| 词条 | Dietrich von Saucken | ||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Dietrich von Saucken |birth_date={{birth date|1892|5|16|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|1980|9|27|1892|5|16|df=y}} |image=Dietrich_von_Saucken_1.jpg |caption= |birth_place=Fischhausen, East Prussia, German Empire |death_place=Pullach, West Germany |placeofburial=Munich |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|German Empire}} {{flag|Weimar Republic}} {{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch=Prussian Army Reichsheer Wehrmacht |serviceyears=1910–45 |rank= General der Panzertruppe |commands=4th Panzer Division XXXIX Panzer Corps Panzerkorps Großdeutschland 2nd Army Army East Prussia |unit=1st Division |battles={{hidden |See battles |World War I Finnish Civil War World War II
|- |headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb |style=text-align:center; }} |awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds |laterwork=}} Dietrich Friedrich Eduard Kasimir von[1] Saucken (16 May 1892 – 27 September 1980) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 2nd Army and the Army East Prussia. Turning down an offer to escape by air, he surrendered to the Red Army in May 1945. Saucken was the last officer to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds of Nazi Germany. Early life and careerSaucken was born on 16 May 1892 in Fischhausen, East Prussia. He was the son of Landrat, the chief administrative officer of a Landkreis, Wilhelm Eduard Erich von Saucken. As a child, Saucken attended the Collegium Fridericianum, a prestigious gymnasium in Königsberg, present-day Kaliningrad, where he graduated with his Abitur (university-preparatory high school diploma) in 1910. As a student, Saucken showed aptitude as an artist, a talent supported by his mother and the director of the Fridericianum, Georg Ellendt. He often visited Nidden, present-day Nida, Lithuania, where his ambitions to become an artist were influenced by the Künstlerkolonie Nidden, an expressionist artists' colony.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=344}} Following graduation, Saucken joined the Prussian Army on 1 October 1910 as a Fahnenjunker (Cadet) in {{lang|de|Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm I. (2. Ostpreußisches) Nr. 3}} (2nd East Prussian Grenadier Regiment King Frederick William I Nr. 3), one of the oldest Prussian regiments, subordinated to the 1. Division (1st Division) and based in Königsberg. There, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 19 June 1912.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=344}} World War I and interwar periodWith the outbreak of World War I, the division was deployed on the Eastern Front. With the division, Saucken fought in the battles of Stallupönen, Gumbinnen, and Tannenberg and earned the Iron Cross 2nd Class in October 1914.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=344}} Saucken then fought in the Battle of Verdun and in the battles of the Carpathian Mountains in September 1917, and received the Iron Cross 1st Class in May 1916. For combat in the Spring Offensive and Hundred Days Offensive on the Western Front, he received the Prussian Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords and the Austrian Military Merit Cross. In 1918, he also served with the Baltic Sea Division under the command of General Rüdiger von der Goltz which fought in the Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918).{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=344}} After the First World War he joined the paramilitary Freikorps. In 1921 he joined the Reichswehr. From 1927 on he was on special assignment in the Soviet Union, where he learned to speak Russian. In 1934 he was promoted to Major and posted as an instructor to the War School Hannover. He was promoted to Oberst (colonel) on 1 June 1939. World War IISaucken took part in Battle of France, Balkan Campaign, Operation Barbarossa as commander of a motorised brigade of the 4th Panzer Division. He was promoted to Generalmajor on 1 January 1942 and appointed divisional commander during the Battle of Moscow. He was wounded and thereafter spent several months in the hospital. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on January 6, and was appointed commandant of the School for Mobile Troops (Schule für Schnelle Truppen). On 1 April 1943 he was promoted to Generalleutnant; in June he returned to the 4th Panzer Division, which he commanded during the Battle of Kursk. Saucken became acting commander of the III Panzer Corps in late June 1944. He received both the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords in 1944. In June and July, Saucken formed Kampfgruppe von Saucken (Battlegroup von Saucken) an ad hoc unit composed of the remnants of several units that had been destroyed in the Soviet Operation Bagration against the Army Group Centre. Composed mainly of elements of the 5th Panzer Division, 170th Infantry Division and the 505th Heavy Panzer Battalion, the battlegroup was later designated the XXXIX Panzer Corps. During the Soviet Minsk Offensive, it temporarily maintained an escape route across the Berezina River for retreating German soldiers. Saucken left the XXXIX Panzer Corps in late September 1944, when he took command of the forming Panzerkorps Großdeutschland. The still incomplete corps was divided when half of it, including Saucken, was ordered eastward to stop the Vistula–Oder Offensive. He led the corps until February 1945, when he was removed from his position and placed in the Führerreserve by Heinz Guderian, the Chief of Staff of the Army at the OKH. A month later, Saucken commanded the 2nd Army in Prussia and provided logistical support to the Evacuation of East Prussia. In April, his army was renamed to Army