1. Origin and migration
    Dingling and Xiongnu   Assimilation 

2. Yeniseian theory

3. See also

4. Footnotes

5. References

The Dingling ({{zh|c=丁零}}) were an ancient people mentioned in Chinese historiography in the context of the 1st century BCE lived in Siberia.

They are assumed to have been an early Proto-Turkic-speaking people,^[1]

whose original constituents mainly assimilated into the Xiongnu and Xianbei groups.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

They originally lived on the bank of the Lena River in the area west of Lake Baikal, gradually moving southward to Mongolia and northern China. They were a huge independent horde for centuries, but later been defeated and temporary became subject of the Xiongnu Empire,^[2][3] and thus presumably related to the invaders known as Huns in the west.^[4]

Around the 3rd century they were assimilated into the Tiele,^[5] also named Di or Zhai(翟)， DiLi (狄历)， Gaoche (高車) or Chile (敕勒), who gradually expanded westward into Central Asia, some remained in modern day Kazakhstan, called West DingLing, others expelled from Mongolia by the Rouran and establishing a state Turpan in the 5th century.

Origin and migration

The Dingling was a warlike group, formed by traders, hunters, fishers, and gatherers, having half-nomadic life in the southern Siberian mountain taiga region from Lake Baikal to northern Mongolia. Chinese records do not mention the physical appearance of the Dingling, suggesting general homogeneity with people of the Asiatic region, and their name appears rarely, such as Di or Zhai (翟), an example of the family name that been translated based on their group name or the last name of the top Ruling class(see: Zhai Liao). Some ancient source claims that Di or Zhai(翟) was adopt as the group name because the Zhai family has been the ruling class for hundreds years. ^[6][7][8]

Other source claims that they might have been correlated with the Guifang, a northern tribe that appears in the oracle bone inscriptions from Yinxu.^[9]

According to the History of the Gaoche of Wei Shou (6th century), the origin of the Dingling can be traced to the Chidi or Red Di (赤狄), who lived in northern China during the Spring and Autumn period. The Mozi mentions a total of eight Di groups related to the Chidi, of whom only the Chidi and two others were known.^[10][11]

To the north of the Xiongnu empire and Dingling territories, at the headwaters of the Yenisei around Tannu Uriankhai, lived the Gekun (鬲昆), also known as the Yenisei Kirghiz in later records. Further to the west near the Irtysh river lived the Hujie (呼揭). Other tribes living north of the Xiongnu, such as the Hunyu (浑庾), Qushe (屈射), and Xinli (薪犁), are only mentioned once in Chinese records, and their exact location is unknown.^[12][13]

During the 2nd century BCE, the Dingling became subjects of Modu Chanyu along with 26 other tribes, including the Yuezhi and Wusun.^[14]

Dingling and Xiongnu

The Dingling were first subjugated by the Xiongnu, but these gradually weakened. In 71 BCE, after numerous conflicts between the Chinese and the Xiongnu, the Dingling, lead by ZhaiJin, with help from neighboring tribes, took the opportunity to revolt. From 63 to 60 BCE, during a split within the Xiongnu ruling clan of Luanti (挛鞮), the Dingling attacked the Xiongnu, together with the Wusun from the west, supported by the Chinese from the south and the Wuhuan from the southeast.^[15]

In 51 BCE, the DingLing, together with the Hujie and Gekun, defeated by the Xiongnu under Zhizhi Chanyu, on his way to Kangju. Over the next century there may have been more uprisings, but the only recorded one was in the year 85, when together with the Xianbei they made their final attack on the Xiongnu, and Dingling regain its power under ZhaiYing. ^[16] After that, under the Dingling pressure, the remaining of northern Xiongnu and the Tuoba formed the confederacy by Xianbei chief Tanshihuai (檀石槐). After his death in 181, the Xianbei moved south and the Dingling took their place on the steppe.

Some group of Dingling started to migrated into west Asia, called the West Dingling by the ancient Chinese, settled in Kangju (康居)， modern day Kazakhstan. There is no specific source can tell where exactly they settled, but some claims that the Lake Zaysan was where they used to settled. In Mongolian language, Zhai (翟) is read as Zaysan (宰桑) or (斋桑) in Mongolian names.

Assimilation

Between the short-lived Xianbei confederacy in 181 and the foundation of the Rouran Qaghanate in 402, there was a long period without a tribal confederacy on the steppe. During this period, a part of the Dingling were assimilated to the northern Xiongnu by permanently settling further to the south.^[17] Another group, documented as about 450,000, moved southeast and merged into the Xianbei.

