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词条 Disney's America
释义

  1. History

     Announcement and initial support  Opposition and protests  Project abandonment 

  2. Park plans

     Themed areas  Additional proposed development  Ideas transferred to other parks  Disney's American Celebration 

  3. Proposed conversion of Knott's Berry Farm

  4. References

  5. Bibliography

  6. External links

{{short description|Canceled theme park near Manassas National Battlefield Park}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox amusement park
|image =Disney america.jpg
|image_size =200px
|caption =Disney's America logo
|name =Disney's America
|status =Canceled
|location =Haymarket, Virginia (original concept)
Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, California (revived concept)
|location2 =
|location3 =
|theme =American History
|homepage =
|owner =The Walt Disney Company
|operator =Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
|coordinates ={{Coord|38|49|55|N|77|38|39|W|type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=it}}
|visitors =11 million (projected)
}}Disney's America was a planned theme park that was to have been built by The Walt Disney Company in the early 1990s. The park was planned to be built near Haymarket, Virginia, only {{convert|5|mi|km|spell=in}} from the site of the Manassas National Battlefield Park near Interstate 66 west of Washington, D. C.[1][2] Announced in November 1993, the park was to have been dedicated to the history of the United States and was scheduled to open by 1998[2][3] with a $650 million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|650000000|1994|r=-4}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}) planned budget.[5] Amid opposition from citizen's groups, however, the project was canceled in September 1994.[4]

The concept was revived in 1997 as a potential re-theming of Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California, when the Knott family offered its amusement park for sale. However, the Knott family refused to sell its park to Disney, largely due to concerns over what Disney would do to the property, and the project was canceled again. Several of the proposed elements of Disney's America were incorporated into Disney's California Adventure, which opened in 2001.

History

{{Location map+|USA Virginia|width=300|caption=Proposed location for Disney's America.
|places={{Location map~|USA Virginia|label=Disney's America
|lat_deg=038 |lat_min=049 |lat_sec=055 |lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=077 |lon_min=038 |lon_sec=039 |lon_dir=W
|marksize=12 |position=left}}
}}

Michael Eisner stated the genesis for Disney's America was sparked by a visit taken by him and other Disney executives to Colonial Williamsburg three to four years before the 1993 announcement. After coming up with the concept, Disney spent two years scouting potential sites near Washington DC.[7] However, officials from Explore Park, a history theme park near Roanoke that opened in 1994, alleged that Disney stole some of the ideas for Disney's America from their park after a 1987 meeting between the officials from the two companies.[8]

Announcement and initial support

At the time it was announced on November 11, 1993, Disney had already purchased or held options on the {{convert|3000|acre}} of land needed for the proposed park.[3] After concept plans for Disney's America were drawn up for the history-based attraction in 1993, it became Michael Eisner's pet project,[5] obtaining the support of outgoing Governor L. Douglas Wilder (D) and incoming Gov. George Allen (R),[3][12] as well as the Virginia Commission on Population Growth and Development.[6] Wilder said he was "pleased that you [Disney] have come to us," and Allen promised to "kick down any hurdles" that would hold up the park.[3] Wilder, who had learned of the proposed park approximately two weeks before the announcement, elaborated that Disney had not forced Virginia into a bidding war through government concessions to attract the development, in contrast with the first American Legoland park, which was the subject of an ongoing competition between Prince William County and Carlsbad, California.[7] Many local citizens, including the head of the Haymarket Historical Commission, supported the project for economic reasons.[2]

{{quote|This is not a Pollyanna view of America. We want to make you a Civil War soldier. We want to make you feel what it was like to be a slave or what it was like to escape through the underground railroad.|Bob Weis, Disney Senior Vice President (November 1993)[7]}}

Peter Rummell, president of Disney Design & Development, stated the park was designed to be a one-day experience, and the goal was to make history "real but also make it fun." Rummell acknowledged that creating entertainment around historical events such as slavery and the Civil War could be controversial, but he elaborated that "an intelligent story, properly told, shouldn't offend anybody ... But we won't worry about being politically correct."[3] The location was chosen to tap into the tourist crowds visiting Washington DC and several local attractions, including the battlefield at Manassas, Kings Dominion, Busch Gardens, Jamestown, Yorktown, Colonial Williamsburg, and the Dulles-based Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum.[19]

