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词条 London station group
释义

  1. Definition

  2. Background

  3. Cultural impact

  4. Group members

     Current stations  Former stations 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{redirect|London railway station|the VIA Rail station in London, Ontario, Canada|London railway station (Ontario)|other uses|London railway station (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}{{image frame
|content={{Photomontage
| photo1a = Euston Station London - geograph.org.uk - 1309275.jpg{{!}}Euston
| photo1b = King's Cross station, August 2014.jpg{{!}}King's Cross
| photo2a = Paddington Station-4269161-by-Oast-House-Archive.jpg{{!}}Paddington
| photo2b = Liverpool Street Station Concourse, London, UK - Diliff.jpg{{!}}Liverpool Street
| photo3a = Waterloo Station Victory Arch.jpg{{!}}Waterloo
| photo3b = London January 5 2018 (47) London Bridge Station (38813334494).jpg{{!}}London Bridge
| size = 250
| spacing = 8
| color = #f9f9f9
| color_border = #252525
| border = 0
}}
| width = 266
| caption = London terminal stations. Clockwise from top left: {{rws|Euston}}, King's Cross, {{stn|Liverpool Street}}, {{stn|London Bridge}}, Waterloo and Paddington.
}}

The London station group is a group of 18 railway stations served by the National Rail network in central London. Most are terminal stations, either serving major national services or local commuter routes. A small number are through-stations that are considered terminals for ticketing purposes. All current stations in the group fall within London fare zone 1. A ticket marked "London Terminals" allows travel to any station in the group via any permitted route, as determined by the National Routeing Guide.

Most London terminal stations were developed in the mid-19th century during the initial boom of rail transport. Many stations were built around the edge of central London, stopping at what is now the London Inner Ring Road, because it was prohibitively expensive to build right into the centre, and because each railway was owned by a private company competing with the others. The creation of the London Underground provided a practical connection to the various termini, which continues to be the case as of the 21st century. Many of the stations have been upgraded and modernised to provide a greater capacity and connections to the network; the first London terminus, London Bridge has been rebuilt and expanded on numerous occasions, and of the major 19th century terminals, only Broad Street has closed.

The London terminals had a significant impact on the local area. Originally, the demolition of poor properties, particularly south of the River Thames caused blight and deprived areas around the station. This has changed in the 21st century, where development around the main terminals has been well-received and attracted occupants and businesses.

Definition

Until 1970, railway tickets to London were issued to a specific named terminus. From April of that year, the nine Southern Region termini south of the River Thames were grouped together as a "notional common station" called "LONDON S.R."; tickets issued to this destination were valid to Blackfriars, Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Holborn Viaduct, London Bridge, Vauxhall, Victoria, Waterloo and Waterloo East.[1] The concept was extended to the rest of London's termini with effect from British Rail's fares update of May 1983, when the London station group was created: "as part of the progress towards simplification of routes and a reduction of [separate fares] ... a common origin/destination of LONDON BR has been adopted for most London fares".[2] Tickets to the London station group were issued to "LONDON BR" until January 1989, when the name "LONDON BRIT RAIL" was adopted.[3] After the privatisation of British Rail, the name "LONDON" on its own was used from the end of 1997[4] until April 1998, when the present designation "LONDON TERMINALS" was introduced.[5]

All stations in the London group are in London fare zone 1 and most are at the end of a railway line. This includes major national terminals such as {{rws|Waterloo}}, {{rws|Paddington}}, {{rws|Euston}} and King's Cross, and local commuter terminals such as {{rws|Cannon Street}} and {{rws|Moorgate}}. In addition, the group includes four stations ({{rws|City Thameslink}}, {{rws|Old Street}}, {{rws|Vauxhall}} and {{rws|Waterloo East}}) that are not technically termini but are used enough as a destination by National Rail to be considered appropriate as a "London Terminal" for ticketing purposes.[6][6]{{efn|Although {{rws|Farringdon}} is permitted as a stop on a ticket for a journey on any Thameslink service, it is not valid on any "London Terminals" ticket unlike the neighbouring stations on that route.[6]}} The composition of the group has changed several times since 1983, when 18 stations were included: Blackfriars, Broad Street, Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Euston, Fenchurch Street, Holborn Viaduct, Kings Cross, Kings Cross Midland City, Liverpool Street, London Bridge, Marylebone, Moorgate, Paddington, St Pancras, Vauxhall, Victoria and Waterloo.[2] Waterloo East was included separately from January 1984.[7] Two years later, Moorgate was dropped from the group in favour of Old Street, and Kensington Olympia was included;[8] this was in connection with its upgrade in early 1986 to an InterCity station with regular British Rail services from northwest England to the south coast.[9][10] Moorgate was reinstated as a member of the group in May 1988,[11] and Kensington Olympia was removed from the list in May 1994 as British Rail decided to make fares to and from the station identical to those of neighbouring station {{stnlnk|Willesden Junction}}.[12]

