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词条 Dioscorea alata
释义

  1. Names

  2. History of cultivation

  3. Uses

     Culinary  Medicinal  Other uses 

  4. As an invasive species

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{short description|Species of plant}}{{redirect|Water yam|the book|Water Yam (artist's book)}}{{Speciesbox
|name = Purple yam
|image = Starr 061106-1435 Dioscorea alata.jpg
|image_caption = Purple yam at Maui, Hawaii
|image2 = Dioscorea alata - Purple yam tuber - Mindanao, Philippines.jpg
|image2_alt = Photograph of rounded brownish tuber
|image2_caption = Purple yam tuber
|genus = Dioscorea
|species = alata
|authority = L.[1]
|synonyms =
  {{collapsible list |    {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
  • Dioscorea atropurpurea Roxb.
  • Dioscorea colocasiifolia Pax
  • Dioscorea eburina Lour.
  • Dioscorea eburnea Lour.
  • Dioscorea globosa Roxb.
  • Dioscorea javanica Queva
  • Dioscorea purpurea Roxb.
  • Dioscorea rubella Roxb.
  • Dioscorea sapinii De Wild.
  • Dioscorea sativa Munro
  • Dioscorea vulgaris Miq.
  • Elephantodon eburnea (Lour.) Salisb.
  • Polynome alata (L.) Salisb.
        }}  }}

|synonyms_ref = [2]
}}Dioscorea alata, known as purple yam, ube, or greater yam, among many other names, is a species of yam, a tuberous root vegetable. The tubers are usually vivid violet to bright lavender in colour, hence the common name, but they may sometimes be plain white. It is sometimes confused with taro and the Okinawa sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Ayamurasaki), although D. alata is also grown in Okinawa where it is known as {{nihongo|beniimo|紅芋}}. With its origins in the Asian tropics, D. alata has been known to humans since ancient times.[3]

Names

Because it has become naturalized throughout tropical South America, Africa, Australia, the southeastern U.S., D. alata has many different common names from these regions. In English alone, aside from purple yam, other common names include Guyana arrowroot, ten-months yam, water yam, white yam, winged yam, violet yam, or simply yam.[3]

History of cultivation

Dioscorea alata is one of the most important staple crops in Austronesian cultures. It is one of various species of yams that were domesticated and cultivated independently within Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea for their starchy tubers, including the round yam (Dioscorea bulbifera), ubi gadong (Dioscorea hispida), lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta), Pacific yam (Dioscorea nummularia), fiveleaf yam (Dioscorea pentaphylla), and pencil yam (Dioscorea transversa).[4] Among these, D. alata and D. esculenta were the only ones regularly cultivated and eaten, while the rest were usually considered as famine food due to their higher levels of the toxin dioscorine which requires that they be prepared correctly before consumption.[5] D. alata is also cultivated more than D. esculenta, largely because of its much larger tubers.[6]D. alata and D. esculenta were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the Austronesian expansion. D. alata in particular, were introduced into the Pacific Islands and New Zealand. They were also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros.[7][8][9]

The center of origin of purple yam is unknown, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea before the Austronesian expansion. Purple yam is believed to be a true cultigen, only known from its cultivated forms. It is a polyploid and is sterile, and thus can not cross bodies of water. This restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed an origin in Mainland Southeast Asia without evidence, but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the Philippines and New Guinea.[10][11][12]

Based on archaeological evidence of early farming plots and plant remains in the Kuk Swamp site, authors have suggested that it was first domesticated in the highlands of New Guinea from around 10,000 BP and spread into Island Southeast Asia via the Lapita culture at around c. 4,000 BP, along with D. nummularia and D. bulbifera. In turn, D. esculenta is believed to have been introduced by the Lapita culture into New Guinea. There is also evidence of an agricultural revolution during this period brought by innovations from contact with Austronesians, including the development of wet cultivation.[13][14] However, much older remains identified as being probably D. alata have also been recovered from the Niah Caves of Borneo (Late Pleistocene, <40,000 BP) and the Ille Cave of Palawan (c. 11,000 BP), along with remains of the toxic ubi gadong (D. hispida) which requires processing before it can be edible. Although it doesn't prove cultivation, it does show that humans already had the knowledge to exploit starchy plants and that D. alata were native to Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it opens the question on whether D. alata is a true species or cultivated much older than believed.[4][15][16][17][18][19]

