| 词条 | Deaf Smith |
| 释义 |
|name = Deaf Smith |image = Deaf smith.jpg |caption = Deaf Smith |birth_name = Erastus Smith |birth_date = {{birth date|1787|4|19|mf=y}} |birth_place = Dutchess County, New York, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1837|11|30|1787|4|19|mf=y}} |death_place = Richmond, Texas |occupation = American frontiersman, Texas Revolution hero, Republic of Texas soldier, Texas Rangers |spouse = Guadalupe Ruiz de Durán; 3 children & 4 stepchildren}}{{Texas History}} Erastus "Deaf" Smith (April 19, 1787 – November 30, 1837) was an American frontiersman noted for his part in the Texas Revolution and the Army of the Republic of Texas. He fought in the Grass Fight and the Battle of San Jacinto. After the war, Deaf Smith led a company of Texas Rangers. Early lifeSmith was born in Dutchess County, New York to Chilab and Mary Smith. In 1798, his family moved to Port Gibson, Mississippi, near Natchez. Texas and LouisianaHe came to Texas in 1821 for health reasons, but returned to Natchez in 1822. His health apparently recovered, except for a partial loss of hearing, hence the nickname "Deaf". Smith, also known as "El Sordo," appeared in many areas of Mexican Texas and was in most significant actions related to development of the region both under Mexico and during evolution of independence. At San Jose Mission, he introduced a fine stock of muley (polled) cattle from Louisiana to the San Antonio area, where the Longhorn breed was previously popular. He used San Antonio de Bexar as a base. Smith's family lived at the southwest corner of Presa and Nueva Streets in San Antonio de Bexar. FamilyIn 1822, Smith married a Tejana, Guadalupe Ruiz de Durán (b. 12 December 1797), the daughter of Salvador Ruiz de Castaneda and María Ygnacia Robleau. Guadalupe was the widow of Jose María Vicente Durán (m. 1812), by whom she had three children: Refugia, Josefa, and Lucinda. The Smiths had four children: Susan Concepcion (b. August 15, 1823 – d. 22 Jan 1849), Gertrudes (b. 1825; m. Macario Tarin), Travis (b. 1827 – d. 1833), and Simona (b. October 28, 1829, Mission Espada – died November 11, 1890). Susan C. Smith married Nathaniel Fisk (b. September 4, 1815, Scranton, Vermont – died April 5, 1876) in 1839. After her death, Fisk married her sister, Simona, on August 1, 1849. Deaf Smith moved freely between Anglo and Hispanic Tejano societies, and was known to be a man of few words, fiercely loyal to his superiors and dedicated to the job at hand. Because of his knowledge of both Anglo and Hispanic cultures and the terrain of Texas, he served as a guide, scout, and spy. The Republic of Texas legislature in November 1836 had granted Smith "any house and lot in the city of Bexar, which may be confiscated for public use". His widow chose the old Granado homeplace at the southeast corner of Main Plaza and Commerce Street in San Antonio. Smith was also granted land for his service to the Texas Republic. Texas RevolutionTexan ArmyEven as many Texas settlers formed an army and marched on San Antonio de Bexar, Smith originally intended to remain neutral. He changed his mind after the Texian Army, led by Stephen F. Austin, initiated a siege of Bexar. As the siege began, Smith and his son-in-law Hendrick Arnold were absent from town, on a hunting trip. The Mexican army increased security in the town, and refused to allow Smith and Arnold to return to their homes within the city. An indignant Smith immediately joined the Texian Army. He wrote to Austin: "I told you yesterday that I would not take sides in this war but, Sir, I now tender you my services as the Mexicans acted rascally with me".[1] His intelligence gathering was important at the Battle of Concepcion. In October 1835, he discovered the mule train that brought on the Grass Fight, and in December 1835, he guided troops into San Antonio in the Siege and Battle of Bexar, where he was wounded atop the Veramendi House at the same time that Ben Milam was killed. After the evacuation of centralista troops from San Antonio in the latter engagement, he moved his family to Columbia. At the Alamo, he served as a courier to William Barrett Travis and carried Travis's letter from the Alamo on February 15, 1836. He met General Sam Houston at Gonzalez after the signing of the Texan Declaration of