Tickets issued to "LONDON TERMINALS" can be used to travel from the station of origin to any London terminus that can be reached via a permitted route as defined by the National Routeing Guide. For example, a journey from {{rws|Brighton}} can use such a ticket to take a train to several different London terminals, including {{rws|London Bridge}}, Victoria, {{rws|Blackfriars}}, City Thameslink or Waterloo via {{rws|Clapham Junction}}.[13] The ticket cannot be used to travel to any station using any non-National Rail modes of transport, including the London Underground, Docklands Light Railway or London Buses. Therefore, a journey from Brighton cannot use a "London Terminals" ticket to travel to Euston or Paddington, as there is no permitted route to them using National Rail services alone.[13][14] The concept of permitted routes did not exist until the National Routeing Guide was introduced: British Rail used the term "reasonable route", and in respect of the London station group merely stated that journeys between the origin station and London were "subject to normal route availabilities".[7]

Background

The first London terminal stations were built in the late 1830s (starting with London Bridge in 1836) and the early to mid 1840s. Those north of the Thames came up to the edge of richly-developed property that was too expensive to demolish, while property south of the river contained slums and cheap property, making it easier to have terminal stations close to the City and West End, both the main desired areas.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=17}} The solicitor and railway planner Charles Pearson proposed a main central station at {{stn|Farringdon}}, which would connect out to all branch lines.{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=22}} In 1846, the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini was established to see if it was appropriate to bring the terminal stations any further and possibly connect with each other, as per Pearson's plans. The report concluded this was unnecessary, a single terminus was undesirable as it would create too much congestion and it was too expensive to demolish remaining property in the way.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|pp=16–17}}{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=24}}

The Royal Commission recommended that no new stations should be built in the West End of London or the City, and that the New Road should be the northern boundary of railway development.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=17}}{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=24}} This created competition between the individual railway companies, who could promote new termini with individual financial backers.{{sfn|Ball|Sunderland|2002|p=213}} Exemptions were made for the Great Eastern Railway and North London Railway with {{stn|Liverpool Street}} and {{rws|Broad Street|England}} respectively.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=19}} The only main railway line built across Central London was the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) line connecting Blackfriars to Farringdon via Snow Hill Tunnel in 1866.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=23}}

Railway construction in London reached a peak between the mid-1850s and 1870s, where an estimated £40 million (£{{inflation|UK|40|1874|fmt=c}} million as of {{inflation-year|UK}}) was spent constructing routes around the capital. The competition between termini led to increased costs and financial overruns. Around £2 million (£{{inflation|UK|2|1874}} million as of {{inflation-year|UK}}) was spent constructing the final approach of the GER main line from the original terminus at {{rws|Bishopsgate}} to Liverpool Street, while the extension from London Bridge to Cannon Street and {{rws|Charing Cross}} cost £4 million (£{{inflation|UK|4|1874}} million as of {{inflation-year|UK}}). The construction of the LCDR's line via Blackfriars and Farringdon almost bankrupted the company and left it in financial ruin for the rest of its existence.{{sfn|Ball|Sunderland|2002|pp=213–214}} The 1864 Joint Committee on Railway Schemes (Metropolis) decided that, following the success of the underground Metropolitan Railway, that a circular railway should be built to connect the terminals, which eventually became the Circle line, though it was not completed until 1884.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|pp=19,21}}

By 1870, the boom in building London terminals had finished.{{sfn|Ball|Sunderland|2002|p=215}} The final one to open was the Great Central Railway's {{rws|Marylebone}}, in 1899.{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=36}} By this time, around {{convert|776|acre|sqmi km2|2|abbr=in}}, or 5.4% of land in the central zone of London was owned by railway companies, more than the Corporation of London.{{sfn|Ball|Sunderland|2002|p=214}}[15]

