| 词条 | Death Certificate (album) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Death Certificate | type = studio | artist = Ice Cube | cover = Ice Cube-Death Certificate (album cover).jpg | alt = | released = October 29, 1991 | recorded = 1991 | venue = | studio = | genre = {{hlist|West Coast hip hop|gangsta rap|political hip hop|{{nowrap|hardcore hip hop}}}} | length = 1:01:08 | label = {{hlist|Priority|EMI}} | producer = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube {{small|(also exec.)}}|Boogiemen}} | prev_title = Kill at Will | prev_year = 1990 | next_title = The Predator | next_year = 1992 | misc = {{Singles | name = Death Certificate | type = studio | single1 = Steady Mobbin' | single1date = August 9, 1991 | single2 = True to the Game | single2date = September 14, 1992 }} }}Death Certificate is the second studio album by American rapper Ice Cube, released on October 29, 1991 by Priority Records and EMI. The album was re-released for the 25th anniversary edition on June 9, 2017 by Interscope Records after Cube announced signing to the label in late May 2017. It was highly anticipated with over one million advanced orders.[1] The album was certified platinum in sales on December 20, 1991.[2] Due to some of its racially and politically charged content, and Ice Cube's acerbic statements on drug dealing, racial profiling, and the right to keep and bear arms, Death Certificate was the source of much controversy upon its release. In 2003, Priority Records re-released Death Certificate with the bonus track "How to Survive in South Central", which originally appeared on the Boyz n the Hood soundtrack. Death Certificate included the diss track "No Vaseline" which is a response to his former hip hop group N.W.A, and their album Niggaz4Life which included direct and indirect diss tracks and verses to Ice Cube. "No Vaseline" is considered to be one of the greatest diss tracks of all time due to its explicit and direct subject matter towards the members of the group. BackgroundThe recording and writing for Death Certificate began in early 1991, and carried on throughout most of the year. While making the album, as also heavily involved in several other projects, including Yo-Yo's debut album Make Way for the Motherlode, his younger cousin Del tha Funkee Homosapien's I Wish My Brother George Was Here, and perhaps more importantly, his film debut, Boyz n the Hood, in which he co-starred with Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Laurence Fishburne. Similar to AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, Ice Cube was very active in the album's production, though the overall sound differed. Unlike AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, which featured the Bomb Squad's hard edged beats, Death Certificate featured a slightly more West Coast-oriented sound in comparison, with heavy use of 70's Funk and Soul samples. A number of the tracks also use samples taken from acts such as Zapp (Ohio) and Fishbone (California). ContentWhile making Death Certificate, Ice Cube was said to be affiliated with the Nation of Islam, which had a large impact on the majority of the album's content, although he has denied being part of the organization. Death Certificate was roughly organized as two thematic elements of a larger whole, and opens with Cube's explanation: "The Death Side: a mirror image of where we are today; The Life Side: a vision of where we need to go." The first half, therefore, is replete with the tales of drug dealing, whore-mongering and violence expected of a gangsta rap album in 1991. The Death Side's "A Bird in the Hand" laments a young man's slide into a life of drug-dealing for economic survival.[3] Do I have to sell me a whole lot of crack For decent shelter and clothes on my back? Or should I just wait for help from Bush? Or Jesse Jackson and Operation PUSH? The Life Side's "Black Korea" threatens rioting and arson alongside Black entrepreneurship as a response to the preponderance of Korean grocery stores in ghettos across the United States. The track was seen as a response to the death of Latasha Harlins, a 15-year-old African American girl who was shot to death by a Korean store owner on March 16, 1991 in an altercation over a bottle of orange juice.[4] Since the release of the track preceded the 1992 Los Angeles riots, in which many of the people targeted were of Korean descent, Ice Cube was accused of inciting racism by African Americans towards Asians.