After the defeat of Northern Shanyu (1st century), deduced from the number of casualties and immigrants, an estimated figure of 200,000 is given for the Xiongnu still remaining on the northern steppe. Remnants of the Xiongnu managed to keep their identity until the early 5th century, living on the Orkhon River under the tribal name Bayeqi (拔也稽) before being eliminated by the Rouran.^[18]

Some groups of Dingling settled in China during Wang Mang's reign. According to the Weilüe, another group of Dingling escaped to the western steppe in Kazakhstan, which beeb called the West Dingling.^[19] Around the 3rd century, Dinglings living in China began to adopt family names such as Zhai(翟)or Di, Xianyu (鲜于), Luo (洛) and Yan (严).^[20] These Dingling became part of the southern Xiongnu tribes known as Chile (赤勒) during the 3rd century, from which the name Chile (敕勒) originated.

During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the West Dingling Khan Zhai Bin(翟斌) lead his hordes, migrate from Kazakhstan into Central China, served under the Chinese-Tibetan Dynasty QianQin(前秦), after series of plotting, Zhai Bin was betrayed by QianQin, to avoid Qin nobles further attempts, he revolted against the QianQin Dynasty. MuRongChui (慕容垂), the XianBei leader under QianQin court, got appointed as the high command of QianQin army, was expected to take down the revolt, but convinced by ZhaiBin, joined his mutiny to against QianQin. Their mutiny were also joined by serval other XianBei tribes which formed the Anti-Qin leagues, with the suggestion by ZhaiBin, MuRongChui was elected to be the leader of the leagues. Near end of the same year, MuRongChui self appointed King of Yan Dynasty(燕王), left ZhaiBin the new leader of the league and a dilemma of the war, later MuRongChui broke the alliance with the leagues, murdered ZhaiBin and his three sons in an ambush. His nephew Zhaizhen(翟真) inherited the horde, was elected be the new Leader of the leagues, seeking for revenge, but later assassinated by his military advisor XianYuQi (鲜于乞), Xian did not escape far, were caught by the Dingling soldiers and got executed, the leagues elected ZhaiZhen's cousin ZhaiCheng(翟成) as the new Leader, but later also been assassinated by Yan spy, then Zhai Liao (翟辽), became the new leader of Dingling horde, with the support from the Leagues, he founded the Wei state, a DingLing Dynasty in China in modern HeNan Province.^[21]

A branch of people descended from the Tiele in central Asia, mixing with Indo-European people, would later emerge as the Uyghur group.

About one-quarter of the Tuoba clans show similar names as found among the later Gaoche and Tiele tribes. Among them, the Hegu (紇骨) and Yizhan (乙旃) clans kept their high status and were forbidden to intermarry with the rest.

Between the 4th and 7th centuries, the name "Dingling" slowly disappeared from Chinese records.

For the past serval hundred years, the DingLing people has fully adopt Chinese culture, but the descendants can still be find now aday inside China, they carry family name like Zhai (翟), Di (狄)，Luo (洛).

Yeniseian theory

In Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft (Concerning Yeniseian-Indian Primal Relationship), the German scholar, Heinrich Werner developed a new language family which he termed Baikal–Siberic. By extension, he groups together the Yeniseian peoples (Arin, Assan, Yugh, Ket, Kott, and Pumpokol), the Na-Dene Indians, and the Dingling of Chinese chronicles to Proto-Dingling. The linguistic comparison of Na-Dene and Yeniseian shows that the quantity and character of the correspondences points to a possible common origin. According to Russian linguistic experts, they likely spoke a polysynthetic or synthetic language with an active form of morphosyntactic alignment, exhibiting a linguistically and culturally unified community.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

The name Dingling can be seen to resemble both:

• the Yeniseian word dzheng people > Ket de?ng, Yug dyeng, Kott cheang
• the Na-Dene word ling or hling people, i.e. as manifested in the name of the Tlingit (properly hling-git son of man, child of the people).

Although the Dené–Yeniseian language family is now a widely known proposal, his inclusion of the Dingling is not widely accepted.

See also

• List of indigenous peoples of Russia
• Xunyu
• Wei (Dingling)

Footnotes

References

• Duan, Lianqin (1988). Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press, 1988.
• Hill, John E. (2004). "The Peoples of the West" from the Weilüe, Section 15. (Draft version). Downloadable from:  .
• Li, Jihe (2003). A Research on Migration of Northwestern Minorities Between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang. Beijing: Nationalities Press.
• Lu, Simian (1996). A History of Ethnic Groups in China. Beijing: Oriental Press.
• Shen, Youliang (1998). A Research on Northern Ethnic Groups and Regimes. Beijing: Central Nationalities University Press.
• Suribadalaha (1986). New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols. Beijing: Nationalities Press.
• Trever, Camilla (1932). Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924-1925). Leningrad: J. Fedorov Printing House.
• Xue, Zongzheng (1992). A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press.

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