| 词条 | Marvin Pipkin |
| 释义 |
| image = Marvin Pipkin with 2 bulbs.jpg | caption = Marvin Pipkin showing his invention of the frosted soft white light bulbs | birth_date = {{birth date|1889|11|18}} | birth_place = Lakeland, Florida | death_place = Lakeland, Florida |death_date ={{death date and age|1977|01|7|1889|11|18}} | birth_name = | years_active = | occupation = Chemist | other_names = | website = | spouse = | partner = | children = }} Marvin Pipkin (November 18, 1889 – January 7, 1977) was an American chemist. During his time in the United States Army he worked on gas masks. In his civilian life he invented a process for frosting the inside of incandescent light bulbs to cut down on the sharp glare and diffuse the light. He went on to make many other inventions and innovative improvements to the light bulb. Early lifeFamilyThe fourth of six children, Pipkin was born November 18, 1889, just south of Lakeland, Florida in a community called Christina. His parents were Daniel M. Pipkin and Sarah Catherine (Moore) Pipkin. Daniel, his father, owned a citrus grove and was a farmer.[1] He married to Kathryn Patricia Enright (1896–1957) on July 21, 1919;[1] they had three daughters.[2] He spoke with a pronounced southern accent.[1] EducationHe attended Lakeland elementary school and graduated from Bartow High School in Bartow, Florida. One of his classmates noted that his chemical knowledge was more than all the rest in his class put together.[2] Pipkin's first job was at a prospecting firm, where he worked for a year. Following that, he worked for about a year at International Mineral and Chemical Corporation of Bartow, where he was surrounded by college-educated people.[2] Having decided that he had to attend college in order to expand his chemical ideas, he went to Alabama Polytechnic Institute (API), graduating with a degree in Chemical Engineering in 1913. He worked for a year in a fertilizer laboratory then returned to API, where he gained his master's degree in 1915.[1] Mid lifePipkin enlisted in the Army in Jacksonville, Florida, in November 5, 1917.{{sfn|GE Cleveland|1920|p=34}} Gas masksBecause the Germans were using lethal gas as a weapon during World War I, gas mask research for protection of the soldiers and public had a high priority. With his chemical background, Pipkin was posted to the Army's Gas Defense Department at General Electric's Nela Park in Cleveland.{{sfn|Keating|1954|p=119}} The principles embodied in Pipkin's gas mask innovations remained in use throughout the twentieth century.[2] He was promoted to the "senior grade rank of Master Engineer".{{Citation needed|reason="senior grade rank of Master Engineer" needs clarification and explanation|date=January 2018}} Nela ParkHe remained at Nela Park after the war, and worked in General Electric’s bulb development department.[1] Light bulb innovationsThe public felt that the glare from clear transparent incandescent lamps gave off a harshness that was unwanted by most people. Another side effect was that they made it hard to see objects in immediate vicinity of the lamp. They desired a lamp that had a softer light with no glare. In 1920, General Electric developed a 30 watt light bulb that had outside etching as a frosting effect for the electric lamp. It effectively diffused the light to make it softer; however, it decreased the light produced by 15–25 percent. Another problem with the lamp was that fluorides came off in the sealing of the lamp and attacked the tungsten filament.[2] External etching of the globe bulb weakened it. The rough outside surface collected dust and dirt and was difficult to clean. The globes of the bulb were brittle and would often break with just ordinary handling.{{sfn|Payne|1927|p=25}} When Pipkin went to work for General Electric he was assigned the "impossible" task of finding a way to frost electric light bulbs on the inside without weakening the strength of the glass. Not being aware his assignment was a type of joke, he went about the task as if it was something that could be done and had been done before.{{sfn|Lynn|1973|p=57}} In 1925, Pipkin produced an innovative acid etching process for the inside of the globe of an electric lamp so that it did not deteriorate the lamp glass globe.{{sfn|Hendrickson III|2014|p=564}}[3] His was a two step acid process that etched the interior of glass with tiny crevasses on the first process as was the normal procedure done by other science engineers, but he added a second acid step that caused soft, rounded dimples from the crevasses which gave the bulbs added strength. There was minimal loss of diffusion of light with his innovation.{{sfn|Lynn|1973|p=57}} It left the outside of the globe of the glass lamp smooth that did not hold dust like a rough surface one did.{{sfn|Cox|1979|p=71}}{{sfn|Federal Cases|1937|p=887}} The first electric light bulb frosted on the inside with sufficient strength for ordinary handling that could be sold to the public was invented by Pipkin in 1925.{{sfn|Kane|1964|p=229}}{{sfn|Ohio Engineer|1951|p=11}}{{sfn|Encyclopedia Americana|1955|p=185}} This idea of having a second treatment to smooth out the fine-grained texture to dimples came about by an accident. Pipkin would often clean out the experimental bulbs with another solution of the acid, but in a weaker solution. If he let the filled bulb set for a while with this weaker solution it would clean out the etching previously done and return the glass globe to be transparent again. This saved the bulbs so they wouldn't be thrown away and could be experimented with again. One day, while he was pouring the weaker solution into a bulb, the phone rang. In the process of answering the phone, he accidentally tipped the bulb over before it had enough time to finish cleaning out the previous etching. When he returned to his work, he accidentally knocked the glass bulb off the workbench and onto the floor. To his surprise it did not shatter, as etched bulbs normally did, but bounced a few times and then rolled under the workbench. Pipkin was surprised to find that the bulb glass had somehow become much stronger. As it turned out, a short bath in the weaker cleaning solution, taken out before it had a chance to remove the etching, caused the etching of the first frosting treatment to form dimples in the etching, that strengthened the glass.