Although Disney did not ask for concessions at the announcement in November 1993,[3] the company warned the purchase of land options would not proceed without improvements in roads and infrastructure.[8] Allen proposed {{US$|163200000|1994|round=-4}} in State of Virginia spending, one of the costliest incentive packages offered to-date,[9] to improve roads at the proposed Disney site, defray relocation costs, and promote tourism in the area.[10] In addition, Prince William County had requested {{US$|50000000|1994|round=-4}} in loans from Virginia to improve water and sewer lines.[10] The project was granted subsidies by the Virginia state government in March 1994,[11] with Disney advancing the subsidy proposal on the last possible day and threatening to abandon the project if it was not passed.[26] The Disney's America project received additional project support as late as September.[4]

Opposition and protests

Public opposition to the theme park and associated development was strong, especially from a vocal group of prominent historians named Protect Historic America.[28] Historian David McCullough described Disney's America as a potential "commercial blitzkrieg" in May 1994, predicting the same urban sprawl that surrounds Disneyland and Disney World for Virginia.[12] Other members of Protect Historic America included C. Vann Woodward, John Hope Franklin, James M. McPherson, Barbara J. Fields, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Shelby Foote, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., William Styron, Tom Wicker, Richard Moe and Roger Wilkins.[12][13][14] McPherson warned that sprawl "would desecrate the ground over which men fought and died."[15]

Disney also faced opposition from groups concerned that historical events such as the Civil War and slavery could be trivialized by teaching history through entertainment and possibly selling "little souvenir slave ships."[13] Eisner would later disavow comments from Weis, a senior vice president who had stated a planned exhibit on slavery would "make you feel what it was like to be a slave," saying that Weis had misspoken and was not used to speaking to the media.[8] Rummell also rejected the fears as premature: "Those are harsh words for a production that not only hasn't opened, but hasn't even been fully written."[13] Weis later stressed the content of the park had not yet been decided, saying "I'm not sure we have a certain direction yet ... Our thoughts are evolving" in March 1994.[16] By August 1994, novelist William Styron penned an opinion that any exhibit that would allow visitors to "experience" slavery would be inadequate[17] and soon afterward, Disney announced the proposed slavery exhibit had been shelved.[13]

In addition, the heavy subsidies proposed from Virginia faced opposition in the state legislature.[10] By late February 1994, the planned Disney park was still locally popular in Haymarket,[18] but faced opposition from nearby towns who echoed McCullough's prediction: "following [the theme park] will be all the things people want, gas stations, motels and, God help us, the fast-food strips."[19] A national farm conservation group, the American Farmland Trust, voiced its opposition to the project, saying it threatened up to 50% of the state's orchards and 15% of its farmland.[20]

Proponents of the theme park project alleged Protect Historic America was merely a front to advance the interests of wealthy landowners who owned land close to the planned development. Disney projected up to 35,000 automobiles per day, which raised traffic and pollution concerns amongst local residents.[13] The Disney official in charge of the project, Mark Pacala, penned an editorial touting planned road improvements as benefiting all motorists.[21] Virginia Transportation Secretary Robert E. Martinez announced the state would seek a full federal review of the planned freeway improvements, which would delay the approval of road construction funds.[14] Other residents, citing the already-low unemployment rates, were skeptical of the economic boost generated by the park.[13] An economic report commissioned by park opponents said that Disney had overstated economic benefits, saying that only 6,000 (not 12,000) jobs would be created, in mostly low-wage, low-skill categories, and the park would only bring in an additional $1.5–5.1 million in annual tax revenue (compared to the $14.1 million Disney had estimated).[22] Disney Vice President John Dreyer dismissed these protesters as stereotypical NIMBY citizens, saying "I think it's very similar to the arguments you've heard about a dozen projects around the country—which is, 'I'm here, I don't want anyone else to come.' "[13] Despite the vocal opposition,[22] polls showed a majority of Virginia residents supported the project.[4]

Operators of other area attractions, including Colonial Williamsburg, feared that Disney's America would siphon away tourist time and spending instead of adding another attraction for the Washington DC area.[23]

Rep. Michael A. Andrews (D-TX), a Civil War buff, introduced a resolution on June 16, 1994 to send a message to Disney not to build the project in the proposed location,[24] saying he was "not opposed to Disney or the park, as long as the project is built in another location."[25] Andrews was joined in support by Reps. Tim Roemer (D-IN) and Robert Torricelli (D-NJ), with Torricelli adding that Civil War history should "not [be taught] by Minnie and Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck."[25]

{{quote|Disney's America not only will not replace historic sites but rather will add to their luster by enthusing our guests about events that occurred there and the people who took part in them. We are confident our project will actually encourage more people to visit historic areas. And we believe our presentation of the American heritage can make a significant national contribution to the important cause of historic preservation.