The problem of connecting the various London terminals was ultimately resolved by the development of the Underground. The Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863, was designed to connect Paddington with King's Cross.{{sfn|Wolmar|2012|p=30}} The Circle Line was designed specifically to connect the London terminals together.{{sfn|Wolmar|2012|pp=69–70}} All terminal stations had at least one underground connection by 1913, except {{rws|Fenchurch Street}}, {{rws|Ludgate Hill}} and {{rws|Holborn Viaduct}}.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=21}} As an alternative to the tube, buses have connected the various terminals. In 1928, the Southern Railway, London and North Eastern Railway and Great Western Railway began to provide dedicated buses between their termini for Pullman and Continental trains. These were taken over by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) upon its formation in 1933, and replaced with regular bus services. From 1936, the LPTB supplied purpose-build 20-seater coaches for this services, with large luggage boots and a flat fare of 1/- (£{{inflation|UK|0.05|1936|r=2}} as of {{inflation-year|UK}}). These were suspended during World War II. All stations except Fenchurch Street and Blackfriars provided integrated taxi services on opening. These originally had dedicated access roads to the station platforms when cabs were horse-drawn, while later purpose-built roads were built for road traffic.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=22}}

In the early 20th century, stations were expanded and upgraded to fit demand.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=26}} Six terminal stations (Victoria, Waterloo, Euston, Cannon Street, Blackfriars and London Bridge) have been completely rebuilt and London Bridge has seen multiple rebuilds.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=27}} While some of the stations had impressive facades and entrances, these were gradually neglected, such as the Euston Arch which was demolished in 1962 as part of modernisation works to the station, while the area around Kings Cross became run-down.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=25}} An important exception was the Victorian Gothic structure of {{rws|St Pancras}}, which became a Grade I listed building in 1967 after being threatened with demolition.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=29}}[16] Similarly, King's Cross and Paddington became Grade I listed in 1954 and 1961 respectively.[17][18]

In 1986, Broad Street, which had been a major London terminus for local and commuter services, closed.{{sfn|Butt|1995|p=191}} It was feared that Marylebone and St Pancras would follow, but both have been revitalised; the former became an alternative terminus for services to Oxford and Birmingham{{sfn|Simmons|Biddle|1997|p=33}} while the latter is now the main entry point for Eurostar services via the Channel Tunnel.[19]

Cultural impact

The various terminal stations began to affect their surrounding area once built. Those displaced by the railways crammed into whatever existing accommodation was available, creating slums, and the immediate area around the stations were filled with cheap souvenir shops and prostitutes. Conversely, the middle class moved out into suburbs which now had easy access to Central London via train, and railway traffic increased.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=24}} Around 76,000 people lost their homes between 1853 and 1901 as a direct result of rail expansion.[20] The area around Waterloo had already become notorious for prostitution by the time the station was built, which was eventually cleared away in 1867 when the London and South Western Railway made a compulsory purchase order for the properties and demolished them, to accommodate an expanded station.[21] A significant exception was the later-constructed Marylebone, while Charing Cross was less affected by slum building than neighbouring stations.{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=24}}

Around Battersea and New Cross, railway lines and interchanges occupied about {{convert|300|acres|ha}} of available space. The low-income property that was destroyed by building the stations was generally not replaced, and consequently the remaining accommodation became overcrowded.{{sfn|Ball|Sunderland|2002|p=215}} The proliferation of railway lines south of the Thames is why the Underground has more lines north of the river, as it did not have alternative overground services.{{sfn|Wolmar|2012|p=14}}

In contrast to the 19th century impact of stations, newer developments have seen gentrification of the areas around them. Both Kings Cross and St Pancras stations have been modernised in the 21st century, and are now better regarded. Many goods sheds have been removed, and the area surrounding the stations includes a natural swimming pool, and numerous new apartments.[22][23]

The four former London and North Eastern Railway terminals (King's Cross, Marylebone, Fenchurch Street and Liverpool Street) are the stations on a standard British Monopoly board.{{sfn|Moore|2003|p=159}}

