| 词条 | Mojave language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Mojave | altname = Mohave | nativename = Hamakhav | region = Arizona and California, U.S. | ethnicity = 2,000 Mohave people (2007)[1] | speakers = 200 | date = 2015 census | ref = e19 | refname = Mohave | familycolor = American | fam1 = Yuman | fam2 = Core Yuman | fam3 = River Yuman | iso3 = mov | iso3comment = Mohave | glotto = moha1256 | glottoname = Mohave }} Mojave or Mohave{{refn|group="Note"|"Mohave" as per Ethnologue ("alternate name Mojave"),[1] Glottolog, Merriam-Webster Dictionary ("less commonly Mojave"),[2] American Heritage Dictionary ("also Mojave"),[3] and Collins English Dictionary ("or Mojave").[4]}} is the native language of the Mohave people along the Colorado River in northwestern Arizona, southeastern California, and southwestern Nevada. Approximately 70% of the speakers reside in Arizona, while approximately 30% reside in California. It belongs to the River branch of the Yuman language family, together with Quechan and Maricopa. The Mojave language became endangered during the 20th century when Mohave children were taken away from their parents to be raised in boarding schools, where they were prohibited to speak the language. They were prohibited from speaking it even with their parents when they occasionally visited home; while many parents did not speak English.[5][6][7] PhonologyAll claims and examples in this section come from Munro (1974) unless otherwise noted. Mojave phonology is similar to that of Maricopa. One difference is that in the 19th century Mohave speakers shifted the sounds [s] and {{IPA|[ʂ]}} (similar to sh as in "shack") to {{IPA|[θ]}} (th as in "thick") and [s], respectively.[8][9] Consonants
The post-alveolar stops {{IPA|/ɳ/}} and {{IPA|/ʈ/}} only occur in very few words. VowelsMohave has five vowel qualities, with length distinction and the weak vowel /ə/.
RevitalizationAs of 2012, the Center for Indian Education at Arizona State University "has facilitated workshops for both learners and speakers at the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation in northwest Arizona, California and Nevada. Fort Mojave has about 22 elders who speak some Mojave."[10] The project is also bringing elders together with younger people to teach the traditional Mojave "bird songs."[11] The language preservation work of poet Natalie Diaz on the reservation was featured on the PBS News Hour in March 2012.[12] See also
Notes1. ^1 {{Ethnologue18|mov}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Mohave |title=Mohave |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated |access-date=2017-07-09}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Mohave |title=Mohave |work=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company |access-date=2017-07-09}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mohave |title=Mohave |work=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |access-date=2017-07-09}} 5. ^Penfield, S. D. (2005). Mohave remembered. Journal of the Southwest, 81-105. 6. ^Penfield, S. D., & Tucker, B. V. (2011). From documenting to revitalizing an endangered language: where do applied linguists fit?. Language and Education, 25(4), 291-305. 7. ^Weinberg, J. P., & Penfield, S. D. (2000). Mohave Language Planning: Where has it been and where should it go from here?. Coyote Papers: Working Papers in Linguistics, Special Volume on Native American Languages. 8. ^Munro, P. (1976). Subject copying, auxiliarization, and predicate raising: the Mojave evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics, 99-112. 9. ^Munro, P. E. L. (1974). Topics in Mojave syntax (Doctoral dissertation, UMI Ann Arbor). 10. ^{{Cite news| last = Mary Shinn| title = ASU center bringing new life to Native languages| work = The State Press | publisher = Arizona State University| accessdate = 2012-09-11| date = 2010-11-29| url = http://www.statepress.com/2010/11/29/asu-center-bringing-new-life-to-native-languages/}} 11. ^{{Cite news| last = Pete Zrioka| title = Cultural conservation: keeping languages alive| work = Arizona State University News| accessdate = 2012-09-11| date = 2012-03-26| url = https://asunews.asu.edu/20120326_language_revitalization}} 12. ^{{Cite web| last = Mary Jo Brooks| title = On Wednesday's NewsHour: Poet Natalie Diaz| work = Art Beat | publisher = PBS NewsHour| accessdate = 2012-09-11| date = 2012-06-20| url = https://www.pbs.org/newshour/art/blog/2012/06/wednesday-on-the-newshour-poet-natalie-diaz.html}} References{{Reflist}}
External links
|title = The Cultural Conservancy – Mojave Creation Songs |accessdate = 2012-09-11 |url = http://www.nativeland.org/mojave_songs.html |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120512010801/http://www.nativeland.org/mojave_songs.html |archivedate = 2012-05-12 |df = }}
| title = House of Night: The Lost Creation Songs of the Mohave People | work = Lost and Found Sound: The Stories | accessdate = 2012-09-11 | url = https://www.npr.org/programs/lnfsound/stories/000225.stories.html }}{{Languages of California}}{{Languages of Arizona}}{{Hokan languages}}{{-}} 6 : Mohave tribe|Indigenous languages of Arizona|Indigenous languages of California|Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest|Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States|Yuman–Cochimí languages |
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