We plan to use all of the tools available to us -- filmmaking, animation, environments, music, interactive media, live interpretation -- to bring the American experience to life. We are working with historians and other experts to make Disney's America an engaging and genuine encounter with America's past. Together, we have identified some common themes that run through the American experience -- our persistent resistence [sic] to injustice, our quest for tolerance and inclusion, our history of rising to challenges, our faith in the promise of the future and our belief that ordinary people can accomplish extraordinary things.

We believe that every person, particularly the children, who can touch history and sense the emotions of a time or event, will be impelled to learn more. This is the vision and purpose of Disney's America.|Michael Eisner, Chairman and CEO of The Walt Disney Company (June 1994)[26]}}

Eisner rebuked protesters and detractors, especially the historian members of Protect Historic America, saying in a June 1994 interview with The Washington Post that "I sat through many history classes where I read some of their stuff, and I didn't learn anything. It was pretty boring. I guess I can say that I object to some of their stuff."[27] Eisner was surprised by the opposition, stating that he had "expected to be taken around on people's shoulders" for both the economic stimulus of 19,000 new jobs and the entertainment value that would allow visitors "to get high on history."[27] In the same interview, Eisner reiterated Disney's rights to develop on the {{convert|3000|acre}}, saying "it's private land that is not in the middle of a historic area."[27] Eisner did not rule out moving the park to other sites, noting that the governors of Maryland and North Carolina had begun to court the company.[28]

A crowd of 3,000 protesters, including Ralph Nader, staged a march in Washington DC opposing the park in mid-September 1994.[29][30] Specific objections at the march included Disney's precedent of a privatized governing district in Florida and skepticism about Disney's plans to "make you feel what it was like to be a slave."[30]

Project abandonment

{{quote|We remain convinced that a park that celebrates America and an exploration of our heritage is a great idea, and we will continue to work to make it a reality. However, we recognize that there are those who have been concerned about the possible impact of our park on historic sites in this unique area, and we have always tried to be sensitive to the issue. While we do not agree with all their concerns, we are seeking a new location so that we can move the process forward ...

Despite our confidence that we would eventually win the necessary approvals, it has become clear that we could not say when the park would be able to open -- or even when we could break ground ...

The controversy over building in Prince William County has diverted attention and resources from the creative development of the park. Implicit in our vision for the park is the hope that it will be a source of pride and unity for all Americans. We certainly cannot let a particular site undermine that goal by becoming a source of divisiveness.|Peter S. Rummel, president of Disney Design and Development Co. (September 1994)[64]}}

Disney announced they would not build the Disney's America theme park at the originally-proposed site near Manassas on September 28, 1994,[31][32] despite the political backing of numerous officials.[33] By the time Disney withdrew the project from Haymarket, the New York Times reported that Disney felt they could gain official but not public approval, resulting in unacceptable delays.[4] Disney put the {{convert|600|acre}} of land they had already acquired up for sale in March 1995 and relinquished options to purchase an adjacent {{convert|2037|acre|adj=on}} property in December 1994.[34] The land slated for the proposed park has instead since been used to build tens of thousands of single and multi-family homesites in the Dominion Valley and Piedmont housing developments and Camp William B. Snyder for the Boy Scouts of America.[35] Since the demise of the Haymarket project, the promised road improvements have been on hold and traffic has increased from the housing developments built on the site, though some residents credit the new housing with attracting a wealthier, more-educated population; the population of Prince William County grew by nearly 100,000 people in the 10 years following the end of the project.[36]

At the same time they announced they were abandoning the Haymarket site, Disney announced they still intended to build the theme park at a "less controversial" site in either Virginia or Maryland.[32][33] One anonymous Wall Street analyst claimed there was a schism in support for Disney's America amongst top executives at Disney, including opposition from the recently-ousted Jeffrey Katzenberg.[32] In addition to scrapping Disney's America, the Walt Disney Company also abandoned other theme park projects in the 1990s, including WestCOT and Port Disney.