{{sfn|Payne|1927|p=24}} Pipkin then did a demonstration of the bulbs' integrity to his supervisor at General Electric.[4] He presented to his supervisor six light bulbs that had been frosted on the inside. Some had just the one application of acid and others with his reinforced second treatment innovation, strengthening the glass globe. He placed the bulbs on his supervisor’s desk, standing up on their screw bottoms. He tipped the first three over, one at a time, to simulate a bulb being dropped from a small height. These were the bulbs treated with original single acid application, and as expected, all three bulbs shattered. He then tipped over the remaining three bulbs, which were tempered with his new two-step acid treatment. They remained unbroken, much to the surprise of his supervisor. Then, to further demonstrate the effectiveness of his tempering process, Pipkin took bulbs that had not shattered and dropped them again, this time allowing them to fall to the office floor. The bulbs bounced on the floor, and settled without breaking. This demonstrated Pipkin's innovation of a two-step acid etching process for frosting a glass light bulb interior, and creating a strong glass globe.[4] Pipkin's new frosted bulb revolutionized the industry, allowing the manufacture of frosted bulbs, that diffused the light without losing much intensity, and were strong enough to be commercially viable.{{sfn|Kane|1964|p=229}}{{sfn|Ohio Engineer|1951|p=11}}{{sfn|Encyclopedia Americana|1955|p=185}} He went on to make many innovations to the light bulb and two decades later developed the soft white light bulb.[5] Pipkin in 1947 invented an improved version of the process with silica coating that replaced the internal acid etching process.{{sfn|Bonnier Corp|1949|p=125}} The 1947 smoke-thin internal silica coating lasted for 30 years and had the trade name of Q coat.{{sfn|Keating|1954|p=226}} The 100-watt Deluxe Soft-White light bulb was made from this. Pipkin is also credited with perfecting the photo flash bulb with several patents. Besides the frosted light bulb, Pipkin invented or improved many other products during his career with General Electric, including the 100 watt Deluxe-White bulb of the soft light bulb series.[2] These were noted in articles in Time magazine, Newsweek magazine, and the Saturday Evening Post magazine, as well in scientific journals.[5] U.S. patents
Later life and deathPipkin retired from the General Electric Nela Park laboratory in November 1954. He settled at his home on Beacon Road in Lakeland, Florida. He had lived in the town most of his life. Pipkin died at the General Hospital in Lakeland on January 7, 1977, of cancer. He was 87 years old. He is buried at the Fitzgerald Cemetery in Lakeland. At the time of his death he had three daughters still living. He also had three brothers and three sisters.[1] Society membershipsPipkin was a member of Tuscan Masonic Lodge, Knights of Pythias, and the American Chemical Society.[1] AwardsHe was awarded the Charles A. Coffin award for his achievements in electric lamp improvements.[6] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=http://fl-genweb.org/decole/Polk/pofam/Pipkin/MarvPipk.html |title= Marvin Pipkin (Nov. 18, 1889 – Jan. 7, 1977)|last=McSwain |first=Peggy |date= March 18, 2010 |website=Polk County Family Biographies – Families – Obits |publisher= |access-date= December 19, 2017|quote=}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 Marvin Pipkin, 87, Lakeland Inventor, Dies From Cancer, The Ledger, January 8, 1977, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-3IsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wPoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2624%2C1504276 pp. 1–] [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-3IsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wPoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3711%2C15328037 7] 3. ^{{cite web |url= http://cypresstraceproperty.com/history-2/notable-people/ |title= Notable People |author= |date=2017 |website= |publisher= The Estates of Cypress Trace |access-date=December 21, 2017 |quote=Marvin Pipkin is best known as the inventor of the inside-frost process of bulbs for incandescent lamps, which was developed in 1925, as well as the improved process developed in 1947, which consisted of an application of silica to the inside of a bulb.}} 4. ^1 {{cite news |author= |title= Light Bulb has interior frost |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15969503/ |work= The San Bernardino County Sun| page =2 |location= San Bernardino, California |date= January 21, 1928 |via=Newspapers.com {{open access}} }} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.schenectadymuseum.org/edison/c_modules/module_identify/A51.htm |title=Marvin Pipkin |author= |date= 2017|website= |publisher=Schenectady Museum Association |access-date=December 20, 2017 |quote=He continued to work at NELA for many more years and eventually created the Soft-White light bulb nearly 25 years later.}} 6. ^Popular Science (1927), p. 24 Sources
9 : 20th-century American chemists|General Electric people|1889 births|1977 deaths|People from Lakeland, Florida|Military personnel from Florida|Auburn University alumni|Deaths from cancer in Florida|20th-century American inventors |
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