Group members

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

Current stations

StationImageLocationCoordinatesOriginal ownerManaged
by		London
services		National servicesAnnual entry/exit (millions) (as of 2016/17)[24]{{efn|The figure shows a green "up" arrow for an increase from the previous year, and a red "down" arrow for a decrease.Opening
date		Platforms{{efn|Not including London UndergroundCategory{{efn|The category is set by the Department for Transport and runs in decreasing order of importance from A (national hub) to F (unstaffed).[25]
TerminalThrough
Blackfriars City of London51.511|-0.103|type:railwaystation|name=Blackfriars}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Thameslink NW, N, S, SE Thameslink, Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport 10.802 {{increase}}10 May 1886}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}2}}[26]2}}[26] A[27]
Cannon Street City of London51.510|-0.090|type:railwaystation|name=Cannon Street}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] SE Kent, East Sussex 23.447 {{increase}}1 September 1866}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}7}}[28]0}} A[27]
Charing Cross Westminster51.507|-0.123|type:railwaystation|name=Charing Cross}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] SE Kent, East Sussex 28.345 {{decrease}}11 January 1864}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}6}}[29]0}} A[27]
City Thameslink City of London51.516|-0.103|type:railwaystation|name=City Thameslink}} British Rail (Network SouthEast) Thameslink NW, N, S, SE Thameslink, Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport 6.443 {{increase}}30 May 1990}}[30]0}}2}}[31] D[32]
Euston Camden51.528|-0.133|type:railwaystation|name=Euston}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] NW West Coast Main Line 44.746 {{increase}}20 July 1837}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}18}}[33]0}} A[27]
Fenchurch Street City of London51.511|-0.078|type:railwaystation|name=Fenchurch Street}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} c2c E Southend-on-Sea 18.399 {{decrease}}2 August 1841}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}4}}[34]0}} A[27]
Kings Cross Camden51.532|-0.123|type:railwaystation|name=Kings Cross}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] N East Coast Main Line 33.905 {{increase}}14 October 1852}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}12}}[35]0}} A[27]
Liverpool Street City of London51.518|-0.081|type:railwaystation|name=Liverpool Street station}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] E, NE East of England, Stansted Airport 66.967 {{decrease}}2 February 1874}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}18}}[36]0}} A[27]
London Bridge Southwark51.505|-0.086|type:railwaystation|name=London Bridge}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] S, SE, NW Kent, East Sussex, Gatwick Airport 48.453 {{increase}}14 December 1836}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}6}}[37]9}}[37] A[27]
Marylebone Westminster51.522|-0.163|type:railwaystation|name=Marylebone}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Chiltern Railways NW Birmingham 16.693 {{increase}}15 March 1899}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}6}}[38]0}} A[27]
Moorgate City of London51.518|-0.088|type:railwaystation|name=Moorgate}}Day|1979|p=14}} London Underground N Hertfordshire 10.434 {{decrease}}23 December 1865}}{{sfn|Day|1979|p=14}}2}}[39]0}} E[40]
Old Street Islington51.525|-0.087|type:railwaystation|name=Old Street}}Day|1979|p=47}} London Underground N Hertfordshire 5.756 {{increase}}17 November 1901}}{{sfn|Day|1979|p=47}}0}}2}}[41] E[40]
Paddington Westminster51.517|-0.177|type:railwaystation|name=Paddington}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] W Great Western main line, Heathrow Airport 36.578 {{increase}}16 January 1854}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}14}}[42]0}} A[27]
St Pancras Camden51.530|-0.125|type:railwaystation|name=St Pancras}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail,[6] HS1 Ltd.,[43] Eurostar International Limited[44] N, NW, S, SE Midland Main Line, Thameslink, Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport, High Speed 1 (Kent), Eurostar (Belgium, France, Netherlands) 34.622 {{increase}}1 October 1868}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}13}}[45]2}}[45]International and domestic category A; Thameslink category C[46]}}[27]
Vauxhall Lambeth51.485|-0.122|type:railwaystation|name=Vauxhall}}Jackson|1984|p=213}} South Western Railway SW South West England 20.619 {{decrease}}11 July 1848}}{{sfn|Jackson|1984|pp=213, 215}}0}}8}}[47] B[48]
Victoria Westminster51.496|-0.144|type:railwaystation|name=Victoria}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] S, SE, SW Kent, Sussex, Gatwick Airport 74.955 {{decrease}}10 October 1860}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}19}}[49]0}} A[27]
Waterloo Lambeth51.503|-0.113|type:railwaystation|name=Waterloo}}Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}} Network Rail[6] SW, W South West England 94.355 {{decrease}}11 July 1848}}{{sfn|Davies|Grant|1983|p=51}}19}}[50]0}} A[27]
Waterloo East Lambeth51.504|-0.110|type:railwaystation|name=Waterloo East}}Jackson|1984|p=217}} Southeastern S, SE Kent, East Sussex 9.931 {{decrease}}1 January 1869}}{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=217}}0}}4}}[51] B[48]