Park plans

Themed areas

{{Tone|section|date=December 2017}}

The plans for Disney's America called for nine distinctly themed areas[75][37] within a {{convert|125|-|185|acre|adj=on}} theme park serving up to 30,000 visitors per day.[19][16] Much of the information is taken from a promotional brochure published by The Walt Disney Company in 1994.[38]

  • Crossroads USA, 1800–1850 - A pre-Civil War-era village that would have served as the hub of Disney's America. Guests would enter under an 1840s train trestle, which would have featured antique steam trains circling the park.[2][8]
  • Native America, 1600–1810 - A recreation of a Native American village that would have reflected the tribes that were known in that part of the country. Guests would have also enjoyed interactive experiences, exhibits, and arts and crafts, as well as a whitewater river raft ride that would have traveled throughout the area, based on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[2][8]
  • Presidents' Square, 1750–1800 - A celebration of the birth of democracy and those who fought to preserve it. The Hall of Presidents from Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, would have been replicated or relocated in this section of Disney's America.
  • Civil War Fort, 1850–1870 - A Civil War fort would have plunged guests into a more turbulent time of American history; with an adjacent replica battlefield where Civil War re-enactments would be staged and an adjacent man-made Freedom Bay, where water battles between the Monitor and the Merrimac would have been staged as a "thrilling nighttime spectacular".[2][38]
  • Enterprise, 1870–1930 - A mock factory town, it would have highlighted American ingenuity where guests could have ridden a major attraction called Industrial Revolution, traveling on a roller coaster-type ride through a 19th-century landscape with heavy industry and blast furnaces.[2] On either side of the ride would have been exhibits of technology that defined America's industry, and developments that would have defined future industries.
  • We The People, 1870–1930 - A replica of the Ellis Island building, which acted as the gateway to America for many immigrants in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Music, restaurants, and a live show would be here.
  • Family Farm, 1930–1945 - A recreation of an authentic farm where guests could have had the opportunity to see different types of industries related to food production, in addition to hands-on experiences.[8]
  • State Fair, 1930–1945 - An area based on the Midwest with a live show about baseball and Coney Island themed rides, including a {{convert|60|ft|adj=on}} Ferris wheel and a wooden roller coaster.
  • Victory Field, 1930–1945 - Guests would have experienced what America's soldiers faced in the defense of freedom during world wars. It would have been themed to resemble an air field with a series of hangars containing attractions based on America's military might using virtual reality technology. The air field would have also served as an exhibit of airplanes from different periods, as well as for major flying exhibitions. Concepts for what would have been the world's first dueling inverted roller coasters, which would have been named Dogfighter, were drawn up, but were ultimately abandoned due to the projected cost of the attraction. The ride would have had guests flying through the air in German and American biplane-themed trains, and would have featured several near misses. Both tracks would have featured inversions (the American track featured a cobra roll, a vertical loop, a zero-g roll, and two corkscrews; the German track featured the same elements with an extra corkscrew leading into the final brake-run), and at one point the German train would have come close to hitting both the floor and walls of a trench and a tank as it looped over a tank that had crashed into the trench.

Some of the ideas alleged to be lifted from Explore Park for Disney's America include the Lewis and Clark-themed water ride, Native American village, American main street and working family farm.[39]

Additional proposed development

According to Rummell, plans also included:[13][37]

  • resort hotels (with 1,340 guest rooms)
  • an RV park (with 300 campsites)
  • a 27-hole golf course
  • and nearly {{convert|2000000|sqft}} for retail and commercial development.[37]

Additionally, there were tentative plans to sell a portion of the land to a developer to build over 2,000 residential units and donate land for other municipal buildings, including schools and a library.[37] Disney intended to leave up to 40% of the total land undeveloped as a greenbelt/buffer between the Park and its surroundings.[37]

Ideas transferred to other parks

Soarin' from Epcot and Disney's California Adventure evolved from some of the rides planned for Victory Field.