East Prussia. On 8 May, Saucken received notice that he had been awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak leaves, Swords, and Diamonds, making him the last of 27 officers to receive this award. Though an airplane stood by to evacuate him, he refused to leave his troops when they surrendered to the Red Army on the following day of 9 May 1945. Later lifeAfter surrendering on the Hel Peninsula, Saucken went into Soviet captivity. Initially he was imprisoned in the Lubyanka Building and the Oryol Prison before being transferred to the Siberian Tayshet camp in 1949. Kept in solitary confinement, ordered to do hard labour and tortured by Soviet interrogators after refusing to sign false confessions, Saucken was confined to use a wheelchair for the rest of his life. Released from Soviet captivity in 1955, he settled in Pullach near Munich. He died there in 1980. Character traitsA cavalry officer who regularly wore both a sword and a monocle, Saucken personified the archetypal aristocratic Prussian conservative who despised the braune Bande ("brown mob") of Nazis. When he was ordered to take command of the Second Army on 12 March 1945, he came to Hitler's headquarters with his left hand resting casually on his cavalry sabre, his monocle in his eye, . . . [and then] saluted and gave a slight bow. These were three 'outrages' at once. He had not given the Nazi salute with raised arm and the words 'Heil Hitler', as had been regulation since 20 July 1944, he had not surrendered his weapon on entering....and had kept his monocle in his eye when saluting Hitler.[2][3] When Hitler told him that he must take his orders from Albert Forster, the Gauleiter (Nazi governor, or "District Leader") of Danzig, Saucken returned Hitler's gaze....and striking the marble slab of the map table with the flat of his hand, he said, 'I have no intention, Herr Hitler, of placing myself under the orders of a Gauleiter'. In doing this he had bluntly contradicted Hitler and not addressed him as Mein Führer.[2][4] To the surprise of everyone who was present, Hitler capitulated and replied, "All right, Saucken, keep the command yourself." Hitler dismissed the General without shaking his hand and Saucken left the room with only the merest hint of a bow.[2][4] Awards
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{German title von}} 2. ^1 2 Beevor 2002, pp. 80-82. 3. ^Boldt 1973, pp. 80-81. 4. ^1 Boldt 1973, pp. 81-82. Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last=Beevor |first=Antony |authorlink=Antony Beevor |year=2002 |title=The Downfall 1945 |publisher=Viking-Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-670-03041-5 |ref=harv }}
|last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 |language=German |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Stockert |first=Peter |year=1997 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 3 |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 3 |language=German |location=Bad Friedrichshall, Germany |publisher=Friedrichshaller Rundblick |isbn=978-3-932915-01-7 |ref=harv }}
|last=Thomas |first=Franz |year=1998 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z |language=German |location=Osnabrück, Germany |publisher=Biblio-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7648-2300-9 |ref=harv }}
|last=Williamson |first=Gordon |year=2006 |title=Knight's Cross with Diamonds Recipients 1941–45 |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-644-7 }}
External links
| before = General der Panzertruppe Willibald Freiherr von Langermann und Erlencamp | after = General der Panzertruppe Willibald Freiherr von Langermann und Erlencamp | title = Commander of 4. Panzer-Division | years = 27 December 1941 – 2 January 1942 }}{{succession box | before = Generalleutnant Erich Schneider | after = Generalleutnant Hans Junck | title = Commander of 4. Panzer-Division | years = 31 May 1943 – January 1944 }}{{succession box | before = Generalleutnant Hans Junck | after = Generalleutnant Clemens Betzel | title = Commander of 4. Panzer-Division | years = February 1944 – 1 May 1944 }}{{succession box | before = General der Panzertruppe Hermann Breith | after = General der Panzertruppe Hermann Breith | title = Commander of III. Armeekorps | years = 31 May 1944 – 29 June 1944 }}{{succession box | before = Generalleutnant Otto Schünemann | after = General der Panzertruppe Karl Decker | title = Commander of XXXIX.Panzerkorps | years = 29 June 1944 – 15 October 1944 }}{{succession box | before = None | after = Generalleutnant Georg Jauer | title = Commander of Panzerkorps Großdeutschland | years = 28 September 1944 – 11 February 1945 }}{{succession box | before = General Walter Weiß | after = AOK Ostpreußen | title = Commander of 2. Armee | years = 10 March 1945 – 7 April 1945 }}{{succession box | before = 2. Armee | after = German surrender | title = Commander of AOK Ostpreußen | years = 7 April 1945 – 9 May 1945 }}{{S-end}}{{RKDiamonds}}{{Authority control}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Biography | portal2=Military of Germany | portal3=World War I | portal4=World War II | commons=y }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Saucken, Dietrich Von}} 14 : 1892 births|1980 deaths|People from Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|People from East Prussia|Generals of Panzer Troops|Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern|Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds|Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class|Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria)|German military personnel of World War I|German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union|Prussian Army personnel|Reichswehr personnel|Burials at Munich Waldfriedhof |
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