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词条 Destroyer escort
释义

  1. General description

  2. Origins

  3. Post–World War II U.S. ship reclassification

  4. Vietnam War

  5. US Navy destroyer escort class overview

  6. Captain-class frigates of the Royal Navy

  7. Free French

     List of Free French destroyer escorts 

  8. Mutual Defense Assistance Program - Post WWII

     Republic of China Navy (Taiwan)  French Navy  Hellenic Navy  Italian Navy  Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force  Philippine Navy  Portuguese Navy  Republic of Korea Navy  Royal Navy  Royal Netherlands Navy  Royal Thai Navy  National Navy of Uruguay 

  9. Comparison with contemporary frigates

  10. Surviving destroyer escorts

  11. See also

  12. Notes and references

     Footnotes  Source notes  Bibliography  Online sources 

  13. Further reading

  14. External links

{{About|US Navy Destroyer Escort classification}}{{distinguish|Escort destroyer}}

Destroyer escort (DE) was the United States Navy mid-20th-century classification for a {{convert|20|knot|mph|adj=on}} warship designed with endurance to escort mid-ocean convoys of merchant marine ships.[1] Kaibōkan were designed for a similar role in the Imperial Japanese Navy.[2] The Royal Navy and Commonwealth forces identified such warships as frigates, and that classification was widely accepted when the United States redesignated destroyer escorts as frigates (FF) in 1975. Destroyer escorts, frigates, and kaibōkan were mass-produced for World War II as a less expensive antisubmarine warfare alternative to fleet destroyers.[2] Other similar warships include the 10 Kriegsmarine escort ships of the F-class and the two Amiral Murgescu-class vessels of the Romanian Navy.

Postwar destroyer escorts and frigates were larger than those produced during wartime, with increased antiaircraft capability, but remained smaller and slower than postwar destroyers.[3] As Cold War destroyer escorts became as large as wartime destroyers, the United States Navy converted some of their World War II destroyers to escort destroyers (DDE).[4]

General description

Full-sized destroyers must be able to steam as fast or faster than the fast capital ships such as fleet carriers and cruisers. This typically requires a speed of {{convert|25|-|35|kn|km/h|lk=in}} (dependent upon the era and navy). They must carry torpedoes and a smaller caliber of cannon to use against enemy ships, as well as antisubmarine detection equipment and weapons.

A destroyer escort needed only to be able to maneuver relative to a slow convoy (which in World War II would travel at {{convert|10|to|12|kn|km/h}}), and be able to defend against aircraft, and detect, pursue, and attack submarines. These lower requirements greatly reduce the size, cost, and crew required for the destroyer escort. Destroyer escorts were optimized for antisubmarine warfare, having a tighter turning radius and more specialized armament (such as the forward-firing Hedgehog mortar) than fleet destroyers. Their much slower speed was not a liability in this context, since sonar was useless at speeds over {{convert|20|kn|km/h}}. Destroyer escorts were also considerably more sea-kindly than corvettes.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

As an alternative to steam-turbine propulsion found in full-sized destroyers and larger warships, many US destroyer escorts of the World War II period had diesel-electric or turboelectric drive, in which the engine rooms functioned as power stations supplying current to electric motors sited close to the propellers. Electric drive was selected because it does not need gearboxes (which were heavily in demand for the fast fleet destroyers) to adjust engine speed to the much lower optimum speed for the propellers. The current from the engine room can be used equally well for other purposes, and after World War II, many destroyer escorts were recycled as floating power stations for coastal cities in Latin America under programs funded by the World Bank.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

Destroyer escorts were also useful for coastal antisubmarine and radar picket ship duty. During World War II, seven destroyer escorts (DEs) were converted to radar picket destroyer escorts (DERs), supplementing radar picket destroyers. Although these were relegated to secondary roles after the war, in the mid-1950s, 12 more DEs were converted to DERs, serving as such until 1960-1965. Their mission was to extend the distant early warning line on both coasts, in conjunction with 16 {{sclass-|Guardian|radar picket ship|1}}s, which were converted Liberty ships.

