“Danbury, Connecticut”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Danbury is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, located approximately {{convert|50|mi|km}} northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area. Danbury's population at the 2010 census was 80,893.^[3] Danbury is the fourth most populous city in Fairfield County, and seventh among Connecticut cities. The city is within the New York combined statistical area and Bridgeport metropolitan area.

The city is named for Danbury in Essex, England.^[4] It is nicknamed the "Hat City" because for a period in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was the center of the American hat industry. The mineral danburite is named for Danbury.

Danbury is home to Danbury Hospital, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury Fair Mall and Danbury Municipal Airport.

In November 2015, USA Today ranked Danbury as the second best city to live in the United States.^[5]

History

Danbury was settled by colonists in 1685, when eight families moved from what are now Norwalk and Stamford, Connecticut. The Danbury area was then called Pahquioque by its namesake, the Algonquian-speaking Pahquioque Native Americans (they are believed to have been a band of the Paugusset people), who occupied lands along the Still River. Bands were often identified by such geographic designation but they were associated with the larger nation by culture and language).

One of the original English settlers was Samuel Benedict, who bought land from the Paquioque in 1685, along with his brother James Benedict, James Beebe, and Judah Gregory. This area was also called Paquiack ("open plain" or "cleared land") by the Paquioque.^[6] In recognition of the wetlands, the settlers chose the name Swampfield for their town. In October 1687, the general court decreed the name Danbury. The general court appointed a committee to lay out the new town's boundaries. A survey was made in 1693, and a formal town patent was granted in 1702.

During the American Revolution, Danbury was an important military supply depot for the Continental Army. Sybil Ludington, 16-year-old daughter of American Colonel Henry Ludington, made a 40-mile ride in the early hours of the night on April 26, 1777, to warn the people of Danbury and her father's forces in Putnam County, New York, of the approach of British regulars, helping them gather in defense.^[7]

During the following day on April 26, 1777, the British, under Major General William Tryon, burned and looted Danbury, but fatalities were limited due to Ludington's warning. The central motto on the seal of the City of Danbury is Restituimus, (Latin for "We have restored"), a reference to the destruction caused by the Loyalist army troops. The American General David Wooster was mortally wounded at the Battle of Ridgefield by the British forces which had attacked Danbury, but at the beginning of the battle, the Americans succeeded in driving the British forces down to Long Island Sound.^[8] Wooster is buried in Danbury's Wooster Cemetery; the private Wooster School in Danbury also was named in his honor.

In 1802, President Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to the Danbury Baptist Association, a group expressing fear of persecution by the Congregationalists of that town, in which he used the expression "Separation of Church and State". It is the first known instance of the expression in American legal or political writing. The letter is on display at the Unitarian-Universalist Congregation of Danbury.

The first Danbury Fair was held in 1821. In 1869, it became a yearly event; the last edition was in 1981. The fairgrounds were cleared to make room for the Danbury Fair Mall, which opened in autumn 1986.^[9]

In 1835, the Connecticut Legislature granted a rail charter to the Fairfield County Railroad, but construction was delayed because of lack of investment. In 1850, the organization's plans were scaled back, and renamed the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad. Work moved quickly on the {{convert|23|mi|abbr=on}} railroad line. In 1852, the first railroad line in Danbury opened,^[10] with two trains making the 75-minute trip to Norwalk.

The central part of Danbury was incorporated as a borough in 1822. The borough was reincorporated as the city of Danbury on April 19, 1889. The city and town were consolidated on January 1, 1965.

The first dam to be built on the river, to collect water for the hat industry, impounded the Kohanza Reservoir. This dam broke on January 31, 1869, under pressure of ice and water. The ensuing flood of icy water killed 11 people within 30 minutes, and caused major damage to homes and farms.^[11]

As a busy city, Danbury attracted traveling shows and tours, including Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in 1900. It featured young men of the Oglala Sioux nation, who re-enacted events from frontier history. Oglala Sioux Albbert Afraid of Hawk died on June 29, 1900, at age 21 in Danbury during the tour. He was buried at Wooster Cemetery. In 2012, employee Robert Young discovered Afraid of Hawk's remains. The city consulted with Oglala Sioux leaders of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and arranged repatriation of the remains to the nation. Wrapped in a bison skin, the remains were transported to Manderson, South Dakota, to Saint Mark's Episcopal Cemetery, for reburial by tribal descendants.^[12]^[13]

In 1928 local plane pilots bought a {{convert|60|acre|adj=on}} tract near the Fairgrounds, known as Tucker's Field, and leased it to the town. This was developed as an airport, which is now Danbury Municipal Airport {{Airport codes||KDXR|}}.

