| 词条 | Dangun |
| 释义 |
| title = Dangun | image = Portrait of Dangun.jpg | caption = | hangul = {{linktext|단|군|왕|검}} | hanja = {{linktext|檀|君|王|儉}} | rr = Dangun Wanggeom | mr = Tan'gun Wanggŏm | koreanipa = {{IPA-ko|tan.ɡun waŋ.ɡʌm|}} }}Dangun ({{Korean|hangul=단군|hanja=檀君|labels=no}}; {{IPA-ko|tan.ɡun|}}) or Dangun Wanggeom ({{Korean|hangul=단군왕검|hanja=檀君王儉|labels=no}}; {{IPA-ko|tan.ɡun waŋ.ɡʌm|}}) was the legendary founder and god-king of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom, around present-day Liaoning, Manchuria, and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. He is said to be the "grandson of heaven"[1] and "son of a bear",[2] and to have founded the kingdom in 2333 BC. The earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th-century Samguk Yusa, which cites China's Book of Wei and Korea's lost historical record Gogi (고기, {{lang|ko|古記}}).[3] Myth{{History of Korea}}Dangun's ancestry legend begins with his grandfather Hwanin (환인/{{lang|ko|桓因}}), the "Lord of Heaven". Hwanin had a son, Hwanung (환웅/{{lang|ko|桓雄}}), who yearned to live on the earth among the valleys and the mountains. Hwanin permitted Hwanung and 3,000 followers to descend onto Baekdu Mountain, where Hwanung founded the Sinsi (신시/{{lang|ko|神市}}, "City of God"). Along with his ministers of clouds, rain and wind, he instituted laws and moral codes and taught humans various arts, medicine, and agriculture.[4] Legend attributes the development of acupuncture and moxibustion to Dangun.[5] A tiger and a bear prayed to Hwanung that they might become human. Upon hearing their prayers, Hwanung gave them 20 cloves of garlic and a bundle of mugwort, ordering them to eat only this sacred food and remain out of the sunlight for 100 days. The tiger gave up after about twenty days and left the cave. However, the bear persevered and was transformed into a woman. The bear and the tiger are said to represent two tribes that sought the favor of the heavenly prince.[6] The bear-woman (Ungnyeo; 웅녀/{{lang|ko|熊女}}) was grateful and made offerings to Hwanung. However, she lacked a husband, and soon became sad and prayed beneath a "divine birch" tree ({{korean|hangul=신단수|hanja={{lang|ko|神檀樹}}|rr=shindansu}}) to be blessed with a child. Hwanung, moved by her prayers, took her for his wife and soon she gave birth to a son named Dangun Wanggeom.[7] Dangun ascended to the throne, built the walled city of Asadal situated near Pyongyang (the location is disputed) and called the kingdom Joseon—referred to today as Gojoseon "Old/Ancient Joseon" so as not to be confused with the Joseon that was established much later. He then moved his capital to Asadal on Mount Paegak or Mount Gunghol.[8] DatingEmperor Dangun's rule is usually calculated to begin in 2333 BC, based on the description of the Dongguk Tonggam (1485) contrary to the 40th year of the reign of the legendary Chinese Emperor Yao.[9] Other sources vary somewhat, but also put it during Yao's reign (traditional dates: 2357 BC-2256 BC). The Samguk Yusa states Dangun ascended to the throne in the 50th year of Yao's reign, while Annals of the Joseon Dynasty says the first year and Dongguk Tonggam says the 25th year.[10] Until 1961, the official South Korean era (for numbering years) was called the Dangi ({{korean|hangul=단기|hanja={{lang|ko|檀紀}}}}), which began in 2333 BC. Followers of Daejongism considered October 3 in the Korean calendar as Gaecheonjeol ({{korean|hangul=개천절|hanja={{lang|ko|開天節}}}} "Festival of the Opening of Heaven").[11] This day is now a public holiday in South Korea in the Gregorian calendar called "National Foundation Day". North Korea dates Dangun's founding of Gojoseon to the early 30th century BC.[12] 15 March in the year 4340 of the Dangun Era is called "Royal Day Festival" (hangul: 어천절 hanja: {{lang|ko|御天節}} romaja: eocheonjeol), the day that the semi-legendary founder Dangun returned to the heavens. AppearancesThe earliest recorded version of the Dangun legend appears in the 13th century Samguk Yusa, which cites China's Book of Wei and Korea's lost history text Gogi ({{lang|ko|古記}}).