请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)
释义

  1. History

  2. List of metropolitan municipalities

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. Other sources

{{More footnotes|date=August 2017}}{{Use South African English|date=January 2015}}{{Politics of South Africa}}

In South Africa, a metropolitan municipality or Category A municipality is a municipality which executes all the functions of local government for a city or conurbation. This is by contrast to areas which are primarily rural, where the local government is divided into district municipalities and local municipalities.

The Constitution, section 155.1.a, defines "Category A" municipalities.[1] In the Municipal Structures Act it is laid out that this type of local government is to be used for conurbations, "centre[s] of economic activity", areas "for which integrated development planning is desirable", and areas with "strong interdependent social and economic linkages".[2]

The metropolitan municipality is similar to the consolidated city-county in the USA, although a South African metropolitan municipality is created by notice of the provincial government, not by agreement between district and local municipalities.

History

Metropolitan municipalities were brought about during reforms of the 1990s so that cities could be governed as single entities.[3] This was a response to apartheid policy which had broken up municipal governance. For example Soweto had, until 1973 been administered by the Johannesburg City Council, but after 1973 was run by an Administration Board separate from the city council. This arrangement deprived Soweto of vital subsidies that it had been receiving from Johannesburg.[4] A key demand of anti-apartheid civics in the 1980s was for 'one city, one tax base' in order to facilitate the equitable distribution of funds within what was a functionally integrated urban space.[5] Local government reform after apartheid produced six Transitional Metropolitan Councils following the 1995/6 local government elections. These were characterized by a two-tier structure.[6] [7] From 2000, these six Metropolitan Councils were restructured into their final single-tier form. In 2011, Buffalo City (East London) and Mangaung (Bloemfontein) were added to the category of metropolitan municipality.[8]

List of metropolitan municipalities

Name Code Province Seat Area
(km2)[9]		 Population
(2016)[10]		 Pop. density
(per km2)
Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality BUF Eastern Cape East London2,750834,997303.6
City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality CPT Western Cape Cape Town2,4464,005,0161,637.6
City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality JHB Gauteng Johannesburg1,6454,949,3473,008.8
City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality TSH Gauteng Pretoria6,2983,275,152520.0
City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality[11] EKU Gauteng Germiston1,9753,379,1041,710.6
eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality ETH KwaZulu-Natal Durban2,5563,702,2311,448.5
Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality MAN Free State Bloemfontein9,886787,80379.7
Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality NMA Eastern Cape Port Elizabeth1,9571,263,051645.4

See also

  • Urban planning in Africa

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons7.htm|title=Welcome to the official South African government online site! - South African Government|website=Info.gov.za|accessdate=29 August 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105012619/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons7.htm|archivedate=5 January 2011|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70652|title=Welcome to the official South African government online site! - South African Government|website=Info.gov.za|accessdate=29 August 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629114034/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70652|archivedate=29 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}
3. ^Mabin, Alan (2006) Local government in South Africa’s larger cities. In U. Pillay, R. Tomlinson, & J. du Toit (Eds.) Democracy and delivery: urban policy in South Africa (pp. 135-156). Cape Town: HSRC.
4. ^Parnell, Susan and Gordon Pirie (1991) Johannesburg. In Anthony Lemon (eds) Homes apart: South Africa’s segregated cities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press pp 129-145
5. ^Mark Swilling, Richard Humphries and Khehal Shubane (eds) Apartheid city in Transition. Cape Town: Oxford University Press
6. ^van Donk, Mirjam and Edgar Pieterse (2006) ‘Reflections on the design of a post-apartheid system of (urban) local government’ in Udesh Pillay; Richard Tomlinson; Jacques du Toit (eds.) Democracy and Delivery: Urban Policy in South Africa. Cape Town HSRC Press
7. ^Cameron, Robert (2006) Local government boundary reorganization. In Udesh Pillay, Richard Tomlinson, Jacques du Toit (eds.) Democracy and Delivery: Urban Policy in South Africa. Cape Town HSRC Press pp 76-106
8. ^{{cite news|author1=Lynelle John|author2=Landiwe Mahlangu|title=Metros in SA: Debate on national policy choices|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=21 June 2011|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-06-21-metros-in-sa-debate-on-national-policy-choices|accessdate=2017-08-29}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.demarcation.org.za/site/shapefiles/|title=Shapefiles Statistics|website=Demarcation.org.za|accessdate=2017-08-29}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://interactive2.statssa.gov.za/webapi|title=Statistics|website=Interactive2.statssa.gov.za|accessdate=2017-08-29}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurhuleni.gov.za/thecouncil/organisation/city-of-ekurhuleni-gazette|title=AMENDMENT OF NOTICE ESTABLISHING THE EKURHULENI METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY (NOTICE NO. 3585 OF 2005)|website=Ekurhuleni.gov.za|accessdate=29 August 2017}}

Other sources

  • Government Communication & Information Services (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060116103833/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/locgovt/categories.htm Categories of municipalities]
  • Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (1996) Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Chapter 7: Local Government
  • Parliament of the Republic of South Africa (1998) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629114034/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70652 Local Government: Municipal Structures Act], Act 117 of 1998.
  • South African Local Government Association
{{Administrative divisions of South Africa}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}

1 : Metropolitan Municipalities of South Africa
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/22 10:28:29