词条 | Malleolus | |||
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| Name = Malleolus | Latin = malleolus, malleoli | Image = Gray357.png | Caption = Coronal cross-section through the right ankle showing the lateral malleolus (right) and medial malleolus (left) | Image2 = Gray1239.png | Caption2 = The left leg, with the medial malleolus labeled at bottom right. }}{{wikt}} A malleolus is the bony prominence on each side of the human ankle. Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the fibula on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The word malleolus ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|iː|ə|l|ə|s|,_|m|æ|-}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|accessdate=2016-01-22|Malleolus}}}}{{refn|{{OxfordDictionaries.com|accessdate=2016-01-22|Malleolus}}}}), plural malleoli ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|iː|ə|ˌ|l|aɪ|,_|m|æ|-}}), comes from Latin and means "small hammer". (It is cognate with mallet.) Medial malleolusThe medial malleolus is found at the foot end of the tibia. The medial surface of the lower extremity of tibia is prolonged downward to form a strong pyramidal process, flattened from without inward - the medial malleolus.
The major structure that passes anterior to the medial mallelous is the saphenous vein. Structures that pass behind medial malleolus deep to the flexor retinaculum:
Lateral malleolusThe lateral malleolus is found at the foot end of the fibula, of a pyramidal form, and somewhat flattened from side to side; it descends to a lower level than the medial malleolus.
A major structure that is located between the lateral malleolus and the Achilles tendon is the sural nerve. Clinical significanceFracture{{See also|Weber classification}}A bimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the ankle that involves the lateral malleolus and the medial malleolus. Studies have shown[1] that bimalleolar fractures are more common in women, people over 60 years of age, and patients with existing comorbidities.[1] A trimalleolar fracture is a fracture of the ankle that involves the lateral malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the distal posterior aspect of the tibia, which can be termed the posterior malleolus. The trauma is sometimes accompanied by ligament damage and dislocation.[2] Additional imagesReferences{{Gray's}}1. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Tejwani|first=Nirmal|title=Are Outcomes of Bimalleolar Fractures Poorer Than Those of Lateral Malleolar Fractures with Medial Ligamentous Injury?|journal=Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery|year=2007|issue=89|pages=1438–1441|doi=10.2106/JBJS.F.01006|url=http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/7/1438|accessdate=26 November 2010|display-authors=etal}} {{Bones of lower extremity}}{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}{{Authority control}}2. ^{{cite news|title=Ankle Fractures|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00391|author= Orthopaedic Trauma Association|date=September 2007|work=AAOS}} 3 : Bones of the lower limb|Tibia|Fibula |
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