In World War II, some 95 destroyer escorts were converted by the US to high-speed transports (APDs). This involved adding an extra deck which allowed space for about 10 officers and 150 men. Two large davits were also installed, one on either side of the ship, from which landing craft (LCVPs) could be launched.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Origins

The Lend-Lease Act was passed into law in the United States in March 1941, enabling the United Kingdom to procure merchant ships, warships, munitions, and other materiel from the US, to help with the war effort. This enabled the UK to commission the US to design, build, and supply an escort vessel that was suitable for antisubmarine warfare in deep open-ocean situations, which they did in June 1941. Captain E.L. Cochrane of the American Bureau of Shipping came up with a design which was known as the British destroyer escort (BDE). The BDE designation was retained by the first six destroyer escorts transferred to the United Kingdom (BDE 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, and 46); of the initial order of 50, these were the only ones the Royal Navy received, the rest being reclassified as destroyer escorts on 25 January 1943 and taken over by the United States Navy.{{sfn | Franklin | 1999 | p=7}}

When the United States entered the war, and found they also required an antisubmarine warfare ship and that the destroyer escort fitted their needs perfectly, a system of rationing was put in place whereby out of every five destroyer escorts completed, four would be allocated to the U.S. Navy and one to the Royal Navy.

Post–World War II U.S. ship reclassification

After World War II, United States Navy destroyer escorts were referred to as ocean escorts, but retained the hull classification symbol DE. However, other navies, most notably those of NATO countries and the USSR, followed different naming conventions for this type of ship, which resulted in some confusion. To remedy this problem, the 1975 ship reclassification declared ocean escorts (and by extension, destroyer escorts) as frigates (FF). This brought the USN's nomenclature more in line with NATO, and made comparing ship types with the Soviet Union easier. As of 2006, no plans exist for future frigates for the US Navy. {{USS|Zumwalt|DDG-1000|6}} and the littoral combat ship (LCS) are the main ship types planned in this area. One major problem with ship classification is whether to base it on a ship's role (such as escort or air defense), or on its size (such as displacement). One example of this ambiguity is the {{sclass-|Ticonderoga|cruiser|0}} air-defense ship class, which is classified as cruiser, though it uses the same hull as the {{sclass-|Spruance|destroyer|1}}s.

Vietnam War

During the Vietnam War, the Republic of Vietnam Navy received two {{sclass-|Edsall|destroyer escort|1}}s from the United States.

US Navy destroyer escort class overview

Class name Lead ship Commissioned Ships built
Evarts (GMT) class[5] USS Evarts (DE-5) 15 April 194397
Buckley (TE) class[6] USS Buckley (DE-51) 30 April 1943148
Cannon (DET) class[7] USS Cannon (DE-99) 26 September 194372
Edsall (FMR) class[8] USS Edsall (DE-129) 10 April 1943  85
Rudderow (TEV) class[9] USS Rudderow (DE-224) 15 May 194422
John C. Butler (WGT) class[10] USS John C. Butler (DE-339)   31 March 194483
Dealey class[11] USS Dealey (DE-1006) 3 June 195413
Claud Jones class[12] USS Claud Jones (DE-1033) 10 February 19594
Bronstein class[13] USS Bronstein (DE-1037) 15 June 19632
Garcia class[14] USS Garcia (DE-1040) 21 December 196410
Brooke class[15] USS Brooke (DEG-1) 12 March 19666
Knox class[16] USS Knox (DE-1052) 12 April 196946

Captain-class frigates of the Royal Navy

{{Main article|Captain-class frigate}}

The Captain class was a designation given to 78 frigates of the Royal Navy, constructed in the United States, launched in 1942–1943 and delivered to the United Kingdom under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement (under which the United States supplied the United Kingdom and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and 1945),{{sfn | Lenton | 1998 | pp=198–199}}{{sfn | Morison | 1956 | p=34}} they were drawn from two subclasses of the destroyer escort (originally British destroyer escort) classification: 32 from the Evarts subclass and 46 from the Buckley subclass.{{sfn | Franklin | 1999 | p=7}}{{sfn | Lenton | 1998| pp=198–199}} Upon reaching the UK, the ships were substantially modified by the Royal Navy, including removal of torpedo tubes, making them distinct from the US Navy destroyer escort ships.{{sfn | Collingwood | 1998 | pp=30–31}}

Captain-class frigates acted in the roles of convoy escorts, antisubmarine warfare vessels,{{sfn | Franklin | 1999 | p=x}} coastal forces control frigates and headquarters ships for the Normandy landings. During the course of World War II, this class participated in the sinking of at least 34 German submarines and a number of other hostile craft with 15 of the 78 Captain-class frigates being either sunk or written off as a constructive total loss.

In the postwar period, all of the surviving Captain-class frigates except one (HMS Hotham) were returned to the US Navy before the end of 1947 to reduce the amount payable under the provisions of the Lend-Lease agreement; the last such frigate was returned to United States custody in March 1956.{{sfn | DANFS: Hotham}}{{sfn | Lenton | 1974 | p=16}}

Free French

Six Cannon-class destroyer escorts were built for the Free French Navy. Although initially transferred under the Lend-Lease Act, these ships were permanently transferred under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP).

