 100. ^Williams, 2004, p. 83. 101. ^Williams, 2004, p. 86. 102. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 31 January 1560". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 103. ^{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Pope Pius IV}} 104. ^{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Frascati}} 105. ^1 Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 26 February 1561 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 106. ^1 2 Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 March 1565". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 107. ^Lemaitre, Nicole. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Pius V." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-92228-3}}. p. 1178. 108. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 17 May 1570 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 109. ^Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 142. 110. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 December 1583 (VII)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 111. ^Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 92. 112. ^Tizon-Germe, Anne-Cécile. Ed. Levillain, Philippe. 2002. "Gregory XIV." The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-92228-3}}. p. 666. 113. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 6 March 1591 (II)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 114. ^Levillain, 1981, p. 1129. 115. ^Trollope, 1876, p. 52. 116. ^Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 81. 117. ^1 Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 3 March 1599". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 118. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 24 November 1608". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 119. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 2 December 1615". Florida International University. Retrieved 6 July 2009. 120. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Miranda, S. 1998. "17th Century (1605–1700)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 121. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 16 December 1641 (VII)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 122. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 7 October 1647 (IV)". Florida International University. Retrieved 6 July 2009. 123. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 19 September 1650". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 124. ^Levillain, 2002, p. 467. 125. ^Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 153. 126. ^Williams, 2004, p. 119. 127. ^Levillain, 2002, p. 468. 128. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 22 February 1672 (III)". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 129. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 2 September 1686". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 130. ^Standen, Edith A. 1981. "Tapestries for a Cardinal-Nephew: A Roman Set Illustrating Tasso's 'Gerusalemme Liberata'." Metropolitan Museum Journal. 16: 147–164. 131. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 23 December 1711 (VI)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 132. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 6 May 1715". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 133. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 16 June 1721 (I)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 134. ^1 Miranda, S. 1998. "18th Century (1700–1799)." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 135. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 24 September 1731". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 136. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of September 11, 1758 (I)". Florida International University. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 137. ^Levillain, 1981, p. 1179. 138. ^Kazimierz Dopierała, Księga papieży, Pallotinum, Poznań 1996, pp. 373–374; Damian Hungs: Papst Pius VII {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311131632/http://www.damian-hungs.de/Papst%20Pius%20VII..html |date=11 March 2007 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311131632/http://www.damian-hungs.de/Papst%20Pius%20VII..html |date=11 March 2007 }} 139. ^Levillain, 1981, p. 1184. 140. ^Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 12 May 1879". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. Notes{{Reflist|30em}}References
4 : Cardinal-nephews|Lists of cardinals|Lists of Roman Catholics|Lists of medieval people |
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