| 词条 | Daniel Rutherford |
| 释义 |
|name = Daniel Rutherford |image =Rutherford Daniel.jpg |image_size = |caption = Daniel Rutherford Mezzotint engraving after a portrait by Sir Henry Raeburn. |birth_date = 3 November 1749 |birth_place = Edinburgh, Scotland |death_date = 15 December 1819[1] (aged 70) |death_place = Edinburgh, Scotland |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = Scottish |field = Chemistry |work_institutions = Physician in Edinburgh (1775–86) Professor of medicine and botany, Edinburgh University, and keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (1786–1819) King's Botanist in Scotland (1786-) Physician at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (1791) |alma_mater = University of Edinburgh |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Nitrogen |author_abbrev_bot = Rutherf. |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = Joseph Black |influenced = |prizes = |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} Daniel Rutherford {{Post-nominals|post-noms=FRSE FRCPE FLS FSA(Scot)}} (3 November 1749 – 15 December 1819) was a Scottish physician, chemist and botanist who is most famous for the isolation of nitrogen in 1772. LifeThe son of Professor John Rutherford (1695–1779) and his wife, Anne Mackay, Daniel Rutherford was born in Edinburgh on 3 November 1749. He began college at the age of 16 at Mundell's School on the West Bow close to his family home, and then studied medicine under William Cullen and Joseph Black at the University of Edinburgh,[2] graduating with a doctorate (MD) in 1772. From 1775 to 1786 he practiced as a physician in Edinburgh. In 1783 he was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was president of the Harveian Society in 1787.[3] At this time he lived at Hyndford Close on the Royal Mile.[4] He was a professor of botany at the University of Edinburgh and the 5th Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh from 1786 to 1819. He was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh from 1796 to 1798.[5] His pupils included Thomas Brown of Lanfine and Waterhaughs.[6] Around 1805 he moved from Hyndfords Close to a newly built townhouse at 20 Picardy Place at the top of Leith Walk, where he lived for the rest of his life.[7] He died in Edinburgh on 15 December 1819. FamilyIn 1786 he married Harriet Mitchelson of Middleton. FamilyRutherford was the maternal uncle of the novelist Sir Walter Scott. Isolation of nitrogenRutherford discovered nitrogen by the isolation of the particle in 1772.[8][9] When Joseph Black was studying the properties of carbon dioxide, he found that a candle would not burn in it. Black turned this problem over to his student at the time, Rutherford. Rutherford kept a mouse in a space with a confined quantity of air until it died. Then, he burned a candle in the remaining air until it went out. Afterwards, he burned phosphorus in that, until it would not burn. Then the air was passed through a carbon dioxide absorbing solution. The remaining component of the air did not support combustion, and a mouse could not live in it. Rutherford called the gas (which we now know would have consisted primarily of nitrogen) "noxious air" or "phlogisticated air". Rutherford reported the experiment in 1772. He and Black were convinced of the validity of the phlogiston theory, so they explained their results in terms of it. Botanical reference{{botanist|Rutherf.|Rutherford}}References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Waterston|first1=Charles D.|last2=Macmillan Shearer|first2=A.|title=Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index|url=http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf|accessdate=8 February 2011|volume=II|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-902198-84-5|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004113303/http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp2.pdf|archivedate=4 October 2006|df=}} 2. ^https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/heritage/art/rutherford-daniel-1749-1819 3. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf |page=812}} 4. ^Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1784 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library-archives/sibbald-library-blog/college-fellows-curing-scurvy-and-discovering-nitrogen|title=College Fellows: curing scurvy and discovering nitrogen|publisher= Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|accessdate= 4 November 2015}} 6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.hmag.gla.ac.uk/john/huntmin/Lanfine.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514042814/http://www.hmag.gla.ac.uk/john/huntmin/Lanfine.htm |archive-date=14 May 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 7. ^Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1818 8. ^See* Daniel Rutherford (1772) [https://books.google.de/books?id=JxUUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false "Dissertatio Inauguralis de aere fixo, aut mephitico"] (Inaugural dissertation on the air [called] fixed or mephitic), M.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.* English translation: Leonard Dobbin (1935) "Daniel Rutherford's inaugural dissertation," Journal of Chemical Education, 12 (8) : 370–375.* See also: James R. Marshall and Virginia L. Marshall (Spring 2015) "Rediscovery of the Elements: Daniel Rutherford, nitrogen, and the demise of phlogiston," The Hexagon (of Alpha Chi Sigma), 106 (1) : 4–8. Available on-line at: University of North Texas{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 9. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS_m3PrVbpgC&pg=PR15|page=15|title=Elements of chemistry, in a new systematic order: containing all the modern discoveries|author=Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent|authorlink=Antoine Lavoisier|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=1965|isbn=0-486-64624-6}} External links
24 : Scottish antiquarians|Scottish botanists|Scottish chemists|1749 births|1819 deaths|Discoverers of chemical elements|Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|Fellows of the Linnean Society of London|Industrial gases|Academics of the University of Edinburgh|Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh|Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|People from Edinburgh|People educated at James Mundell's School|Alumni of the University of Edinburgh|18th-century British botanists|19th-century British botanists|18th-century British chemists|19th-century British chemists|18th-century Scottish medical doctors|19th-century Scottish medical doctors|18th-century Scottish scientists|19th-century Scottish scientists|Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |
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