List of Free French destroyer escorts

  • FFL Algérien (F-1), ex-Cronin (DE-107)
  • FFL Sénégalais (F-2), ex-Corbestier (DE-106)
  • FFL Somali (F-3), ex-Somali (DE-111)
  • FFL Hova (F-4), ex-Hova (DE-110)
  • FFL Marocain (F-5), ex-Marocain (DE-109)
  • FFL Tunisien (F-6), ex-Crosley (DE-108)

Mutual Defense Assistance Program - Post WWII

Under the MDAP the destroyer escorts leased to the Free French were permanently transferred to the French Navy. In addition, the following navies also acquired DEs:

Republic of China Navy (Taiwan)

DE-47, DE-6

French Navy

DE-1007, DE-1008, DE-1009, DE-1010, DE-1011, DE-1012, DE-1013, DE-1016, DE-1017, DE-1018, DE1019

Hellenic Navy

DE-173, DE-766, DE-768, DE-193

Italian Navy

DE-1020, DE-1031

Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force

DE-168, DE-169

Philippine Navy

DE-168, DE-169, DE-170, DE-770, DE-771, DE-251, DE-637

Portuguese Navy

DE-1032, DE-1039, DE-1042, DE-1046

Republic of Korea Navy

DE-770, DE-771

Royal Navy

DE-574[17]{{sfn | DANFS: Hotham}}

Royal Netherlands Navy

USS Burrows (DE-105), USS Rinehart (DE-196), USS Gustafson (DE-182), USS O'Neill (DE-188), USS Eisner (DE-192), USS Stern (DE-187)

Royal Thai Navy

DE-746

National Navy of Uruguay

DE-166, DE-189,

Comparison with contemporary frigates

The table below compares destroyer escorts and frigates designed for similar missions.

NameDateNationDisplacementSpeedNumber builtNotes
River|frigate|1}}1942UK1,370 tons20 knots151[18]
Type A kaibōkan1943Japan870 tons19 knots18[19]
FMR class1943US1,200 tons21 knots85[8]
GMT class1943US1,140 tons21 knots72[5]
TE class1943US1,400 tons23 knots102[6]
DET class1943US1,240 tons21 knots72[7]
Tacoma|frigate|1}}1943US1,430 tons20 knots96[20]
Type B kaibōkan1943Japan940 tons19 knots37[19]
Loch|frigate|1}}1944UK1,435 tons20 knots30[21]
WGT class1944US1,350 tons24 knots87[10]
TEV class1944US1,450 tons24 knots22[9]
Bay|frigate|1}}1945UK1,580 tons20 knots26anti-aircraft[21]
Dealey class1954US1,450 tons25 knots13[11]
Type E50 frigate1955France1,290 tons28 knots4fast[22]
Type 14 'Blackwood' frigate1955UK1,180 tons24 knots 15"second-rate" anti-submarine warfare frigates. Cheaper to produce than Type 12.[23]
St. Laurent|destroyer|4}}1955Canada2,263 tons28 knots7anti-submarine[24]
Type B1956Japan1,070 tons25 knots2diesel[25]
Type 12 'Whitby' frigate1956UK2,150 tons31 knots6anti-submarine[26]
Type E52 frigate1956France1,295 tons28 knots14fast[27]
Almirante Clemente-class light destroyer1956Venezuela1,300 tons32 knots6fast[28]
Type 61 'Salisbury' frigate1957UK2,170 tons24 knots4aircraft direction[29]
Canopo-class frigate1957Italy1,807 tons26 knots4[30]
Type 41 'Leopard' frigate1957UK2,300 tons24 knots7anti-aircraft escort for convoys[31]
Azopardo-class frigate1957Argentina1,160 tons20 knots2[32]
Restigouche|destroyer|4}}1958Canada2,366 tons28 knots7anti-submarine[33]
Claud Jones class1959US1,450 tons22 knots4[12]
Type 12M 'Rothesay' frigate1960UK2,380 tons30 knots12."Modified" Type 12. Anti-submarine[34]
Köln|frigate|1}}1961Germany2,100 tons30 knots6fast[35]
River|destroyer escort|1}}1961Australia2,100 tons30 knots6Originally designated as anti-submarine frigates, later re-designated as destroyer escorts.[36]
Isuzu|destroyer escort|1}}1961Japan1,490 tons25 knots4[37]
Type 81 'Tribal' frigate1961UK2,300 tons28 knots7general purpose[38]
Bergamini|frigate|1}}1961Italy1,410 tons26 knots4[39]
Commandant Rivière|frigate|1}}1962France1,750 tons25 knots13dual purpose[27]
Mackenzie|destroyer|4}}1962Canada2,366 tons28 knots4anti-submarine[33]
Hvidbjørnen-class frigate1962Denmark1,345 tons18 knots4fishery protection[40]
Type 12I 'Leander' frigate1963UK2,450 tons30 knots26"Improved" Type 12. General purpose.[41]
Bronstein class1963US2,360 tons26 knots2[13]
Garcia class1964US2,620 tons27 knots10[14]
Oslo|frigate|1}}1966Norway1,450 tons25 knots5[42]
Brooke class1966US2,640 tons27 knots6guided missile[15]
Peder Skram|frigate|1}}1966Denmark2,030 tons28 knots2fast[43]
Van Speijk|frigate|1}}1967Netherlands2,200 tons28 knots6[44]
Alpino|frigate|1}}1968Italy2,000 tons28 knots2[39]
Alvand|frigate|1}}1968Iran1,110 tons40 knots4[45]
Knox class1969US3,011 tons27 knots46[16]
Chikugo|destroyer escort|1}}1971Japan1,470 tons25 knots11[37]