Connecticut's largest lake, Candlewood Lake (of which the extreme southern part is in Danbury), was created as a hydroelectric power facility in 1928 by building a dam where Wood Creek and the Rocky River meet near the Housatonic River in New Milford.

During World War II, Danbury's federal prison was one of many sites used for the incarceration of conscientious objectors. One in six inmates in the United States' federal prisons was a conscientious objector, and prisons like Danbury found themselves suddenly filled with large numbers of highly educated men skilled in social activism. Due to the activism of inmates within the prison, and local laborers protesting in solidarity with the conscientious objectors, Danbury became one of the nation's first prisons to desegregate its inmates.^[14]^[15]^[16]

On August 18–19, 1955, the Still River, which normally meandered slowly through downtown Danbury, overflowed its banks when Hurricane Diane hit the area, dropping six inches of rain on the city. This was in addition to the nine inches that fell from Hurricane Connie five days earlier.^[17] The water flooded stores, factories and homes along the river from North Street to Beaver Brook, causing $3 million in damages. Stores downtown on White Street between Main and Maple were especially hard hit. On October 13–16, another 12 inches of rain fell on Danbury, causing the worst flooding in the city's history. This time, the river damaged all bridges across it, effectively cutting the city in half for several days. Flooding was more widespread than in August, and the same downtown areas hit in August were devastated once again. The resulting damage was valued at $6 million, and two people lost their lives. The City determined the river in the downtown area had to be tamed. $4.5 million in federal and state funding were acquired as part of a greater urban renewal project to straighten, deepen, widen, and enclose the river in a concrete channel through the downtown. At the same time, roads were relocated and rebuilt, 123 major buildings were razed and 104 families were relocated. This began various efforts by the City through 1975 towards urban renewal, using another $22 million of federal funding. However, these efforts failed to reinvigorate the central business district.^[18]

On February 13, 1970, brothers James and John Pardue detonated time bombs (injuring 26 people) at the police station, Union Savings Bank and in their getaway car to cover their escape from robbing the bank at gunpoint, the culmination of a two-year crime spree that included four bank robberies and five murders.^[19]

The flawed primary mirror of the Hubble Space Telescope was ground and polished in Danbury by Perkin-Elmer's Danbury Optical System unit from 1979 to 1981. It was mistakenly ground to the wrong shape due to the use of a miscalibrated testing device. The mistake was not discovered until after the telescope was in orbit and began to be used. The effects of the flaw were corrected during the telescope's first servicing mission in 1993.

In the August 1988 issue of Money magazine, Danbury topped the magazine's list of the best U.S. cities to live in, mostly due to low crime, good schools, and location.^[20]

A case that would make national headlines and play out for over four years began on September 19, 2006, when eleven day laborers, who came to be known as the "Danbury 11", were arrested in Danbury. A sting operation had been set up where day laborers were lured into a van whose driver, a disguised Danbury police officer posing as a contractor, promised them work. The laborers were driven to a parking lot where, if it was determined they were in the US illegally, were arrested by agents of ICE and the Danbury police. Yale University law students represented the men pro bono and filed a civil rights lawsuit against the City on their behalf. On March 8, 2011, it was confirmed a settlement had been reached in the case whereby Danbury agreed to pay the laborers $400,000 (Danbury's insurance carrier paid the settlement plus legal fees of close to $1,000,000, less a $100,000 deductible). The federal government agreed to pay them $250,000. As part of the settlement, the City did not admit any wrongdoing and there were no changes in the city's policies or procedures.^[21]^[22]^[23]

Hatmaking in Danbury

In 1780, what is traditionally considered to be the first hat shop in Danbury was established by Zadoc Benedict. (Hatmaking had existed in Danbury before the Revolution.) The Benedict shop had three employees, and they made 18 hats weekly.^[24]^[25]^[26]{{rp|47–48}} By 1800, Danbury was producing 20,000 hats annually, more than any other city in the U.S.^[27] Due to the fur felt hat coming back into style for men and increasing mechanization in the 1850s, by 1859 hat production in Danbury had risen to 1.5 million annually. By 1887, thirty factories were producing 5 million hats per year.^[26]{{rp|52}} Around this time, fur processing was separated from hat manufacturing when the P. Robinson Fur Cutting Company (1884) on Oil Mill Road and the White Brothers' factory began operation.^[27]

