| 词条 | Louie B. Felt |
| 释义 |
| name = Louie B. Felt | image = Louie B. Felt.jpg | image_size = | alt = Photo of Louie B. Felt | caption = | birth_name = Louie Bouton | birth_date = {{Birth date|1850|05|05}} | birth_place = South Norwalk, Connecticut, United States | death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|02|13|1850|05|05}} | death_place = Salt Lake City, Utah, United States | death_cause = | resting_place = Salt Lake City Cemetery | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|40.777|-111.858|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Salt Lake City Cemetery}} | monuments = | residence = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | employer = | organization = | notable_works = | title = | spouse = Joseph Felt | parents = Joseph Bouton Mary Rebecca Barto | relatives = | awards = | signature = | website = | position_or_quorum1 = 1st General President of the Primary | called_by1 = John Taylor | ordination_reason1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = May Anderson | start_date1 = {{start date|1880|06|19}} | end_date1 = {{end date|1925|10|06}}}} Sarah Louise "Louie" Bouton Felt (May 5, 1850 – February 13, 1928) was the first general president of the children's Primary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) between 1880 and 1925. Early lifeLouie Bouton was born in South Norwalk, Connecticut, the third child of Joseph Bouton and Mary Rebecca Barto. Her parents had become members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints several years before Louie's birth. In 1866, the Bouton family travelled to Utah Territory to join the gathering of Latter-day Saints. On the journey to Utah, Louie met Joseph H. Felt.[1] On December 24, 1866, Louie and Joseph Felt were married at Salt Lake City. Joseph Felt was the eldest son of Nathaniel H. Felt.[2] Louie was not able to have children, and she suffered periods of great loneliness while her husband left Utah to work as a missionary for the church. Later, Louie encouraged her husband to live the Latter-day Saint law of plural marriage. Joseph married Elizabeth Mineer in 1875 and Elizabeth Tidwell in 1881. Louie got along well with Joseph's other wives and found great pleasure in caring for the children of her "sister wives".[1] During the government attempts to prosecute polygamists, Felt twice left Utah Territory to avoid testifying in court against Joseph.[1] In 1918, 11 years after her husband's death, Felt was described as having been an exemplary wife fulfilling the role of a helpmeet to man.[3] Involvement in the Primary AssociationOn September 14, 1878, Louie B. Felt was chosen by Eliza R. Snow to be the president of the Primary Association in the Salt Lake 11th Ward of the church. On June 19, 1880, Felt was selected as the first general president of the Primary by John Taylor, who was then the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the acting church president. Felt was set apart by Taylor, who was assisted in the blessing by Eliza R. Snow. Among Felt's accomplishments as leader of the Primary are the following:
On October 6, 1925, Felt stepped down as general president of the Primary due to failing health. Her first counselor and close friend May Anderson succeeded her. Felt died in Salt Lake City of a cerebral hemorrhage.[4] Same-sex relationshipsFelt had intense and committed relationships with other women, and some historians have suggested that one of these relationships was romantic.[5][6] At the age of sixteen, Louie became the first wife of Joseph Felt, said to be "a tender, thoughtful, loving and devoted husband".[7] According to a biographical sketch published in 1919 in Children's Friend, Louie "fell in love with" Lizzie Mineer in 1874, and encouraged her husband to marry her as a plural wife, in part to bring children into the family (Louie herself was infertile), and this marriage took place in 1876.[8] In 1881, when Joseph married Elizabeth Liddell, Louie "opened her home and shared her love." In 1883, Louie met May Anderson, and their friendship soon "ripened into love", according to an anonymous biographical sketch of Anderson in The Children's Friend, which described their new relationship as follows:
