| 释义 |
- Etymology
- Deshmukh as a title Local office
- Notables
- Notes
- References
- Bibliography
{{short description|Indian historical title}}Deshmukh ({{lang-mr|देशमुख}}) or Dēśamukh is a historical title conferred to the rulers of a Dēśamukhi. Deshmukh is the greatest position given to a landlord followed by Patil. 1 Deshmukh equals 32 Patil. It is also a surname native to the Indian state of Maharashtra,[1] but it is also prevalent in Karnataka, Telangana[2] and Andhra Pradesh.[3] Etymology In Marathi, Desh means land, country and mukh means head or chief; thus, deshmukh means "the head" of a district.[4] Deshmukh as a title Local office Deshmukh was a historical title given to a person who was granted a territory of land, in Maharashtra, Northern Karnataka, Telangana, Chhattisgarh. The granted territory was usually referred to as the Dēśamukhi. The Deshmukh was in effect the ruler of the territory, as he was entitled to a portion of the collected taxes. It was also his duty to maintain the basic services in the territory, such as police and judicial duties. It was typically a hereditary system. The title of Deshmukh provided the titled family with revenues from the area and the responsibility to keep the order.[5][6]The Deshmukh system was abolished after the independence of India in 1947, when the government confiscated most of the land of the Deshmukhs. Some families, however, maintain their status as real estate barons, most notably in Mumbai, with holdover properties that were not taken away. It was similar in many respects to the Zamindar and Jagir systems in India, and can be considered as a feudal system. Typically taxes collected were to be distributed fairly and occasionally deshmukhs participated in Vedic rituals in which they redistributed all material possessions to the people. However, the title Deshmukh should not be associated to a particular religion or caste. Deshmukhis were granted by the Deccan sultanates, Mughal emperors, Nizams of Hyderabad and other Muslim rulers and by Maratha emperors (Chhatrapatis) to Deshastha Brahmins[7][8], Chitpavan Brahmins, Marathas, Lingayats, Reddys CKPs, Jains and Muslims.[9][10] - During the rule of Qutb-shahis of Golkonda majority of Deshmukh's and Sir-Deshmukh's were Deshastha Brahmins of Madhwa Section. But, later many of these Deshmukh's became Zamindars and Jagirdars during British rule.[11]
- In North Karnataka many parganas were granted to Deshastha Brahmins and were made Deshmukh's by Sultanate of Bijapur.[12]
- In Telangana many Jagirdaar's of Deshastha Brahmin, Velama, and Reddy families were given the title "Deshmukh" by the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Inukonda Thirumali of Telangana describes the role of Deshmukhs:[13]They were primarily revenue collectors; and when (magisterial and judicial) responsibilities were added to their function they became Deshmukhs, chiefs of the parganas. Gradually, each of these assignments tended to become a watan i.e., hereditary lease. Despite changes in the political authority at the top, this institution survived, since no ruler from above wished to risk disturbing local administration, headed by village officials. This institution was deeply entrenched in the region with local support and structured in organized 'community' life. The Deshmukh presided over meetings of the pargana community known as {{sic|'got sahba'}}['got sabha'] which decided and confirmed claims over inheritance, purchase, and transfer of waters. The Deshmukh by virtue of local sanction and consensus could not be easily displaced from above.
Barry Pavier describes Deshmukhs:[14] These were, in the 1940s, the layer of the very large landowners in Telangana. They owned from 2,000-3,000 acres at the lower end to {{convert|160000|acre|km2}} at the upper scale.The reforms abandoned the previous practice, of auctioning off the revenue collection in the government-administered areas to farmers, in favour of direct revenue collection by the State. The 'revenue farmers' were given land in compensation. Most of them availed of the opportunity to seize as much of the best land as they could. They also received a pension. The Deshmukh's were thus given a dominant position in the rural economy which they proceeded resolutely to strengthen during the succeeding decades.
Writing in the nineteenth century, Major W. H. Skyes, the statistical reporter to the Government of Bombay, described the Deshmukh:[15] The Desmukhs were, no doubt, originally appointed by Government, and they possessed all the above advantages, on the tenure of collecting and being responsible for the revenue, for superintending the cultivation and police of their districts, and carrying into effect all orders of Government. They were, in fact, to a district what a Patil is to a village; in short, were charged with its whole Government.
Notables Most notables from modern period with this surname are social activists or politicians. - Nanaji Deshmukh, social activist, founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh Party, MP of BJP; Bharat Ratna.
- Gopal Hari Deshmukh, writer and social reformer best known for his Lokhitwadinchi Shatapatre.
- C.D. Deshmukh, economist, former governor of Reserve Bank of India and former Finance Minister in the Union Cabinet.
- Durgabai Deshmukh, wife of C.D. Deshmukh and founder of Andhra Mahila Sabha.
- Dr.Gopalrao Khedkar (Deshmukh). 1900- 1970 was the first President of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee.
- Ramrao Madhavrao Deshmukh (Marathi: रामराव माधवराव देश्मुख) (1892–1981) was a prominent political and academic personality from Amravati, Maharashtra. He was one of the very few Barristers from the region at that time.