Independence at Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas. Dispatched back to Bexar, Houston relied on Smith to determine the fate of the Alamo garrison. He met and escorted Susanna Dickinson and party to report to General Houston in Gonzales regarding the fate of the Alamo defenders. Texas cavalry companyIn Gonzales, Smith was assigned to Captain Karnes' Cavalry Company of the 1st Regiment of Volunteers and promoted to captain in command of new recruits. Smith operated continuously on the way to, at, and after the Battle of San Jacinto with small groups of volunteers from the cavalry unit and sometimes other units, successfully generating intelligence and special missions almost continuously.[2] At Harrisburg, he captured a Mexican courier with dispatches revealing the strength and position of Antonio López de Santa Anna's army. On April 21st prior to the Battle of San Jacinto, his men and he destroyed Vince's Bridge, the means of any retreat or reinforcements of both armies. He joined his unit to participate in the main battle. He was the courier who took the captured Santa Anna's orders to General Filisola's army to retreat from Texas. He captured General Cos, who had escaped from the main battle. Laredo, Texas{{unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}After the Battle of San Jacinto, Deaf Smith returned to Columbia and later moved to Richmond in Fort Bend County. Shortly before his death, Smith raised a company of 20 Texas Rangers, who fought on March 17, 1837, near what is the present-day location of the Laredo International Airport in Laredo, against a superior Mexican force. Two of Smith's men were wounded, and 10 Mexicans were killed and 10 others injured. Smith also captured 40 horses. This incident occurred nearly a year after General Lopez de Santa Anna had surrendered at San Jacinto to General Sam Houston. Smith, at the time, offered no further resistance against the Mexicans, and he guided the Texans back to San Antonio. DeathSmith died in Richmond, Texas, at age of 50, at the home of Randall Jones. The Episcopal churchyard has a modest marker, "Deaf Smith, the Texas Spy, Died Nov. 30, 1837", but his exact burial site is unknown.[3] His widow returned to San Antonio, died there on May 1, 1849, and is interred at the Catholic Cemetery. Posthumous legacyDeaf Smith County, Texas is named in his honor,[4] which unlike his nickname, is pronounced by most residents as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|f}} {{respell|DEF}}.{{clarify|date=March 2019}} Likewise, a brand of peanut butter known as Deaf Smith was manufactured by the Arrowhead Mills company, which was founded in 1960 by Frank Ford, then from Hereford, the seat of Deaf Smith County. Smith is also honored for his work in South Texas with a historical marker at the entrance to Lake Casa Blanca International Park in Laredo. Many school districts in Texas name schools after heroes of the Texas Revolution. Several schools across the state are named for Deaf Smith, including [https://web.archive.org/web/20120806020100/http://legacy.lcisd.org/Schools/ElementarySchools/SmithElementary/ Lamar CISD's Deaf Smith Elementary] in Richmond, Texas. In popular culture
References1. ^Barr (1990), p. 17. 2. ^Gannon, Jack. 1981. Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America, Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, pp. 4-5 (PDF {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328132543/http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_4.pdf |date=March 28, 2012}})(PDF {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328132619/http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_5.pdf |date=March 28, 2012}}) 3. ^{{cite journal|title=Unknown Grave of a Texas Spy|journal=The Texian Gazette (Fort Bend Archeological Society)|issue=4th Quarter 2017|pages=4-6 |url=http://www.fbhistory.org |accessdate=November 28, 2017}} 4. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=102}} References
External links{{Commons category|Deaf Smith}}
8 : 1787 births|1837 deaths|Army of the Republic of Texas officers|Deaf military personnel|People of the Texas Revolution|Members of the Texas Ranger Division|Deaf people from the United States|People from West Columbia, Texas |
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