Surviving destroyer escorts

Five destroyer escorts are preserved as museum ships, while others remain in active service.

  • The {{sclass-|Edsall|destroyer escort|2}} {{USS|Stewart|DE-238}} is preserved in Galveston, Texas.
  • The {{sclass-|Cannon|destroyer escort|2}} {{USS|Slater|DE-766}} is preserved in Albany, New York.
  • The {{sclass-|Cannon|destroyer escort|2}} BNS Bauru (BE-4), formerly {{USS|McAnn|DE-179}} is preserved in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • The modified {{sclass-|Rudderow|destroyer escort|2}}, ARC Cordoba (DT-15), formerly {{USS|Ruchamkin|APD-89}} is preserved in Tocancipa, Colombia.
  • The {{sclass-|Cannon|destroyer escort|2}} {{BRP|Rajah Humabon|PF-11}}, formerly {{USS|Atherton|DE-169}}, was recently decommissioned by the Philippine Navy and will be preserved as a museum ship at Sangley Point.
  • The {{sclass-|Cannon|destroyer escort|2}} HTMS Pin Klao (DE-1), formerly {{USS|Hemminger|DE-746}}, is active in the Royal Thai Navy as a training ship. She is the last operational World War II destroyer escort in any navy.
  • The Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force operates six {{sclass-|Abukuma|destroyer escort|2}}s.

See also

  • List of Escorteurs of the French Navy
  • The Enemy Below for a movie filmed on a DE.
  • Modern Naval tactics.
  • Lists
    • List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy
    • List of frigates of the United States Navy subset of above with hull numbers DE/FF 1037 and higher plus all DEG/FFGs because of the United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification
    • List of frigates
    • List of Captain class frigates
  • List of destroyers of the Second World War
  • List of frigates of the Second World War
  • List of escort vessel classes of the Second World War

Notes and references

{{DANFS}}

Footnotes

1. ^Blackman, pp. 393 & 394
2. ^Potter & Nimitz, p. 550
3. ^Cooney, pp. 6 & 7
4. ^NAVPERS, pp. 32 & 35
5. ^1 Silverstone, pp. 153-157
6. ^1 Silverstone, pp. 157-163
7. ^1 Silverstone, pp. 164-167
8. ^1 Silverstone, pp. 167-170
9. ^1 Silverstone, pp. 163 & 164
10. ^1 Silverstone, pp. 170-175
11. ^1 Blackman, p. 458
12. ^1 Blackman, p. 457
13. ^1 Blackman, p. 456
14. ^1 Blackman, p. 455
15. ^1 Blackman, p. 452
16. ^1 Blackman, p. 453
17. ^DE-574 was originally provided to the United Kingdom under the Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11) scheme, DE-574 was returned to the US custody under the provisions of the Lend-Lease scheme on the 25 April 1952 and simultaneously transferred back to the United Kingdom under the Mutual Defence Assistance Program.
18. ^Lenton & Colledge, p. 225
19. ^1 2 Watts, pp. 225-239
20. ^Silverstone, p. 246
21. ^1 Lenton & Colledge, p. 232
22. ^Blackman, p. 114
23. ^Blackman, p. 354
24. ^Blackman, p. 44
25. ^Blackman, p. 199
26. ^Blackman, p. 353
27. ^1 Blackman, p. 113
28. ^Blackman, p. 624
29. ^Blackman, p. 356
30. ^Blackman, p. 183
31. ^Blackman, p. 355
32. ^Blackman, p. 8
33. ^1 Blackman, p. 43
34. ^Blackman, p. 351
35. ^Blackman, p. 127
36. ^Blackman, p. 21
37. ^1 Blackman, p. 198
38. ^Blackman, p. 350
39. ^1 Blackman, p. 182
40. ^Blackman, p. 79
41. ^Blackman, p. 348
42. ^Blackman, p. 240
43. ^Blackman, p. 78
44. ^Blackman, p. 229
45. ^Blackman, p. 167