By 1880, workers had unionized, beginning decades of labor unrest. They struggled to achieve conditions that were more fair, going on strike; with management reacting with lockouts. Because of the scale of the industry, labor unrest and struggles over wages affected the economy of the entire town. In 1893, nineteen manufacturers locked out 4000 union hatters. In 1902, the American Federation of Labor union called for a nationwide boycott of Dietrich Loewe, a Danbury non-union hat manufacturer. The manufacturer sued the union under the Sherman Antitrust Act for unlawfully restraining trade. In the 1908 Danbury Hatters' Case the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the union was liable for damages. In the 1930s and 1940s, there were a number of violent incidents during several strikes, mostly involving scab workers brought in as strikebreakers.^[26]{{rp|58–61}}

Beginning in 1892, the industry was revolutionized when the large hat factories began to shift to manufacturing unfinished hat bodies only, and supplying them to smaller hat shops for finishing. While Danbury produced 24% of America's hats in 1904, the city supplied the industry with 75% of its hat bodies.^[26]{{rp|57}} The turn of the century was the heyday of the hatting industry in Danbury, when it became known as the "Hat City" and the "Hatting Capitol of the World". Its motto was "Danbury Crowns Them All".

Mercury poisoning

The use of mercury in the felting process poisoned many workers in the factories, creating a condition called erethism, also called "Mad hatter disease."^[28] The effect of mercury on the hat workers' health was first noted in the late 19th century. Workers in the Danbury factories lobbied for controls on mercury in the early 20th century, however a government study on the health effects of mercury was not conducted until 1937. The State of Connecticut announced a ban on mercury in hatmaking in 1941.^[29]

Although mercury was no longer used inside Danbury hat factories in the 1940s, the mercury waste has remained in the Still River and adjacent soils, and has been detected at high levels in the 21st century.^[25]^[30]

Industry decline

By the 1920s, the hat industry was in decline. By 1923, only six manufacturers were left in Danbury, which increased the pressure on workers. After World War II, returning GI's went hatless, a trend that accelerated through the 1950s, dooming the city's hat industry.^[26]{{rp|64–65}} The city's last major hat factory, owned by Stetson, closed in 1964.^[31] The last hat was made in Danbury in 1987 when a small factory owned by Stetson closed.^[32]^[33]

Historic pictures

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Danbury has a total area of {{convert|44.3|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|42.1|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|2.2|sqmi}}, or 4.94%, is water. The city is located in the foothills of the Berkshire Mountains on low-lying land just south of Candlewood Lake (the City includes the southern parts of the lake). It developed along the Still River, which flows generally from west to east through the city before joining the Housatonic River. The city's terrain includes rolling hills and not-very-tall mountains to the west and northwest called the Western Highland. Ground elevations in the city range from 378 feet to 1,050 feet above sea level.^[34]

Neighboring towns

Pollution

The hatmaking fur-removal process was based on the use of mercury nitrate. The waste caused serious water pollution as the hat manufacturers dumped it into the Still River throughout the late 19th century and into the 1940s. This toxic product flowed into the Housatonic River and Long Island Sound, affecting water quality and various fish and other organisms.^[25]^[35]

Field studies conducted in the Still River basin in the 21st century have detected the continuing presence of high levels of mercury in the river sediments and nearby soils.^[25]^[30]

Climate

Danbury has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), with four distinct seasons, resembling Hartford more than coastal Connecticut or New York City. Summers are hot and humid, while winters are cold with significant snowfall. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from {{convert|26.8|°F|1}} in January to {{convert|73.9|°F|1}} in July; on average, temperatures reaching {{convert|90|or|0|°F|0}} occur on 18 and 3.1 days of the year, respectively. The average annual precipitation is approximately {{convert|52.1|in|mm|sigfig=3}}, which is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year; snow averages {{convert|50|in|cm|0}} per season, although this total may vary considerably from year to year. Extremes in temperature range from {{convert|106|°F|0}} on July 22, 1926 and July 15, 1995 (the highest temperature recorded in Connecticut^[36]) down to {{convert|-18|°F|0}} on February 9, 1934.

Demographics

It is estimated that the population of Danbury as of 2015 is 84,657.^[1] As of the 2010 census, there were 80,893 people and 29,046 households in the city, with 2.73 persons per household. 44.1% of the population spoke a language other than English at home. The population density was 1,921.4 people per square mile. There were 31,154 housing units at an average density of 740.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 68.2% White, 25.0% Hispanic or Latino, 7.2% African American, 0.40% Native American, 6.8% Asian, less than 0.10% Pacific Islander, 7.6% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. 32% of the population was foreign born.