- B.G.Deshmukh (1929–2011), former cabinet secretary and principal secretary to three prime (Rajiv Gandhi, VP Singh, and Chandrashekhar), a 1951 batch IAS and the first person to get into the IAS through competitive examinations.
- Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh, social and political leader, founder of Shivaji education Society, Amravati, the agricultural minister in Jawaharlal Nehru cabinet.
- Vilasrao Deshmukh, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra.
- Vijay Deshmukh, Maharashtra state Minister From solapur.
- Ritesh Deshmukh, Hindi film actor; son of Vilasrao Deshmukh.
- Shivajirao Deshmukh, former Chairman of Maharashtra Legislative Council
- Anil Deshmukh, politician from NCP
- Sandhya Shantaram (nee Vijaya Deshmukh[16]), Actress
- Ranjana Deshmukh, Marathi actress
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=deshmukh | title=Deshmukh Family History | publisher=Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press | work=Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press | date=2013 | accessdate=27 July 2016}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=Telangana struggle: memoirs|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xW9uAAAAMAAJ|author=Āruṭla Rāmacandrāreḍḍi|publisher=People's Publishing House|year=1984|page=vi|quote=The Deshmukh system of allocation of whole villages to some was introduced by the Nizam when Salarjung I was the prime minister on the advice of British after 1857}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Healer: Dr Prathap Chandra Reddy and the Transformation of India|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MxFMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT578|page=578|author=Pranay Gupte|publisher=Penguin UK|accessdate=15 December 2013}}
4. ^J. G. Duff, A history of Mahratta Vol 1, p. 39
5. ^{{cite book|title=Indian Village|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LjFEDwAAQBAJ|page=contents|publisher=Routledge Publications|accessdate=30 October 2017|author=S.C.Dube}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=Healer: Dr Prathap Chandra and the Transformation of India|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MxFMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT578&dq=deshmukh+title&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBle7U2NnaAhXMjpQKHWpdAaUQ6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=deshmukh%20title&f=false|publisher=Penguin UK|author=Pranay Gupte|accessdate=15 December 2013|page=Contents}}
7. ^{{cite book|title=Understanding Our Fellow Pilgrims|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4IXYAAAAMAAJ&q=deshmukh+deshastha+brahmins&dq=deshmukh+deshastha+brahmins|page=66|publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Prakash|author=Gregory Naik|year=2000|isbn=9788187886105}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=The Marathas 1600-1818, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Stewart Gordon|page=27|year=1993|isbn=9780521268837}}
9. ^{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600-1818, Volume 2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521033160 |page=27 }}
10. ^{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|year=1998|page=2082|publisher=Oxford University press|author=Kumar Suresh Singh}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: papers|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xFZXAAAAMAAJ|author=Appasaheb Ganapatrao Pawar|publisher=Shivaji University|accessdate=1 February 2008|page=31}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=The Marathas 1600-1818, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Stewart Gordon|page=50-53|year=1993|isbn=9780521268837}}
13. ^Thirumali, pp top47
14. ^Pavier, pp1413
15. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=vBITAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA5-PA1-IA8 Report of Land Tenures of the Dekkan], by Major W. H. Skyes, Statistical Reporter to the Government of Bombay, Chapter VII pg9, Parliamentary Papers, Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons, HMSO 1866
16. ^{{cite book|title=Gender, Culture, and Performance: Marathi Theatre and Cinema before Independence|author=Meera Kosambi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ey8rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=341}}
Bibliography- Dora and Gadi: Manifestation of Landlord Domination in Telangana, I. Thirumali, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 27, No. 9 (Feb. 29, 1992), pp. 477–482
- Telangana Movement Revisited, K. Balagopal, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 18, No. 18 (Apr. 30, 1983), pp. 709–712
- The Imperial Crisis in the Deccan, J. F. Richards, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Feb., 1976), pp. 237–256
- The Telangana Armed Struggle, Barry Pavier, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 9, No. 32/34, Special Number (Aug., 1974), pp. 1413+1417-1420
- Anatomy of Rebellion, Claude Emerson Welch, SUNY Press, 1980 {{ISBN|0-87395-441-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87395-441-9}}
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=vBITAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA5-PA1-IA8 Report of Land Tenures of the Dekkan], by Major W. H. Skyes, Statistical Reporter to the Government of Bombay, Chapter VII pg9, Parliamentary Papers, Great Britain Parliament, House of Commons, HMSO 1866
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=X5H6n5iKGaYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA45 Indian Village], S. C. Dube, Morris Edward Opler, Routledge, 2003, pp. 45
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA119 The Landed Gentry of the Telangana, Andhra Pradesh], Hugh Gray in Elites in South Asia, eds Edmund Leach and S.N. Mukherjee, Cambridge University Press, 1970
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=TPjIh1G0TmcC Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons], P. Sundarayya, Foundation Books, 2006
3 : Indian feudalism|Titles of national or ethnic leadership|Indian words and phrases |