| 词条 | George Medal | ||||
| 释义 |
|name= The George Medal |image= |caption= Obverse and reverse of the medal |awarded_by= United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Commonwealth |type= Civil decoration |eligibility= Those performing acts of bravery in, or meriting recognition by, the United Kingdom |for= "... acts of great bravery" |campaign= |status= Currently awarded |description= Silver disc, 36 mm diameter |clasps= |post-nominals= GM |established= {{Start date|1940|09|24|df=y}} |first_award= |last_award= |total= Approx 2,122 About half awarded to civilians[1] 27 bars for second award |posthumous= |recipients= |individual= |precedence_label=Order of Wear |higher=Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying)[1] |lower= Queen's Police Medal, for Gallantry |related=George Cross |image2= Ribbon bar of the George Medal Ribbon of the GM and Bar |caption2= }} The George Medal (GM), instituted on 24 September 1940 by King George VI,[2] is a decoration of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth, awarded for gallantry "not in the face of the enemy" where the services were not so outstanding as to merit the George Cross. HistoryIn 1940, during the height of the Blitz, there was a strong desire to reward the many acts of civilian courage. The existing awards open to civilians were not judged suitable to meet the new situation, therefore it was decided that the George Cross and the GM would be instituted to recognise both civilian gallantry in the face of enemy bombing and brave deeds more generally.[1] Announcing the new awards, the King said: {{Quote|In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution.[3]}}The Warrant for the GM (along with that of the GC), dated 24 January 1941, was published in The London Gazette on 31 January 1941.[4] CriteriaThe medal is granted in recognition of "acts of great bravery".[5] The original warrant for the George Medal did not explicitly permit it to be awarded posthumously. This was changed in December 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have been subsequently made.[6] The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to military personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy.[7] As the Warrant states: {{Quote|The Medal is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted.[8]}}Recipients are entitled to the post-nominal letters GM.[9] Bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award. In undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon to indicate each bar.[10]The details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in The London Gazette. Approximately 2,122 medals have been awarded since its inception in 1940,{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} with 27 second award bars.[11] DescriptionThe GM is a circular silver medal {{convert|36|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter, with the ribbon suspended from a ring. It has the following design.[12] The obverse depicts the crowned effigy of the reigning monarch. To date, there have been four types: The reverse shows St George on horseback slaying the dragon on the coast of England, with the legend THE GEORGE MEDAL around the top edge of the medal. The name of the recipient is engraved on the rim of the medal, although some Army awards have impressed naming.[12] Recipients{{see|List of recipients of the George Medal}}The first recipients, listed in the London Gazette of 30 September 1940, were Chief Officer Ernest Herbert Harmer and Second Officer Cyril William Arthur Brown of the Dover Fire Brigade, and Section Officer Alexander Edmund Campbell of the Dover Auxiliary Fire Service, who on 29 July had volunteered to return to a ship loaded with explosives in Dover Harbour to fight fires aboard while an air raid was in progress.[14][15] Seven other people were also awarded the medal, including the first women; Ambulance Driver Dorothy Clarke and Ambulance Attendant Bessie Jane Hepburn of Aldeburgh, Suffolk, for rescuing a man badly injured in an explosion.[14] The first recipient chronologically was Coxswain Robert Cross, commander of the RNLI lifeboat City of Bradford, based at Spurn Point, whose award was gazetted on 7 February 1941. It was awarded for an incident on 2 February 1940 when Cross took the lifeboat out in gale force winds, snowsqualls, and very rough seas to rescue the crew of a steam trawler.[16][13] The youngest recipient was Charity Anne Bick, who lied about her age to join the ARP service at 14 years old, and who delivered several messages by bicycle during a heavy air raid in West Bromwich in late 1940.[17] The first person to receive a second award was George Samuel Sewell, an engineer working for Shell-Mex and B.P. Ltd., based at the oil terminal at Salt End, near Hull, for his actions during an air raid. Having been one of the first recipients in September 1940,[14] his bar to the George Medal was gazetted on 4 July 1941.[13][18] 2015 was the 75th anniversary of the creation of the award and was marked with a ceremony in London.[19] See also
Notes1. ^{{London Gazette |issue=56878 |page=3352 |date=17 March 2003 |supp=y}} 2. ^British Gallantry Medals (Abbott and Tamplin), p.138 3. ^{{cite web|title=George Cross Database |url=http://www.gc-database.co.uk/decoration.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514183218/http://www.gc-database.co.uk/decoration.htm |archivedate=14 May 2011}} 4. ^{{London Gazette |issue=35060 |pages=623–624 |date=31 January 1941 |nolink=yes}} 5. ^London Gazette, 31 January 1941 – Warrant, Fifth clause 6. ^{{London Gazette |issue=47397 |date=5 December 1977 |page=15235 |supp=y |nolink=yes}} 7. ^Which could not therefore be recognised by a military decoration, that typically require gallantry in the face of the enemy. 8. ^The London Gazette, 31 January 1941 – Warrant, Second clause 9. ^The London Gazette, 31 January 1941 – Warrant, Ninth clause 10. ^1 London Gazette, 31 January 1941 – Warrant, Seventh clause 11. ^1 2 Medal Yearbook 2015, page 93 12. ^1 British Gallantry Medals (Abbott and Tamplin), p.146 13. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531232753/http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/george_medal.htm|title=British Military & Criminal History, 1900-99|publisher=Stephen's Study Room}} 14. ^1 2 {{London Gazette |issue=34956 |date=27 September 1940 |page=5768 |supp=y |nolink=yes}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://doverhistorian.com/2013/07/27/dover-fire-service-part-2-from-1939/ |title=Dover Fire Service – Part II from 1939 |first=Lorraine |last=Sencicle |work=The Dover Historian |date=27 July 2013 |accessdate=4 November 2015}} 16. ^{{London Gazette |issue=35066 |date=4 February 1941 |page=742 |supp=y |nolink=yes}} 17. ^{{London Gazette |issue= 35074|date=14 February 1941 |page=870 |supp=y }} 18. ^{{London Gazette |issue=35210 |date=4 July 1941 |pages=3893–3894 |supp=y |nolink=yes}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-34350331/george-cross-recipients-celebrate-75th-anniversary|title=75th anniversary of the George Cross and George Medal |publisher=BBC}} Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|George Medal}}
6 : Awards established in 1940|1940 establishments in the United Kingdom|Civil awards and decorations of the United Kingdom|Decorations of the Merchant Navy|Courage awards|George VI |
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