Purple yam remains an important crop in Southeast Asia. Particularly in the Philippines where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in Melanesia, where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern Polynesia and New Zealand, however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the sweet potato.[6]

Uses

Culinary

Purple yam is used in a variety of desserts, as well as a flavor for ice cream, milk, Swiss rolls, tarts, cookies, cupcakes, cakes and other types of pastries. In the Philippines, it is known as ubi or ube and is often eaten boiled, baked, or as a sweetened pudding called ube halayá; the latter is a popular ingredient in the iced dessert called halo-halo. In Maharashtra, the stir-fried chips are eaten during religious fasting.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} Purple yam is an essential ingredient in Undhiyu.[20] Purple yam is a popular dessert in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Purple yam has more recently appeared in American restaurants as well, under the Philippine name "ube". It is being used to make truffles, leche, flan, donuts,[21] cupcakes, and other pastries.

D. alata is valued for the starch that can be processed from it.[3]

Medicinal

In folk medicine, D. alata has been used as a moderate laxative and vermifuge, and for fever, gonorrhea, leprosy, tumors, and inflamed hemorrhoids.[22] D. alata has relatively high levels of oxalates (486–781 mg/100 g dry matter).[23]

Other uses

The color of purple varieties is due to various anthocyanin pigments.[24] The pigments are water-soluble, and have been proposed as possible food coloring agents.[25]

D. alata is sometimes grown in gardens for its ornamental value.[3]

As an invasive species

Dioscorea alata is native to Southeast Asia, as well as surrounding areas (Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands of Japan, Assam, lowland areas of Nepal, New Guinea, Christmas Island). It has escaped from its native growth area and into the wild in many other places, becoming naturalized in parts of southern and east-central China, Africa and Madagascar, the Western Hemisphere, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans.[26] It persists in the wild in the United States in Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Puerto Rico, Haiti, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It is considered an invasive species, at least in Florida.[27][28]{{clear left}}

See also

  • Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
  • Colocasia esculenta
  • Alocasia macrorrhizos
  • Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
  • Cyrtosperma merkusii
  • Ipomoea batatas