[5] The track "Look Who's Burnin'" tells of the dangers of sexually transmitted infection in low income neighborhoods, while "Alive on Arrival" tells the story of a young man caught in the crossfire of a gang shootout who slowly bleeds to death while in a hospital waiting room, being questioned by police. "Color Blind" preaches neutrality and brotherhood between gangs, such as the Bloods and Crips. Although Ice Cube's previous album avoided direct attacks on N.W.A, Death Certificate contained "True to the Game" and most notably "No Vaseline,"[6] which were diss tracks aimed at his former bandmates. Unlike Ice Cube's other albums, Death Certificate was not released in a censored version.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} The tracks "Steady Mobbin'," "True To The Game," and "Givin' up the Nappy Dug Out," were, however, recorded with clean lyrics and released for airplay.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} Critical reception{{Album ratings| rev1 = AllMusic | rev1Score = {{rating|5|5}}[7] | rev2 = Chicago Sun-Times | rev2Score = {{rating|4|4}}[8] | rev3 = Christgau's Consumer Guide | rev3Score = C+[9] | rev4 = Entertainment Weekly | rev4Score = A−[10] | rev5 = Los Angeles Times | rev5Score = {{rating|3|4}}[11] | rev6 = Pitchfork | rev6Score = 9.5/10[12] | rev7 = Rolling Stone | rev7Score = {{rating|4|5}}[13] | rev8 = The Rolling Stone Album Guide | rev8Score = {{rating|4|5}}[14] | rev9 = Select | rev9Score = 4/5[15] | rev10 = The Source | rev10Score = 4.5/5[16] }}Death Certificate received critical acclaim. AllMusic called it "even harder and angrier than AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted ... It continues the sharp insights and unflinching looks at contemporary urban lifestyles that his solo debut only hinted at; in short, it's hardcore without any gangsta posturing." They also call it "funkier, noisier, and more musically effective (than AmeriKKKa)." Initially giving a four-and-a-half out of five "mic" rating,[16] The Source retrospectively awarded Death Certificate full marks in a list of "5 Mic Hip-Hop Classics", in its 150th issue.[17] "His homophobia may be irksome," wrote Ted Kessler in Select, "but the shock value of these views has been blunted by lesser rappers. It's the sublime combination of '70s P-Funk and Ice Cube's excellent, taut delivery of rhymes calculated to jolt that pleases."[15] Spin wrote that it "integrates vitriolic politics with raw street knowledge" and "achieves an almost George Clinton-esque sense of celebratory freakiness".[18] "There's a rule in music journalism at the moment," observed the hip-hop fanzine Louder Than A Bomb!. "It says that every Ice-T/N.W.A./Ice Cube record must be described as something like 'a grisly and uncompromising portrait of life in the ghetto'… O.G. was the last. Death Certificate is the next. [But] you can't shut your eyes while listening and imagine the ghetto. It's just a lot of songs about shooting, shagging and N.W.A."[19] Death Certificate received a meager $18,000 promotion budget, and neither of its singles, "Steady Mobbin'" and "True to the Game", received much airplay, although they did receive music video treatment.[20]Accolades
ControversyIn 1992, as a result of the album's controversy, the state of Oregon declared any display of Ice Cube's image in retail stores throughout the state illegal{{fact|date=February 2019}}. This ban also included advertisements for St. Ides Malt Liquor, which Ice Cube endorsed at the time.[28]{{Dead link|date=February 2019}} In the September 2006 issue of FHM, Ice Cube stated in an interview that he did not regret the controversial statements made on the album.[29] Due to fear that laws against racial incitement in the United Kingdom could see the album banned, the original United Kingdom release removed the tracks "Black Korea" and "No Vaseline". Island Records, the distributor of this version of the album, deleted these tracks with the consent of Priority Records, but not Ice Cube himself.[20] "We're very excited about Ice Cube," said Island MD Marc Marot, "but on a personal level I just could not take those two songs. I understand that self-censorship after the NWA case puts us in a strange position, but we're not going to support minority racism or antisemitism. We came to a compromise with Profile that was acceptable."[15] The tracks have since been reinstated on a CD reissue readily available in the UK. Commercial performanceDeath Certificate debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, selling 105,000 copies in its first week of release. On December 20, 1991, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over a million copies. It was certified only two months after the album was released. To date, the album has sold over two million copies in the United States and over five million copies worldwide.