Former stations

StationImageLocationCoordinatesOriginal ownerOpening
date		Ending
date		Fate
Broad StreetCity of London51.519|0.0833|type:railwaystation|name=Broad Street}}North London Railway1 November 1865}}{{sfn|Jackson|1984|pp=95–97}}30 June 1986}}{{sfn|Holland|2013|p=61}}Closed
Holborn ViaductCity of London51.5162|-0.1036|type:railwaystation_region:GB|name=Holborn Viaduct}}London, Chatham and Dover Railway2 March 1874}}{{sfn|Jackson|1984|p=196}}26 January 1990}}{{sfn|Mogridge|1990|p=239}}Closed
Kensington (Olympia)While the majority of the station is in Hammersmith and Fulham, the eastern part is in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea[52]}}51.4986|-0.2108|type:railwaystation_region:GB|name=Kensington (Olympia)}}West London Railway27 May 1844}}[53]1994}}[54]Delisted
Kings Cross ThameslinkCamden51.5308|-0.1202|type:railwaystation_region:GB|name=Kings Cross Thameslink}}Metropolitan Railway10 January 1863}}{{sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=8}}9 December 2007}}[55][56]Closed

See also

{{Portal|London transport}}
  • List of London railway stations

References

Notes{{notelist|30em}}Citations
1. ^{{cite journal|title=Kensington Olympia|date=February 2011|journal=Journal of the Transport Ticket Society|issue=565|page= 63|issn=0144-347X}}
2. ^1 {{cite book|title=Selective Prices Manual Number 27|date=22 May 1983|publisher=British Railways Board|location=London|chapter=1.5: Routeing of Tickets|page=A3}}
3. ^{{cite journal|date=21 January 1989|title=Section 4.1: "London Brit Rail"|journal=British Rail Sales Circular|location=Swindon|publisher=British Rail Sales Communications Unit|publication-date=15 June 1989|issue=124|pages= 7}}
4. ^{{cite journal|title=Station Groups|date=February 1998|journal=Journal of the Transport Ticket Society|issue=409|page= 59|issn=0144-347X}}
5. ^{{cite journal|title=Station Groups|date=June 1998|journal=Journal of the Transport Ticket Society|issue=413|page= 218|issn=0144-347X}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{Cite web|url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/aspx/765.aspx|title=Stations Run by Network Rail|publisher=Network Rail|year=2011|accessdate=23 August 2011}}
7. ^1 {{cite book|title=Selective Prices Manual Number 28|publisher=British Railways Board|location=London|chapter=2.2: Journeys from or to London|page=A2}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=National Fares Manual Number 32|date=12 January 1986|publisher=British Railways Board|location=London|chapter=2.12: Common "BR" Stations|page=A3}}
9. ^{{cite journal|title=Kensington Olympia|date=February 1986|journal=Journal of the Transport Ticket Society|issue=266|page= 78|issn=0144-347X}}
10. ^{{cite journal|title=Kensington Olympia Returns to the InterCity Network|date=July 1986|journal=Journal of the Transport Ticket Society|issue=271|page= 291|issn=0144-347X}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=National Fares Manual Number 39|date=15 May 1988|publisher=British Railways Board|location=London|chapter=A: Using the National Fares Manual|page=A5}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=National Fares Manual Number 57|date=29 May 1994|publisher=British Railways Board|location=London|chapter=General Notes|at=Unpaginated}}
13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/times_fares/ticket_types/46587.aspx#terminals|title='London Terminal' stations|publisher=Network Rail|accessdate=12 September 2017}}
14. ^{{cite journal|title=Travel to/from London Terminals & London Thameslink and tickets with "Cross-London" validity|url=http://www.atoctravelagents.org/clientfiles/File/NRE/NE_319.pdf|journal=Newsrail Express|issue=319|pages= 3–4|date=22 July 2006|publication-date=16 July 2006|format=PDF|publisher=Association of Train Operating Companies|location=London|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoctravelagents.org%2Fclientfiles%2FFile%2FNRE%2FNE_319.pdf&date=2018-02-21|archivedate=21 February 2018|deadurl=no}}
15. ^{{cite book|title=What Price the Poor?: William Booth, Karl Marx and the London Residuum|first=Ann|last=Woodall|publisher=Routledge|p=132|isbn=978-1-351-87316-1}}
16. ^{{NHLE|num=1342037|desc=St Pancras Station and Former Midland Grand Hotel, Euston Road|access-date=2 March 2018}}
17. ^{{NHLE|num=1078328|desc=King's Cross Station|accessdate=8 April 2018}}
