“Dalton's law”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Dalton's law

释义

Formula
Volume-based concentration
See also
References

{{about||the law of stoichiometry|Law of multiple proportions}}{{short description| Gas law describing pressure contributions of component gases in a mixture }}

In chemistry and physics, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.^[1] This empirical law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and published in 1802.^[2] and is related to the ideal gas laws.

Formula

Mathematically, the pressure of a mixture of non-reactive gases can be defined as the summation:

or

where p₁, p₂, ..., p_n represent the partial pressures of each component.^[1]

where x_i is the mole fraction of the ith component in the total mixture of n components.

Volume-based concentration

The relationship below provides a way to determine the volume-based concentration of any individual gaseous component

where c_i is the concentration of the ith component.

Dalton's law is not strictly followed by real gases, with the deviation increasing with pressure. Under such conditions the volume occupied by the molecules becomes significant compared to the free space between them. In particular, the short average distances between molecules increases intermolecular forces between gas molecules enough to substantially change the pressure exerted by them, an effect not included in the ideal gas model.

References

1. ^¹{{cite book |last=Silberberg |first=Martin S. |date=2009 |title=Chemistry: the molecular nature of matter and change |edition=5th |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=Boston |isbn=9780073048598 |page=206 |ref=1}}
2. ^J. Dalton (1802), [https://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA595#v=onepage&q&f=false "Essay IV. On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat,"] Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, vol. 5, pt. 2, pages 595–602; see page 600.

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3 : Gas laws|Physical chemistry|Engineering thermodynamics

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Formula

Volume-based concentration

See also

References