6.7% of the population was under the age of 5, and 21.1% was under the age of 18. 11.1% of the population was 65 years of age or older. 50.9% of the population was female.

The per capita income for the City was $31,411. 11.1% of the population was below the poverty line. The median gross monthly rent was $1,269.

In 2015 the median income for a household in the city was approximately $66,676.^[42]

When ZIP codes were introduced in 1963, the 06810 code was given to all of Danbury; it was shared with a then-still-rural New Fairfield to its north. In 1984, the 06810 Zip Code was cut back to areas of Danbury south of Interstate 84. A new 06811 ZIP code was created for areas north of Interstate 84. New Fairfield received its own code, 06812.

Economy

In 2016 Danbury's workforce was approximately 79,400 workers. 12,200 (15.4%) of them worked in goods producing industries. 67,200 (84.6%) of them worked in service providing industries which includes: trade, transportation and utilities (17,300), professional and business services (9,400), leisure and hospitality (7,300), government (10,200) and all other (23,000). In Nov. 2016, the unemployment rate for the Danbury Labor Market Area was 3.0%, compared to 3.7% for the State and 4.6% nationally.^[44]

Government

The chief executive officer of Danbury is the Mayor, who serves a two-year term. The current mayor is Mark D. Boughton (R). The Mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council, which consists of 21 members, two from each of the seven city wards, and seven at-large.^[46] The City Council enacts ordinances and resolutions by a simple majority vote. If after five days the Mayor does not approve the ordinance (similar to a veto), the City Council may re-vote on it. If it then passes with a two-thirds majority, it becomes effective without the Mayor's approval. The current City Council consists of 14 Republicans and 7 Democrats.^[46]

Danbury has six state representatives as of 2019; Raghib Allie-Brennan D-2, Stephen Harding R-107, Richard A. Smith R-108, David Arconti D-109, Bob Godfrey D-110, and Michael Ferguson R-138.^[47]^[48] There is one state senator, Julie Kushner D-24. Danbury is represented in the United States Congress by U.S. Rep. Jahana Hayes (D).

Infrastructure

Education

Public schools

Danbury has two public high schools: Danbury High School and Henry Abbott Technical High School, each of which are for grades 9 through 12. An alternative school by the name of Alternative Center for Excellence is housed off-campus, and its graduates receive Danbury High School diplomas upon completion of their studies.^[50] Danbury also has 3 public middle schools for grades 6 through 8: Broadview Middle School, Rogers Park Middle School and WestSide Middle School Academy.^[51] There are 13 elementary schools in Danbury. These schools are Academy for International Studies Magnet School (K-5), Ellsworth Avenue (K-5), Great Plain (K-5), Hayestown (K-5), King Street Primary (K-3) and King Street Intermediate (4–5), Mill Ridge Primary (K-3), Morris Street (K-5), Park Avenue (K-5), Pembroke (K-5), Shelter Rock (K-5), South Street (K-5) and Stadley Rough (K-5).^[52]

Parochial schools

Roman Catholic schools in Danbury reside within the administration of the Diocese of Bridgeport and include:

Private schools

Post-secondary schools

Danbury is home to Western Connecticut State University and a campus of Naugatuck Valley Community College.^[59]

Danbury Federal Correctional Institution

Danbury is the site of a low-security men's and women's prison, the Danbury Federal Correctional Institution, located near the border with New Fairfield.^[60] Built in the 1940s to house men, the facility was converted to a women's prison in 1994 to address a shortage of beds for low-security female inmates in other facilities. However, overcrowding at federal facilities for low-security males prompted a reconversion to a male prison, beginning in 2013, and relocation of the female inmates from the low-security Pembroke Road facility to other locations.^[61] As of 2016, an adjacent satellite camp houses up to 193 women.^[60]^[62] A new $25 million women's facility was completed and began accepting female inmates in December, 2016^[63]

Transportation

Danbury is the terminus of the Danbury branch line of the MTA Metro-North Railroad which begins in Norwalk. The line was first built by the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad which was later bought by the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Company. Danbury was an important junction between the Danbury Branch and the Maybrook Line. The Maybrook line was the New Haven's main freight line which terminated in Maybrook, New York, where the New Haven exchanged traffic with other railroads. After the ill-fated Penn Central took over the New Haven, the Maybrook line was shut down when a fire on the Poughkeepsie Bridge made the line unusable. Today, the historic station is part of the Danbury Railway Museum. The Providence and Worcester Railroad, along with the Housatonic Railroad provide local rail freight service in Danbury.