References

1. ^ Dioscorea alata was first described and published in Species Plantarum 2: 1033. 1753. {{ cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/Name/11000003 |title=Name - Dioscorea alata L. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=May 26, 2011}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-239747|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species}}
3. ^1 2 3 {{GRIN | accessdate=May 26, 2011}}
4. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=Graeme |last2=Hunt |first2=Chris |last3=Barton |first3=Huw |last4=Gosden |first4=Chris |last5=Jones |first5=Sam |last6=Lloyd-Smith |first6=Lindsay |last7=Farr |first7=Lucy |last8=Nyirí |first8=Borbala |last9=O'Donnell |first9=Shawn |title=The ‘cultured rainforests’ of Borneo |journal=Quaternary International |date=August 2017 |volume=448 |pages=44–61 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.018}}
5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bevacqua |first1=Robert F. |title=Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study |journal=HortScience |date=1994 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1226-1229 |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf}}
6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Qubi.html|title=*Qufi ~ Uwhi, uhi|work=Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden|publisher=Benton Family Trust|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Crowther |first1=Alison |last2=Lucas |first2=Leilani |last3=Helm |first3=Richard |last4=Horton |first4=Mark |last5=Shipton |first5=Ceri |last6=Wright |first6=Henry T. |last7=Walshaw |first7=Sarah |last8=Pawlowicz |first8=Matthew |last9=Radimilahy |first9=Chantal |last10=Douka |first10=Katerina |last11=Picornell-Gelabert |first11=Llorenç |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Boivin |first13=Nicole L. |title=Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=14 June 2016 |volume=113 |issue=24 |pages=6635–6640 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1522714113|pmc=4914162 }}
8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |date=August 2011 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142}}
9. ^{{cite book |last1=Walter |first1=Annie |last2=Lebot |first2=Vincent |title=Gardens of Oceania |date=2007 |publisher=IRD Éditions-CIRAD |isbn=9781863204705 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SMYkLkV4iyEC&printsec=frontcover}}
10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Malapa |first1=R. |last2=Arnau |first2=G. |last3=Noyer |first3=J.L. |last4=Lebot |first4=V. |title=Genetic Diversity of the Greater Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and Relatedness to D. nummularia Lam. and D. transversa Br. as Revealed with AFLP Markers |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |date=November 2005 |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=919–929 |doi=10.1007/s10722-003-6122-5}}
11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Cruz |first1=V.M.V. |last2=Altoveros |first2=N.C. |last3=Mendioro |first3=M.S. |last4=Ramirez |first4=D.A. |title=Geographical patterns of diversity in the Philippine edible yam collection |journal=Plant Genetic resources Newsletter |date=1999 |volume=119 |pages=7-11}}
12. ^{{cite journal |last1=Paz |first1=Victor J. |title=Neolithic Human Movement to Island Southeast Asia: The Search for Archaeobotanical Evidence |journal=Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin |date=1999 |volume=18 |issue=Melaka Papers Vol. 2 |pages=151-158 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v18i0.11710 |url=https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11710/10339}}
13. ^{{cite journal |last1=Chaïr |first1=H. |last2=Traore |first2=R. E. |last3=Duval |first3=M. F. |last4=Rivallan |first4=R. |last5=Mukherjee |first5=A. |last6=Aboagye |first6=L. M. |last7=Van Rensburg |first7=W. J. |last8=Andrianavalona |first8=V. |last9=Pinheiro de Carvalho |first9=M. A. A. |last10=Saborio |first10=F. |last11=Sri Prana |first11=M. |last12=Komolong |first12=B. |last13=Lawac |first13=F. |last14=Lebot |first14=V. |last15=Chiang |first15=Tzen-Yuh |title=Genetic Diversification and Dispersal of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) |journal=PLOS ONE |date=17 June 2016 |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=e0157712 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157712 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0157712}}
14. ^{{cite book|first1=Tim|last1=Bayliss-Smith|first2=Jack|last2=Golson|first3=Philip|last3=Hughes|editor1-first=Jack |editor1-last=Golson |editor2-first=Tim |editor2-last=Denham|editor3-first=Philip |editor3-last=Hughes|editor4-first=Pamela|editor4-last= Swadling|editor5-first=John |editor5-last=Muke|title =Ten Thousand Years of Cultivation at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea|chapter =Phase 4: Major Disposal Channels, Slot-Like Ditches and Grid-Patterned Fields|publisher =ANU Press|series =terra australis|volume=46|year =2017|pages=239-268|isbn = 9781760461164|url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Hlk0DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA239#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
15. ^{{cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=Graeme |last2=Lloyd-Smith |first2=Lindsay |last3=Barton |first3=Huw |last4=Cole |first4=Franca |last5=Hunt |first5=Chris |last6=Piper |first6=Philip J. |last7=Rabett |first7=Ryan |last8=Paz |first8=Victor |last9=Szabó |first9=Katherine |title=Foraging-farming transitions at the Niah Caves, Sarawak, Borneo |journal=Antiquity |date=2011 |volume=85 |issue=328 |pages=492-509 |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/2765748/Barker_et_al_Antiquity_2011.pdf}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last1=Balbaligo |first1=Yvette |title=A Brief Note on the 2007 Excavation at Ille Cave, Palawan, the Philippines |journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology |date=15 November 2007 |volume=18 |issue=2007 |pages=161 |doi=10.5334/pia.308}}