18. ^{{NHLE|num=1066881|desc=Paddington Station|accessdate=8 April 2018}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2007/nov/07/transportintheuk|title=The opening of St Pancras International Station|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 November 2007|accessdate=5 February 2018}}
20. ^{{cite book|title=Railways and the Western European Capitals: Studies of Implantation in London, Paris, Berlin, and Brussels|first=M|last=Nilsen|publisher=Springer|year=2008|p=29|isbn=978-0-230-61577-9}}
21. ^{{cite book|title=London in the Nineteenth Century: 'a Human Awful Wonder of God'|first=Jerry|last=White|p=296|publisher=Random House|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84-792447-6}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/kings-cross-london-center-of-cool/index.html|title=Why King's Cross is London's new center of cool|first=Will|last=Self|authorlink=Will Self|work=CNN|date=4 October 2016|accessdate=11 February 2018}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/feb/06/luxury-flats-birdsong-regeneration-green-space-labour-council-st-pancras|title=Luxury flats instead of birdsong: can regeneration ever be the right thing?|first=Patrick|last=Barkham|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 February 2017|accessdate=11 February 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 | title=Station usage | publisher=Office of Rail Regulation | accessdate=18 December 2017 }}
25. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/passenger/stations/betterrailstations/pdf/parta.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606011046/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/passenger/stations/betterrailstations/pdf/parta.pdf|title=Part A: Consistent Standards|p=15|year=2009|publisher=Department for Transport|work=Better Rail Stations|archivedate=6 June 2011|accessdate=3 April 2014}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations-and-destinations/stations-made-easy/london-blackfriars-station-plan?rtnloc=bfr|title=Blackfriars|publisher=National Rail Enquiries|accessdate=12 February 2018}}
27. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web|url=https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/displayreport/html/html/6fdea5fc-b5f7-4369-8270-c2efffb8523f|title=Station stewardship measure for category A stations|publisher=Office of Rail and Road|accessdate=22 February 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations-and-destinations/stations-made-easy/london-cannon-street-station-plan|title=London Cannon Street|publisher=National Rail Enquiries|accessdate=12 February 2018}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations-and-destinations/stations-made-easy/london-charing-cross-station-plan|title=London Charing Cross|publisher=National Rail Enquiries|accessdate=12 February 2018}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=City rail link inaugurated|newspaper=The Times|location=London, England|date=31 May 1990|p=25|accessdate=14 August 2017|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF500294463&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|subscription=yes}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations-and-destinations/stations-made-easy/city-thameslink-station-plan?rtnloc=ctk|title=City Thameslink|publisher=National Rail Enquiries|accessdate=12 February 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web |url= https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/displayreport/html/html/c75f8e98-c1a9-4c1b-b179-b4bb2e56af32|title=Station stewardship measure for category D stations|publisher=Office of Rail and Road|accessdate=22 February 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations-and-destinations/stations-made-easy/london-euston-station-plan|title=London Euston|publisher=National Rail Enquiries|accessdate=12 February 2018}}
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{{refend}}

External links

  • How London's Terminal Stations Got Their Names – Londonist
  • How many railway terminals does London have? – City Metric
{{Transport in London}}{{Major railway stations in Great Britain}}{{featured list}}{{DEFAULTSORT:London Station Group}}

4 : Railway termini in London|Rail transport stations in London fare zone 1|Rail infrastructure in London|London station group
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