Joseph Felt did not marry Anderson, but in 1889, at a time when Louie was ill, May moved in.[10] As a polygamist, Joseph had two houses, and it is unclear where he spent most of his time.[1] It has been suggested that Joseph lived in his other home after May moved in,[6] though this conclusion is based on circumstantial evidence.[1] The actual living arrangements of Joseph Felt are difficult to verify because after the 1890 Manifesto polygamous families often sought to obscure their living arrangements. After Joseph's death in 1907, Louie and May continued to live together, sleeping in the same bedroom, for 40 years until Louie's death. They were referred to by others as the "David and Jonathan of the Primary", a term they embraced.[10] (The biblical relationship has never been interpreted as a sexual relationship by the LDS Church, but as one of fraternal love.) May never married. After the death of one of Joseph's junior wives, Louie raised their children. At her funeral she was described as being "devoted to her husband and to his children. She was a good house-keeper, a real home-maker. Her devotion to her husband was the kind that helped him to stand by his ideals of right."[11][12] Though acknowledging a lack of direct proof, some historians speculate that Louie and May could have been what in modern times would be called lesbian partners.[6][5] This is based largely on the seemingly erotic connotations of their biographies that appeared in Children's Friend; for example, the statement that while the couple was working on Primary matters, "when they were too tired to sit up any longer they put on their bathrobes and crawled into bed to work until the wee small hours of the night".[6] Other Mormon historians argue that female-female sexual intimacy would have been regarded as sinful at the time, and argue for a presumption that their relationship was purely platonic.[1] Other researchers have been non-committal on the issue; one has stated only that Anderson "was as close to President Felt as any woman could be".[13] Both sides acknowledge, however, that the relationship between Louie and May was an intense one, and that they shared a deep love for one another. See also
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 George L. Mitton and Rhett S. James, "A Response to D. Michael Quinn's Homosexual Distortion of Latter-day Saint History: Review of Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example by D. Michael Quinn {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808011644/http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=280 |date=2007-08-08 }}", FARMS Review of Books 10:141–263. 2. ^Orson F. Whitney. History of Utah: Biographical. (Salt Lake City: G. Q. Cannon and Sons, 1904) p. 548 3. ^Children's Friend (Oct. 1919). 4. ^State of Utah Death Certificate {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818095644/http://images.archives.utah.gov/data/81448/2259759/2259759_0000905.jpg |date=2011-08-18 }} 5. ^1 Connell Hill O'Donovan (1994) "'The Abominable and Detestable Crime Against Nature': A Brief History of Homosexuality and Mormonism, 1830-1980," Multiply and Replenish: Mormon Essays on Sex and Family (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books). 6. ^1 2 3 D. Michael Quinn, Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth Century Americans: A Mormon Example (University of Illinois Press: Urbana). 7. ^Adelaide U. Hardy, "Living for a Purpose," Children's Friend (Dec. 1918): 476. 8. ^"Louie B. Felt", Children's Friend, 18:410–11 (Dec. 1919). 9. ^Referring to early 20th century dictionaries, one commentator argues that one meaning of the word "love feasting" is "a meal taken in token of brotherly love and charity". Vella Neil Evans, Women's Studies, University of Utah, at the Sunstone Symposium, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1996-08-16, audio tape no. 238. This refers to the early Christian Agape ceremony, similar to the Eucharist, which was practiced by early Methodists. See "Love-feast", Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed. 1989. 10. ^1 2 "Mary and May", Children's Friend, 18:420–421 (Oct. 1919). 11. ^Kerr, Children's Friend, p. 99 (Mar. 1928). 12. ^Deseret News, 1928-02-15, sec. 2, p. 1. 13. ^Conrad A. Harward, A History of the Growth and Development of the Primary Association of the LDS Church from 1878 to 1928, Master of Arts Thesis, Brigham Young University, 1976, at 190. References
External links{{commons category|Louie B. Felt}}
10 : 1850 births|1928 deaths|Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery|General Presidents of the Primary (LDS Church)|Mormon pioneers|People from Norwalk, Connecticut|Homosexuality and Mormonism|American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Latter Day Saints from Connecticut|Latter Day Saints from Utah |
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