“Dental and alveolar ejectives”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Dental and alveolar ejectives

释义

Features
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar Alveolar
See also
Notes
References

{{Refimprove|date=September 2014}}{{infobox IPA|ipa number=165|ipa symbol=tʼ|imagefile=IPA alveolar ejective.png|decimal1=116|decimal2=357|x-sampa=t_>|kirshenbaum=t`}}

The alveolar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, usually described as voiceless, being pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨ʼ⟩^[1], as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ⟨p‘ t‘ k‘⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions, the apostrophe represents palatalization: ⟨pʼ⟩ = IPA ⟨pʲ⟩. In some Americanist traditions, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨k̓ , k!⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨kʼ, kʼʼ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection.

In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In Hausa, the hooked letter ƙ is used for /kʼ/. In Zulu and Xhosa, whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: p t k ts tsh kr for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/. In some conventions for Haida and Hadza, double letters are used: tt kk qq ttl tts for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and zz jj dl gg for /tsʼ tʃʼ cʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza).

Features

Features of the alveolar ejective:

There are four specific variants of {{IPA|[tʼ]}}:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dahalo{{sfnp\|Maddieson\|Spajić\|Sands\|Ladefoged\|1993\|p=27}}		{{IPA\|[t̪ʼat̪t̪a]}}		'hair'	Maddieson\|Spajić\|Sands\|Ladefoged\|1993\|pp=27–28}}

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		kbd-Cyrl\|ятӀэ}}	Yata.ogg\|[jaːtʼa]}}	'dirt'
Amharic		ጥጃ	[tʼəd͡ʒa]}}	'calf'
Armenian	Dum-Tragut\|2009\|pp=17–18}}	am\|տիկ}}	'wineskin'	[t⁼]}} in other Eastern dialects.
Dahalo{{sfnp\|Maddieson\|Spajić\|Sands\|Ladefoged\|1993\|p=27}}		{{IPA\|[t̺ʼirimalle]}}		'spider'	Maddieson\|Spajić\|Sands\|Ladefoged\|1993\|pp=27–28}}
Ganza^[2]{{rp\|95}}		{{IPA\|[tʼóɗó]}}		‘black’
Georgian		sq\|ტიტა}}	[tʼitʼa]}}	'tulip'
Haida		qqayttas	[qʼajtʼas]}}	'basket'
Kabardian		kbd-Cyrl\|тӀы}}	тӏы.ogg\|[tʼə]}}	'ram'
Kawésqar		t'ǽrkse	[tʼǽɾkse]}}	'spicy'
Khwarshi		тӀая	[tʼaja]}}	'to drop'
Nez Perce		tʼeyíitʼeyii	[tʼæˈjiːtʼæjiː]}}	'flat'
Ossetian	Iron	стъалы	[ˈstʼäɫɪ̈]}}	'star'
Quechua		tʼanta	[tʼæntæ]}}	'bread'

Notes

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart|title=The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart {{!}} International Phonetic Association|website=www.internationalphoneticassociation.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-01}}
2. ^{{cite journal| last = Smolders| first = Joshua| date = 2016| title = A Phonology of Ganza | url = http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/document/1070 | format = pdf| journal = Linguistic Discovery| volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 86-144| doi = 10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.470| access-date = 2017-01-16}}

References

{{Citation

|last=Dum-Tragut
|first=Jasmine
|year=2009
|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company
|place=Amsterdam
}}

{{Citation

|last1=Maddieson
|first1=Ian
|authorlink1=Ian Maddieson
|last2=Spajić
|first2=Siniša
|last3=Sands
|first3=Bonny
|last4=Ladefoged
|first4=Peter
|authorlink4=Peter Ladefoged
|year=1993
|chapter=Phonetic structures of Dahalo
|editor-last=Maddieson
|editor-first=Ian
|title=UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
|volume=84
|pages=25–65
|publication-place=Los Angeles
|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group
|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432
}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Alveolar Ejective}}

4 : Alveolar consonants|Ejectives|Oral consonants|Central consonants

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