Libraries

The Long Ridge Library is a small library occupying an old schoolhouse on Long Ridge Road in Danbury.^[66]

Places of Worship

Media

Sites of interest

Hiking trails

Parks

Museums

Other

National Register of Historic Places

Sports

Ice hockey

The United Hockey League (UHL) expanded to Danbury in 2004. The Danbury Trashers played their first season at the Danbury Ice Arena in October 2004. Among those on the roster included Brent Gretzky (brother of hockey legend Wayne Gretzky) and Scott Stirling (son of former New York Islanders coach Steve Stirling). Scott's older brother, Todd, coached the Trashers in the 2004–05 season.

On December 27, 2009, Danbury was named the first city to officially have a new team in the newly formed Federal Hockey League (FHL). The team was named the Danbury Whalers, bringing back the name "Whalers" to Connecticut for the first time since 1997 when Hartford Whalers of the WHA/NHL moved to North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes. At the end of the 2014–15 season, the Danbury Ice Arena evicted the Danbury Whalers. The Whalers were announced as moving to neighboring Brewster, New York, and called the Stateline Whalers.

However, a new FHL Danbury team called the Danbury Titans was approved for the 2015–16 season, owned by local car dealership owner Bruce Bennett. As part of the approval of the new Danbury team, he took over the Stateline/Danbury market and created the Brewster Bulldogs instead of the Whalers.^[79] The Bulldogs would fold after one season and the Titans would fold after their second.^[80]

Other sports

The Danbury Westerners, a member of the New England Collegiate Baseball League, play their home games at Rogers Park in Danbury.

AC Connecticut is a soccer team based in the Danbury suburb of Newtown. The team plays in the Northeast Division of the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American soccer pyramid.

Danbury High School carries a strong athletic tradition in wrestling, boys and girls track and field, boys cross country, baseball, tennis, basketball, and football. The wrestling, boys cross country, and boys track teams have all numerous state titles and New England championships. All three programs are considered to be nationally ranked annually.

Western Connecticut State University is a member of the NCAA Division III, the Eastern College Athletic Conference, and the Little East Conference. The university fields teams in baseball, basketball, lacrosse, football, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, and volleyball. WestConn also fields several nationally competitive club sports on campus including Men's Rugby, Women's Rugby, Dance Team, Cheerleading, and Men's Hockey.

The Danbury Hatters Cricket Club formed in 2001 and has been playing cricket in Southern Connecticut along with other cities such as Norwalk, Stamford, Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury and West Haven. Their home ground is Broadview Middle School.^[81]

The Western Connecticut Militia is a semi-professional football team that played in the New England Football League from 2011 to 2016, winning the league championship the last year. The team played its home games in Danbury during that period. After taking 2017 off, the team joined Major League Football for the 2018 season, playing its home games in New Fairfield, CT.^[82]