[30][31] On September 4, 2015, Death Certificate went back on the Billboard 200 chart and ranked at number 99 with 14,000 sales in that week; also, Greatest Hits and AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted came back on the Billboard 200 in that week with Greatest Hits charting at number 118 with 11,920 sales and AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted at number 150 with 8,300 sales.[32]Track listing{{Track listing| headline = The Death Side | extra_column = Producer(s) | title1 = The Funeral (Intro) | note1 = | writer1 = | extra1 = Sir Jinx | length1 = 1:37 | title2 = The Wrong Nigga to Fuck Wit | note2 = | writer2 = | extra2 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length2 = 2:48 | title3 = My Summer Vacation | note3 = | writer3 = | extra3 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length3 = 3:56 | title4 = Steady Mobbin' | note4 = | writer4 = | extra4 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length4 = 4:10 | title5 = Robin Lench (Interlude) | note5 = | writer5 = | extra5 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Sir Jinx}} | length5 = 1:13 | title6 = Givin' Up the Nappy Dug Out | note6 = | writer6 = | extra6 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length6 = 4:15 | title7 = Look Who's Burnin' | note7 = | writer7 = | extra7 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length7 = 3:53 | title8 = A Bird in the Hand | note8 = | writer8 = | extra8 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length8 = 2:17 | title9 = Man's Best Friend | note9 = | writer9 = | extra9 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length9 = 2:06 | title10 = Alive on Arrival | note10 = | writer10 = | extra10 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length10 = 3:11 | title11 = Death | note11 = featuring Khalid Abdul Muhammad | writer11 = | extra11 = Ice Cube | length11 = 1:03 }}{{Track listing | total_length = 61:08 | extra_column = Producer(s) | headline = The Life Side | title12 = The Birth | note12 = featuring Khalid Abdul Muhammad | writer12 = | extra12 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length12 = 1:21 | title13 = I Wanna Kill Sam | note13 = | writer13 = | extra13 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length13 = 3:22 | title14 = Horny Lil' Devil | note14 = | writer14 = | extra14 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length14 = 3:42 | title15 = Black Korea | note15 = | writer15 = | extra15 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length15 = 0:46 | title16 = True to the Game | note16 = | writer16 = | extra16 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length16 = 4:10 | title17 = Color Blind | note17 = featuring Deadly Threat, Kam, the Maad Circle, King Tee and J-Dee | writer17 = | extra17 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length17 = 4:29 | title18 = Doing Dumb Shit | note18 = | writer18 = | extra18 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length18 = 3:45 | title19 = Us | note19 = | writer19 = | extra19 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length19 = 3:43 | title20 = No Vaseline | note20 = | writer20 = | extra20 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length20 = 5:15 }}{{Tracklisting | headline = 25th Anniversary Edition | collapsed = yes | extra_column = Producer(s) | total_length = 72:15 | title1 = Only One Me | note1 = | writer1 = | extra1 = {{hlist|Checkboy|Ice Cube}} | length1 = 3:40 | title2 = Good Cop, Bad Cop | note2 = | writer2 = | extra2 = {{hlist|T-Mix|Ice Cube}} | length2 = 3:27 | title3 = Dominate the Weak | note3 = | writer3 = | extra3 = {{hlist|Big SOJ|Ice Cube}} | length3 = 4:06 | title4 = The Funeral (Intro) | note4 = | writer4 = | extra4 = Sir Jinx | length4 = 1:37 | title5 = The Wrong Nigga to Fuck Wit | note5 = | writer5 = | extra5 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length5 = 2:48 | title6 = My Summer Vacation | note6 = | writer6 = | extra6 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length6 = 3:56 | title7 = Steady Mobbin' | note7 = | writer7 = | extra7 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length7 = 4:10 | title8 = Robin Lench (Interlude) | note8 = | writer8 = | extra8 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Sir Jinx}} | length8 = 1:13 | title9 = Givin' Up the Nappy Dug Out | note9 = | writer9 = | extra9 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length9 = 4:15 | title10 = Look Who's Burnin' | note10 = | writer10 = | extra10 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length10 = 3:53 | title11 = A Bird in the Hand | note11 = | writer11 = | extra11 