[13] This is the best known and most studied version, but similar versions are recorded in the Jewang Un-gi by the late Goryeo scholar Yi Seunghyu (이승휴/{{lang|ko|李承休}}, 1224-1300), as well as the Eungje Siju and Sejong Sillok of the early Joseon. Dangun is worshipped today as a deity by the followers of Cheondoism and Daejongism.[14] In TaekwondoDangun is the second pattern or hyeong in the International Taekwon-Do Federation form of the Korean martial art taekwondo. Students learn that the hyeong represents "the holy legendary founder of Korea in the year 2333 BC."[15] Unusually for a hyeong, all the punches in Dan Gun are high section (eye level) symbolising Dangun scaling a mountain, see Dangun Hyeung. ArchaeologyThe Dangun myth may reflects the archaic concept of statehood in East Asia. Archaeological studies have not yet supported the myth as it is written in the Samguk yusa. A modern Korean historian, Ch'on Kwanu (1925-91), placed the mythological beginnings into historical context as follows:
In addition, scholars found that most Neolithic Asian tribes in Siberia and Manchuria shared in worship of the bear as a sacred animal. Thus, the migration routes of civilization is seen as an expression of ethnic worship.[16] Mausoleum of DangunNorth Korea's leader Kim Il-sung insisted that Dangun was not merely a legend but a real historical person. As consequence, North Korean archaeologists were compelled to locate the purported remains and grave of Dangun.[17]According to a publication by North Korea, the Mausoleum of Dangun is the alleged burial site of the legendary Dangun.[18] The site occupies about 1.8 km² (0.70 mi²) on the slope of Taebaek Mountain in Kangdong, not to be confused with the Taebaek Mountain in South Korea. Dangun's grave is shaped like a pyramid, about 22 m (72 ft) high and 50 m (164 ft) on each side. Many observers and historians outside of North Korea, including South Korea, consider the site controversial.{{cn|date=October 2018}} See also
References1. ^{{cite book | volume = 1 | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31] | last = Melton | first = J. Gordon | authorlink = J. Gordon Melton | year = 2014 | title = Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History | publisher = ABC-Clio | isbn = 1610690265 }} 2. ^{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=iB8R0oEH3kEC&pg=PA25] | last = Kang | first = Chae-ŏn | year = 2006 | title = The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism | publisher = Homa & Sekey | isbn = 1931907374 }} 3. ^한국 브리태니커 온라인 ‘단군’ Encyclopædia Britannica online Korea ‘단군 Dangun’ 4. ^The Story of Dan-gun {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903043622/http://www.academicmartialarts.co.uk/pages/information/korea/mythology/samguk_yusa/the_story_of_dan_gun/ |date=2011-09-03 }} 5. ^{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=0-0tdqBr58cC&pg=PA262&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false 262] | last = Needham | first = J | authorlink = Joseph Needham |author2=Lu GD | year = 2002 | title = Celestial lancets: a history and rationale of acupuncture and moxa | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-7007-1458-8 }} 6. ^http://www.san-shin.org/Dan-gun_Myth.html 7. ^{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=BA_QAgAAQBAJ&dq=dangun+built+pyongyang&hl=ko&source=gbs_navlinks_s] | last = Tudor | first = Daniel | authorlink = |author2= | year = 2013 | title = Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country | publisher = Tuttle Publishing | isbn = 146291022X }} 8. ^{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=BA_QAgAAQBAJ&dq=dangun+built+pyongyang&hl=ko&source=gbs_navlinks_s] | last = Tudor | first = Daniel | authorlink = |author2= | year = 2013 | title = Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country | publisher = Tuttle Publishing | isbn = 146291022X }} 9. ^{{cite book | url = https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=h9-DOFiUI5oC&pg=PA25&dq=dongguk+tonggam+dangun&hl=ko&sa=X&ei=MwemVJymNIexmwXawYDYDw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dongguk%20tonggam%20dangun&f=false | last = Richmond| first = Simon | authorlink = |author2= Yu-Mei Balasingamchow | year = 2010 | title = Lonely Planet Korea| publisher = Lonely Planet | isbn = 1742203566| page =25}} 10. ^{{cite book | url = https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=AVw_C0SZkZ4C&pg=PA56&dq=dangun+dongguk+tongam&hl=ko&sa=X&ei=_AKmVPG8K-evmAWa6ILwBQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dangun%20dongguk%20tongam&f=false | last = Hong | first = Sung-wook | authorlink = |author2= | year = 2008 | title = Naming God in Korea: The Case of Protestant Christianity| publisher = OCMS | isbn = 1870345665 | page =56}} 11. ^{{cite book | url = https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=E4P1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76&dq=gaecheonjeol+festival+of+opening+heaven&hl=ko&sa=X&ei=_gOmVP2uB4bHmwWJxIDQDg&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=gaecheonjeol%20festival%20of%20opening%20heaven&f=false | last = Lim | first = SK | authorlink = |author2= | year = 2011 | title = Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD | publisher = Asiapac Books Pte Ltd | isbn = 9812295941 | page =76}} 12. ^KCNA 13. ^{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=AVw_C0SZkZ4C&pg=PA56&dq=dangun+dongguk+tongam&hl=ko&sa=X&ei=_AKmVPG8K-evmAWa6ILwBQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dangun%20dongguk%20tongam&f=false] | last = Hong | first = Sung-wook | authorlink = |author2= | year = 2008 | title = Naming God in Korea: The Case of Protestant Christianity| publisher = OCMS | isbn = 1870345665}} 14. ^{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=Gf9OAQAAIAAJ&q=dangun+religion+worship&dq=dangun+religion+worship&hl=ko&sa=X&ei=TQqmVNG2E8yC8gWZ0oBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBA] | last = Mason| first = David A. | authorlink = |author2= | year = 1999 | title = Spirit of the Mountains: Korea's San-Shin and Traditions of Mountain-worship| publisher = Hallim Publishing| isbn = 1565911075}} 15. ^{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=OBfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT152&dq=dangun+taekwondo&hl=ko&sa=X&ei=CwmmVPPENo7g8AXb-IGABg&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dangun%20taekwondo&f=false] | last = Kemerly | first = Tony | authorlink = |author2= Steve Snyder | year = 2013 | title = Taekwondo Grappling Techniques: Hone Your Competitive Edge for Mixed Martial Arts| publisher = Tuttle Publishing| isbn = 1462909914}} 16. ^Djun Kil Kim: "The History of Korea." Greenwood histories of the modern nations, 2005, ISSN 1096-2905 17. ^{{Cite web | title = The good things in North Korea | first = Fyodor | last = Tertitskiy | work = NK News | date = 6 June 2016 | accessdate = 20 July 2016 | url = https://www.nknews.org/2016/06/the-good-things-in-north-korea/ }} 18. ^{{cite book | pages =204 [https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=you5AAAAIAAJ&q=Mausoleum+of+Dangun+north+Korea&dq=Mausoleum+of+Dangun+north+Korea&hl=ko&sa=X&ei=SQumVP3YO9Tr8AXpjIKoBg&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw] | last = G. John| first = Ikenberry| authorlink = |author2=Chung-in Moon | year = 2008 | title = The United States and Northeast Asia: debates, issues, and new order Asia in world politics| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield| isbn = 0742556395}} Further reading
External links
|years={{circa|2333 BC|2240 BC}}}}{{s-vac|unknown|unknnext=Jizi}}{{s-end}}{{National personifications}} 3 : Gojoseon rulers|Korean mythology|Korean gods |
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