In pop culture

Notable people

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web |title=QuickFacts Danbury city, Connecticut|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/0918430,09 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=15 March 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://suburbanstats.org/population/connecticut/how-many-people-live-in-danbury|title=US Census|publisher=suburbanstats.org|accessdate=August 21, 2017}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |title=Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Danbury city, Connecticut |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder 2 |accessdate=August 5, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=September 11, 2013 |df=mdy }}
4. ^{{cite book|title=The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA331|year=1903|publisher=Connecticut Magazine Company|page=331}}
5. ^https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/11/05/24-7-wall-st-best-cities-to-live-in/75177096/ USA Today America's 50 best cities to live in
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.danbury.k12.ct.us/elemweb/danburyhistory/Danbury/Welcome.html|title= A Student's Guide to Danbury, Connecticut|date= November 4, 2009|accessdate=January 2, 2011}}
7. ^Paula D. Hunt, "Sybil Ludington, the Female Paul Revere: The Making of a Revolutionary War Heroine." New England Quarterly (2015) 88#2, pp. 187–222, quote p 187 online
8. ^Sybil Ludington: a Revolutionary Hero, traverseforwomen.com; accessed February 23, 2015.
9. ^Ravo, Nick, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/04/nyregion/the-talk-of-danbury-fair-mall-country-fair-becomes-land-of-the-lava-lamp.html?exprod=permalink&partner=permalink Country Fair Becomes Land of the Lava Lamp]", The New York Times, September 4, 1987
10. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.danburymuseum.org/studenthistory/studenthistory/Welcome_files/industrial.pdf|title= Timeline|author= Danbury Museum and Historical Society|accessdate= January 2, 2011|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513040410/http://www.danburymuseum.org/studenthistory/studenthistory/Welcome_files/industrial.pdf|archivedate= May 13, 2011|df= mdy-all}}
11. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.danburymuseum.org/studenthistory/studenthistory/Welcome_files/industrial.pdf|title= Kohanza Disaster|author= Danbury Museum and Historical Society|accessdate= January 2, 2011|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513040410/http://www.danburymuseum.org/studenthistory/studenthistory/Welcome_files/industrial.pdf|archivedate= May 13, 2011|df= mdy-all}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Albert Afraid-of-Hawk|url=http://www.afraidofhawk.org/Afraid_of_Hawk/Bio.html|accessdate=2 February 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|last1=Hassan|first1=Diane|last2=Cedrone|first2=Sarajane|title=Rediscovering Albert Afraid-of-Hawk|url=http://ctexplored.org/rediscovering-albert-afraid-of-hawk/|website=Connecticut Explored|publisher=Connecticut Explored|accessdate=2 February 2017}}
14. ^{{cite book |last=D'Emilio |first=John |title=Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0684827808 }}
15. ^{{cite book |last=Kosek |first=Joseph Kip |title=Acts of Conscience: Christian Nonviolence and Modern American Democracy |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780231144186 }}
16. ^{{cite book |first=Scott H. |last=Bennett |title=Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963 |location=Syracuse |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0815630034 }}
17. ^{{cite web|last1=Hanrahan|first1=Ryan |title=Way Too Much Weather |url=http://www.ryanhanrahan.com/flood-of-august-1955/ |website=ryanhanrahan.com |publisher=Ryan Hanrahan |accessdate=24 November 2016}}
18. ^{{cite book |last1=Devlin |first1=William |last2=Janick |first2=Herbert |title=Danbury's third Century: From Urban Status to Tri-Centennial |date=April 2013 |publisher=Western Connecticut State University |location=Danbury, CT |isbn=978-0-9889243-1-4 |pages=229–241}}
19. ^{{cite web |last1=Pirro |first1=John |title=Pardue brothers bombed Danbury 42 years ago today |url=http://www.newstimes.com/policereports/article/Pardue-brothers-bombed-Danbury-42-years-ago-today-3307719.php |website=newstimes |publisher=Hearst Media Services Connecticut |accessdate=15 March 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/1988/08/01/84621/index.htm|title=The Best Places to Live in America in our second annual rating of 300 U.S. areas, the Northeast and California score best – though a New Jersey city is last.|author= Richard Eisenberg and Debra Wishik Englander |date= August 1, 1988 |publisher= Money Magazine |accessdate=January 16, 2011}}
21. ^{{cite web |last1=Somma |first1=Ann Marie |title=Where are they now? The Danbury 11 not forgotten |url=http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Where-are-they-now-The-Danbury-11-not-forgotten-5692673.php|website=newstimes|publisher=Hearst Media Services Connecticut, LLC|accessdate=27 December 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web |last1=Perrefort |first1=Dirk |title=City officials reach $400,000 settlement with Danbury 11 day laborers |url=http://www.newstimes.com/news/article/City-officials-reach-400-000-settlement-with-1047922.php |website=newstimes |publisher=Hearst Media Services Connecticut, LLC |accessdate=27 December 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Alfons o|title=The public deserves to know the truth about the Danbury 11 case |url=http://blog.ctnews.com/robinson/2010/06/24/the-public-deserves-to-know-the-truth-about-the-danbury-11-case/ |website=Hearst CT News Blogs |publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc. |accessdate=27 December 2017}}
24. ^{{cite news |last1=Pirro |first1=John |title=The rise—and fall—of hatting in Danbury |url=http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/The-rise-and-fall-of-hatting-in-Danbury-990165.php |accessdate=15 September 2015 |publisher=Danbury News-Times |date=Feb 1, 2011}}
25. ^¹²³{{cite web |last1=Varekamp |first1=Johan |title='Mad Hatters' Long Gone, But The Mercury Lingers On |url=http://unisci.com/stories/20022/0625026.htm |website=Daily University Science News |accessdate=15 September 2015}}
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