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length11 = 2:17 | title12 = Man's Best Friend | note12 = | writer12 = | extra12 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length12 = 2:06 | title13 = Alive on Arrival | note13 = | writer13 = | extra13 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length13 = 3:11 | title14 = Death | note14 = featuring Khalid Abdul Muhammad | writer14 = | extra14 = Ice Cube | length14 = 1:03 | title15 = The Birth | note15 = featuring Khalid Abdul Muhammad | writer15 = | extra15 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length15 = 1:21 | title16 = I Wanna Kill Sam | note16 = | writer16 = | extra16 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length16 = 3:22 | title17 = Horny Lil Devil | note17 = | writer17 = | extra17 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length17 = 3:42 | title18 = Black Korea | note18 = | writer18 = | extra18 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length18 = 0:46 | title19 = True to the Game | note19 = | writer19 = | extra19 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length19 = 4:10 | title20 = Color Blind | note20 = featuring Deadly Threat, Kam, the Maad Circle, King Tee and J-Dee | writer20 = | extra20 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length20 = 4:29 | title21 = Doing Dumb Shit | note21 = | writer21 = | extra21 = {{hlist|Boogiemen|Ice Cube}} | length21 = 3:45 | title22 = Us | note22 = | writer22 = | extra22 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length22 = 3:43 | title23 = No Vaseline | note23 = | writer23 = | extra23 = {{hlist|Sir Jinx|Ice Cube}} | length23 = 5:15 }} Sample creditsAll credits taken from WhoSampled[33]
Personnel{{col-start}}{{col-2}}
Charts{{col-start}}{{col-2}}Chart positions
Year-end charts
Certifications{{Certification Table Top}}{{Certification Table Entry|type=album|region=United States|artist=Ice Cube|title=Death Certificate|award=Platinum|relyear=1991|certyear=1991}}{{Certification Table Bottom}}See also
Notes1. ^Ice Cube dot org - Ice Cube Lyrics, Pictures and more - Part of the Rapbasement Network {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112060131/http://www.icecube.org/bio.php |date=2007-01-12 }} 2. ^[https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS RIAA Searchable Database - Death Certificate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626051113/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS |date=June 26, 2007 }}. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on 2008-08-10. 3. ^{{cite web|author=Harvey, Eric|work=Pitchfork|title=Ice Cube: Death Certificate|date=November 27, 2016|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22561-death-certificate/}} 4. ^{{cite web|work=PopMatters|title=True to the Game: Ice Cube's 'Death Certificate'|first=Dean|last=Van Nguyen|date=18 October 2011|url=http://www.popmatters.com/feature/148997-true-to-the-game-ice-cubes-death-certificate/}} 5. ^{{cite web|work=The New York Times|title=POP VIEW; Rap After the Riot: Smoldering Rage And No Apologies|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=December 13, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/13/arts/pop-view-rap-after-the-riot-smoldering-rage-and-no-apologies.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm}} 6. ^{{cite web|work=The New York Times|title=POP VIEW; Should Ice Cube's Voice Be Chilled?|first=Jon|last=Pareles|date=December 8, 1991|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/08/arts/pop-view-should-ice-cube-s-voice-be-chilled.html}} 7. ^{{cite web|last=Jeffries|first=David|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/death-certificate-mw0000274693|title=Death Certificate – Ice Cube|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=March 30, 2010}} 8. ^{{cite news|last=Corcoran|first=Michael|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4079623.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023195823/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4079623.