17. ^{{cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=Huw |title=The Case for Rainforest Foragers: The Starch Record at Niah Cave, Sarawak |journal=Asian Perspectives |date=2005 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=56-72 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105493.pdf}}
18. ^{{cite book|first1=Huw|last1=Barton|first2=Timothy|last2=Denham|editor1-first=Grame|editor1-last=Barker|editor2-first=Monica|editor2-last=Janowski|title =Why cultivate? Anthropological and Archaeological Approaches to Foraging–Farming Transitions in Southeast Asia|chapter =Prehistoric vegeculture and social life in Island Southeast Asia and Melanesia|publisher = McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research|series =|year =2011|pages=61-74|isbn = 9781902937588|url =http://austronesian.linguistics.anu.edu.au/historydownloads/Barton_Denham_2011.pdf}}
19. ^{{cite book|first1=Tim |last1=Reynolds|first2=Graeme |last2=Barker|first3=Huw |last3=Barton|first4=Gathorne |last4=Cranbrook|first5=Chris|last5= Hunt|first6=Lisa |last6=Kealhofer|first7=Victor |last7=Paz|first8=Alasdair |last8=Pike|first9=Philip |last9=Piper|first10=Ryan |last10=Rabett|first11=Gary |last11=Rushworth|first12=Christopher |last12=Stimpson |first13=Katherine |last13=Szabó|editor1-first=Graeme|editor1-last=Barker|title =Rainforest Foraging and Farming in Island Southeast Asia|chapter =The First Modern Humans at Niah, c. 50,000–35,000 Years Ago|publisher =McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research|series =|year =2013|pages=133-170|isbn =9781902937540|url =https://pages.upd.edu.ph/sites/default/files/pawlik/files/niah_ch04_the_first_modern_humans_at_niah.pdf}}
20. ^Degras, L. 1993. The Yam: A Tropical Root Crop. London, New York, and Wageningen
21. ^{{cite web | url = http://abc7chicago.com/food/donut-shop-in-gurnee-cranks-out-unique-freshly-made-donuts/1602514/ | title = Donut Shop in Gurnee Cranks Out Unique Freshly Made Donuts | date = November 11, 2016 | publisher = ABC7 Chicago}}
22. ^{{cite web|author=James A. Duke |title=Dioscorea alata (DIOSCOREACEAE) |publisher=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/ethnobot.pl?ethnobot.taxon=Dioscorea%20alata |accessdate=May 26, 2011}}
23. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Wanasundera JP, Ravindran G |title=Nutritional assessment of yam (Dioscorea alata) tubers |journal=Plant Foods Hum Nutr |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=33–9 |year=1994 |pmid=7971785 |doi= |url=}}
24. ^{{cite journal| vauthors=Moriya C, Hosoya T, Agawa S, Sugiyama Y, Kozone I, Shin-Ya K |title=New acylated anthocyanins from purple yam and their antioxidant activity. | journal=Biosci Biotechnol Biochem |year=2015 |volume=79 |issue=9 |pages= 1484–92 | pmid=25848974 |doi=10.1080/09168451.2015.1027652 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25848974}}
25. ^Jinwei Li, Lianfu Zhang, and Yuanfa Liu (2013) "Optimization of Extraction of Natural Pigment from Purple Sweet Potato by Response Surface Methodology and Its Stability" Journal of Chemistry, volume 2013, article ID 590512, 5 pages {{doi|10.1155/2013/590512}}
26. ^*Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families*Flora of China, Vol. 24 Page 296, 参薯 shen shu, Dioscorea alata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753.*Smith, A.C. (1979). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 1: 1-495. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.*Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.*Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985). Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7: 259-329.*Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.*George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.*Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: 1-415.*Tanaka, N., Koyama, T. & Murata, J. (2005). The flowering plants of Mt. Popa, central Myanmar - Results of Myanmar-Japanese joint expeditions, 2000-2004. Makinoa 5: 1-102.*Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.*Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.*National Parks Board Singapore (2006). Vascular Plant Life Checklist Pulau Ubin. www.nparks.gov.sg/nparks_cms/cms/cmsmgr/data/6/PlantChkList.xls.*Sosef, M.S.M. & al. (2006). Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1-438.*Samanta, A.K. (2006). The genus Dioscorea L. in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas - a census. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 30: 555-563.*Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.*Wilkin, P. & Thapyai, C. (2009). Flora of Thailand 10(1): 1-140. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.*Demissew, S. & Nordal, I. (2010). Aloes and other Lilies of Ethiopia and Eritrea, ed, 2: 1-351. Shama Books, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
27. ^{{ cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DIAL2 |title=Profile for Dioscorea alata (water yam) |work=PLANTS Database |publisher=USDA, NRCS |accessdate=May 26, 2011}}
28. ^Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map

External links

{{Commons category|Dioscorea alata|Dioscorea alata}}{{Wikispecies|Dioscorea alata|Dioscorea alata}}
  • {{ITIS |id=43372 |taxon=Dioscorea alata |accessdate=18 February 2006}}
  • Images from Forestry Images (webpages from the University of Georgia's Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health)
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1932852}}

6 : Dioscorea|Plants described in 1753|Yams (vegetable)|Flora of tropical Asia|Maharashtrian cuisine|Philippine cuisine
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