“Dangme language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Dangme language

释义

Classification
Geographic distribution
Phonology
Consonants Vowels Tones Phonotactics
Writing system
References
Bibliography
External links

{{distinguish|Adangbe language}}{{more footnotes|date=August 2015}}{{Infobox language
|name=Dangme
|nativename=Dangme
|region=South-eastern Ghana, east of Accra
|ethnicity=Dangme
|speakers=800,000
|date=2004
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=Atlantic–Congo
|fam3=Kwa
|fam4=Ga–Dangme
|script=Latin (Dangme alphabet)
|nation=Ghana
|iso2=ada
|iso3=ada
|glotto=adan1247
|glottorefname=Adangme
|notice=IPA
}}

The Dangme language, also Dangme or Adaŋgbi, is a Kwa language spoken in south-eastern Ghana by the Dangme People (Dangmeli). The Dangmeli are part of the larger Ga-Dangme ethnic group. Klogbi is a variant, spoken by the Kloli (Klo or Krobo People)

Classification

Dangme is a Kwa language, part of the Niger–Congo family. It is closely related to Ga, and together they form the Ga–Dangme branch within Kwa. It is also part of the Gbe language group,

Geographic distribution

Dangme is spoken in Ghana by over 800,000 people in 2004.

It is the aboriginal language spoken in Ghana, Togo, Benin by the people of Ada, Osudoku, Manya Krobo, Yilo Krobo, Shai, Ningo, Prampram and Kpone. Dangme is partly mutually intelligible with Ga, and, to a lesser extent, Ewe. Nevertheless, many Dangme people also speak or understand at least one of these languages, painting the relationship as asymmetric. Dangme as a school subject is taught in the Dangme areas.

The land of these related tribes stretched from the Greater Accra Region to the Easter Region of Ghana, northward to the Akwapim hills and has all the Dangmeland on the east and the Ga to the west of it. Bawaleshi, which is about 4.8 kilometers southwest of Dodowa, is the last Dangme town which is close to the Akwapim and the Ga boundaries.

There are six main dialects which coincide with political unit. The coastal dialects are Ada, Ningo and Prampram (Gbugbla). The inland dialects are Shai (Sɛ), Krobo (Klo) and Osudoku.

Phonology

Consonants

Kropp Dakubu|1987|p=13}}
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labial-velar
Nasal		m}}	n}}	ɲ}}	ŋ}}	ŋ͡m}}
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p}}	t}}	t͡ʃ}}	k}}	k͡p}}
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b}}	d}}	d͡ʒ}}	ɡ}}	ɡ͡b}}
Fricative	voiceless	f}}	s}}
Fricative	voiced	v}}	z}}
Approximant		l}}	j}}	w}}

{{IPA|/m, p, b/}} are bilabial, whereas {{IPA|/f, v/}} are labiodental.
{{IPA|/p, b, t, d, k, g/}} are singly articulated plosives, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/}} are affricates (stops with a strong fricative release), whereas {{IPA|/k͡p, ɡ͡b/}} are doubly articulated plosives.
{{IPA|/l/}} varies between a lateral approximant {{IPAblink|l}} and a central trill {{IPAblink|r}}.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
{{IPA|/j/}} has a fricative allophone {{IPAblink|ʒ}}.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Vowels

Adangme has 7 oral vowels and 5 nasal vowels.{{sfnp|Kropp Dakubu|1987|p=15}}

	Front		Back
	oral	nasal	oral	nasal
Close	{{IPA link\|i}}	{{IPA link\|ĩ}}	{{IPA link\|u}}	{{IPA link\|ũ}}
Close-mid	{{IPA link\|e}}		{{IPA link\|o}}
Open-mid	{{IPA link\|æ\|ɛ}}	{{IPA link\|ɛ̃}}	{{IPA link\|ɒ\|ɔ}}	{{IPA link\|ɔ̃}}
Open	{{IPA link\|a}}	{{IPA link\|ã}}

The front vowels are unrounded, whereas the back vowels are rounded.{{sfnp|Kropp Dakubu|1987|p=15}}
{{IPA|/i, u/}} are slightly more open than {{IPA|/ĩ, ũ/}}.{{sfnp|Kropp Dakubu|1987|p=15}}
{{IPA|/e, o/}} are close-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|o}}]}}. They do not have nasal counterparts.{{sfnp|Kropp Dakubu|1987|p=15}}
{{IPA|/ɛ̃, ɔ̃/}} are open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ|ɛ̃}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ|ɔ̃}}]}}, whereas {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ/}} are somewhat lower (near-open) {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|æ}}, {{IPAplink|ɒ|ɔ̞}}]}}.{{sfnp|Kropp Dakubu|1987|p=15}}
The nasal {{IPA|/ã/}} is open front {{IPAblink|a|ã}}, whereas the oral {{IPA|/a/}} is slightly retracted (near-front) {{IPAblink|a|a̠}}.{{sfnp|Kropp Dakubu|1987|p=15}}

Tones

Adangme has three tones: high, mid and low. Like many West African languages, it has tone terracing.

Phonotactics

The possible syllable structures are V, CV, or CCV where the second consonant is {{IPA|/l/}}.

Writing system

Adangme is written in the Latin script. Tones and nasalisation are not normally written.

Orthographic and phonemic correspondences include the following:

j - {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
ng - {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
ngm - {{IPA|/ŋm/}}
ny - {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
ts - {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
y - {{IPA|/j/}}
ɛ - {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
ɔ - {{IPA|/ɔ/}}

References

Bibliography

{{cite book

|editor-last=Kropp Dakubu
|editor-first=M. E.
|title=West African Language Data Sheets
|volume=1
|publisher=West African Linguistic Society
|year=1977
}}

{{cite book

|last=Kropp Dakubu
|first=M. E.
|title=The Dangme Language: An Introductory Survey
|year=1987
|place=London
|publisher=Macmillan
|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ada_phon-1
}}

{{cite book

|editor-last=Kropp Dakubu
|editor-first=M. E.
|title=The Languages of Ghana
|location=London
|publisher=Kegan Paul International for the International African Institute
|year=1988
|isbn=0-7103-0210-X
}}

{{cite book

|title=Language Guide
|publisher=Bureau of Ghana Languages 4th Edition
|location=Accra
|year=1977
}}{{refend}}

External links

My First GaDangme Dictionary kasahorow
Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Dangme
Lessons in Wikiversity
Listen to a sample of Adangbe from Global Recordings Network
Listen to a sample of Adangme from Global Recordings Network

2 : Languages of Ghana|Kwa languages

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