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 23, 2018|title=Ice Cube, as radical as he wants to be|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=October 27, 1991|accessdate=March 30, 2010|subscription=yes}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Christgau|chapter-url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_album.php?id=1588|chapter=Ice Cube: Death Certificate|accessdate=July 17, 2016|title=Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|year=2000|isbn=0-312-24560-2}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Bernard|first=James|url=http://www.ew.com/article/1991/11/15/death-certificate|title=Death Certificate|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 15, 1991|accessdate=March 30, 2010}} 11. ^{{cite news|last=Hilburn|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Hilburn|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-03/entertainment/ca-1392_1_ice-cube|title=A Crucial Message, a Crude Delivery From Ice Cube|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 3, 1991|accessdate=July 17, 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web|last=Harvey|first=Eric|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/22561-death-certificate/|title=Ice Cube: Death Certificate|work=Pitchfork|date=November 27, 2016|accessdate=November 27, 2016}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last=Caramanica|first=Jon|url=https://www.rollingstone.com:80/reviews/album/317773/review/6067361/deathcertificate|title=Death Certificate: Ice Cube|work=Rolling Stone|date=March 20, 2003|accessdate=April 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123204524/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/317773/review/6067361/deathcertificate|archivedate=November 23, 2007|deadurl=yes|df=}} 14. ^{{cite book|chapter=Ice Cube|last=Relic|first=Peter|title=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide|edition=4th|year=2004|editor1-last=Brackett|editor1-first=Nathan|editor2-last=Hoard|editor2-first=Christian|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=0-7432-0169-8|pages=400–01}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Kessler|first=Ted|title=Ice Cube: Death Certificate|work=Select|issue=19|date=January 1992}} 16. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Reef|url=http://thimk.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/ice-cube-dc.jpg|title=Ice Cube: Death Certificate|work=The Source|issue=28|date=January 1992|accessdate=December 24, 2010|page=85|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vCiOSFsw?url=http://thimk.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/ice-cube-dc.jpg|archivedate=December 24, 2010|deadurl=yes}} 17. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.thesource.com/articles/23160/The-Complete-List-Of-5-Mic-Hip-Hop-Classics |title=The Complete List Of 5 Mic Hip-Hop Classics |work=The Source |date=August 4, 2010 |accessdate=August 21, 2015 |author=Kazeem |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5vCiRXG4F?url=http://www.thesource.com/articles/23160/The-Complete-List-Of-5-Mic-Hip-Hop-Classics |archivedate=December 24, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 18. ^Spin (1/92, p. 72) 19. ^{{cite magazine|first=Dean|last=Moriarty|title=On 33|magazine=Louder Than A Bomb! #2|date=February 1992|p=5}} 20. ^1 {{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.rockrap.com/archive/archiv94.html | title = Rock & Rap Archives: Number 94/January 1992 | work = | publisher = | accessdate= June 8, 2007}} 21. ^MTV.com 22. ^Rocklistmusic.co.uk 23. ^Trevornelson.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204222100/http://www.trevornelson.com/nonflash/top100.asp |date=February 4, 2012 }} 24. ^Rap.about.com 25. ^1 2 3 4 Acclaimedmusic.net 26. ^Hip Hop Connection, July 1994 27. ^Album Guide To Coke Rap {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831203023/http://blog.rhapsody.com/2010/07/cokerap.html |date=August 31, 2012 }} Referenced 26 July 2010 28. ^Ice Cube for St. Ides Malt Liquor - Commercials - SPIKE Powered By IFILM 29. ^Ice Cube Quote/Unquote: September 2006 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911215202/http://www.fhm.com/reviews/music/ice-cube-quoteunquote-september-2006-20060909 |date=2014-09-11 }} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-17/entertainment/ca-53_1_ice-cube |title=Ice Cube's Frozen Assets Chill Capitol's Expenditures - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=1991-11-17 |accessdate=2012-02-13}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://homerecording.com/bbs/general-discussions/dj-hip-hop-production/soundscan-album-sales-10-12-2005-a-173006/ |title=SoundScan Album Sales 10/12/2005 - Home Recording forums |publisher=Homerecording.com |date=2005-10-14 |accessdate=2012-02-13}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6677553/nwa-first-top-40-hit-hot-100 |title=N.W.A Takes Over Charts, Gets First Top 40 Hit on Hot 100 |work=Billboard}} 33. ^{{Cite web|title = Ice Cube on WhoSampled|url = http://www.whosampled.com/Ice-Cube/|website = WhoSampled|accessdate = 2015-10-02}} References
External links
5 : Ice Cube albums|1991 albums|Priority Records albums|Political hip hop albums|Political music albums by American artists |
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