Source notes

{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin|35em}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Blackman
| first=Raymond V.B.
| title=Jane's Fighting Ships
| url=
| accessdate=
| year=1970–71
| publisher=Jane's Yearbooks
| isbn=
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Collingwood
| first=Donald
| title=The Captain class frigates in the second world war: an operational history of the American-built destroyer escorts serving under the White Ensign from 1943–46
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxnAAAAMAAJ
| accessdate=24 May 2012
| year=1998
| publisher=Leo Cooper
| isbn=978-0-85052-615-8
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Cooney
| first=David M.
| title=Ships, Aircraft and Weapons of the United States Navy
| url=
| accessdate=
| year=1980
| publisher=United States Government Printing Office
| isbn=
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Franklin
| first=Bruce Hampton
| title=The Buckley-Class Destroyer Escorts
| year=1999
| publisher=Chatham Publishing
| isbn=1-86176-118-X
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Lenton
| first=H T.
| title=British and Empire Warships of the Second World War
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1ZyQgAACAAJ
| accessdate=24 May 2012
| year=1998
| publisher=Greenhill Books/Naval Institute Press
| isbn=1-85367-277-7
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Lenton
| first=H.T.
| title=British Escort Ships
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7KIAAAACAAJ
| accessdate=24 May 2012
| year=1974
| publisher=Macdonald and Jane's
| isbn=0-356-08062-5
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Morison
| first=Samuel Eliot
| authorlink=Samuel Eliot Morison
| title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hFaQwAACAAJ
| accessdate=24 May 2012
| year=1956
| publisher=Little, Brown and Company
| isbn=978-0316583107
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=NAVPERS
| first=
| title=Warship Identification Manual
| url=
| accessdate=
| year=1955
| publisher=United States Government Printing Office
| isbn=
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last1=Potter
| first1=E.B.
| last2=Nimitz
| first2=Chester W.
| title=Sea Power
| url=
| accessdate=
| year=1960
| publisher=Prentice-Hall
| isbn=
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Silverstone
| first=Paul H.
| title=U.S. Warships of World War II
| url=
| accessdate=
| year=1968
| publisher=Doubleday & Company
| isbn=
}}
  • {{cite book

| ref=harv
| last=Watts
| first=Anthony J.
| title=Japanese Warships of World War II
| url=
| accessdate=
| year=1966
| publisher=Doubleday & Company
| isbn=
}}{{refend}}

Online sources

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite web

|ref = {{harvid|DANFS: Hotham}}
|last = Mooney
|first = James L
|title = Hotham
|work = Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
|url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/h8/hotham-i.htm
|publisher = The Naval Historical Foundation
|oclc = 2794587
|accessdate = 22 August 2007

}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{refend}}

Further reading

  • On the subject of a particular example of this type of ship in World War II, the USS Abercrombie (DE-343), see Little Ship, Big War: The Saga of DE-343 by Edward Peary Stafford. Naval Institute Press (2000) {{ISBN|1-55750-890-9}}
  • On the subject of the Captain-class frigate variant of the destroyer escort in World War II, see The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War by Donald Collingwood. published by Leo Cooper (1998), {{ISBN|0-85052-615-9}}

External links

  • {{Britannica|406859|Destroyers and escort ships}}
  • DESA - Destroyer Escort Sailors Association
  • Destroyer Escort Historical Museum, Albany, NY
  • Seawolf Park GALVESTON
  • Free cardstock model plan of Butler class Destroyer Escort, to print off and assemble.
  • USS Slater Photos on board the Destroyer Escort USS Slater DE-766
  • USS Bangust WWII Photos of life on board the Destroyer Escort USS Bangust DE-739 in WWII
  • Destroyer Escort Bangust DE-739 Home Page
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070301070801/http://www.captainclassfrigates.co.uk/ Captains Class Frigates]
  • Escort http://www.uboat.net/
  •  
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100420064959/http://www.cavalla244.org/StewartDescription.htm]
  • Why DE boats are death to subs August 1943 Popular Science article on destroyer escort with large illustration
{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Destroyer Escort}}

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