Other concepts originally intended for Disney's America were slightly re-themed and re-worked as elements of Disney California Adventure, including the Bountiful Valley Farm (Family Farm), Grizzly River Run (Lewis and Clark Expedition raft ride), California Screamin' (State Fair roller coaster ride) as well as Condor Flats (Victory Field).[40]

Disney's American Celebration

Faced with public relations issues in the wake of vocal opposition, Disney put together a conceptual study of a park in August 1994 with an overarching theme celebrating common American themes and experiences. The conceptual study was discontinued weeks later. The planned pavilions for Disney's American Celebration would have included:[41]

  • Democracy, the entrance area featuring attractions such as America: A User's Guide, the American Free Speech Forum and the American Hall of Fame.
  • Family or Generations, featuring a multi-media show called American Families following four generations of a family from 1929–1999.
  • The Land, based on the Epcot attraction of the same name.
  • Creativity and Fun, similar to the original concept for State Fair, featuring a full-scale recreation of Ebbets Field and Coney Island-themed attractions.
  • Work featuring factory tours of iconic American companies such as Apple, Ben & Jerry's and Crayola.
  • Service & Sacrifice, similar to the original concept for Victory Field, featuring the attraction Soldier's Story taking guests through memorable moments in American wars and other interactive areas where guests could attempt military training.
  • American People telling the Immigration Story on a ride and film featuring the Muppets as well as the Dream of Freedom movie discussing the ongoing struggle for freedom and equality.
  • Streets of America, a dining district featuring "streets" themed for cuisine from different cities, including:
    • Chicago (Chicago-style pizza)
    • Los Angeles (Hispanic and fast food)
    • New Orleans (Cajun)
    • New York City (Jewish/deli food)
    • St. Louis (barbecued ribs)
    • San Francisco (Chinese)
  • Disney's America Live, the entertainment venue featuring outdoor stages and the State Farm Arena where guests could attempt hog calling and calf roping.

Proposed conversion of Knott's Berry Farm

A conversion of Knott's Berry Farm (in Buena Park, near Disneyland) into Disney's America was drafted shortly after the Knott family announced that they would take bids for its property. The idea for the conversion reportedly came from the exact replica of Independence Hall, which sits in the parking lot of Knott's Berry Farm.

The plan called for stretching out the park's entrance across the street to the Independence Hall replica. The new entrance to the park would then be built to resemble Walt Disney World's Liberty Square, although the name of the entrance would have been changed to Presidents' Square. The major attraction for this area would have included the Hall of Presidents.

Another section of the proposed park would have included the "Native American" territories as it would have paid tribute to America's native people. The area would have included where the Mystery Lodge, Indian Trail, and Bigfoot Rapids are currently located. Also, Bigfoot Rapids would have had its name changed to The Lewis & Clark River Expedition, which was a similar attraction proposed for Virginia. This idea was eventually scrapped because the Imagineers felt it was an "inconsistent hybrid of thrills and education."

Other proposed ideas would have been the conversion of the former Roaring '20s section into the "Enterprise" territory. Reflection Lake would have been converted to Freedom Bay, and would have showcased a recreation of the Ellis Island immigration center. Finally, the Old Ghost Town section of Knott's Berry Farm would have been mostly unchanged. Camp Snoopy and Fiesta Village probably also would have been converted into different "territories".

The California Disney's America project was canceled due to several reasons. One was a lack of a practical means to transport guests from the Disneyland Resort to Disney's America. Planners felt that extending the existing Disneyland Monorail System would be too expensive; they also noted that bus transportation would not have been practical. The main factor was that the Knott family had rejected Disney's bid since they were afraid that the Imagineers would replace much of what their parents had originally built. Ironically, Cedar Fair (the company that bought Knott's Berry Farm in 1997) removed more original features from the park than Disney's plans would have done, although keeping the Knott's name and layout intact.[42]

References

1. ^{{cite web |author = Crawford, Michael |url = http://progresscityusa.com/archives/thanksgiving-special-neverworlds-part-i-disneys-america |title = Thanksgiving Special: Neverworlds, Disney's America |publisher = Progress City, U.S.A. |date = November 22, 2007 |access-date = September 8, 2012 }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite news |title = A Disneyland of History Next to the Real Thing |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/12/us/a-disneyland-of-history-next-to-the-real-thing.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = November 12, 1993 |access-date = November 16, 2015 |issn = 0362-4331 |first = Michael |last = Wines }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/1993-11-12/business/fi-56182_1_theme-park |title = With Liberty and Justice for Mickey |author = Shiver Jr, Jube |date = November 12, 1993 |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |access-date = December 9, 2016 }}
4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news |title = Disney Drops Plan for History Theme Park in Virginia |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/29/us/disney-drops-plan-for-history-theme-park-in-virginia.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = September 29, 1994 |access-date = November 16, 2015 |issn = 0362-4331 |first = Richard |last = Perez-Pena }}
5. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.chotank.com/disneyrom.html |title = Michael Eisner's passion: Disney's America |publisher = Chotank.com |date = |access-date = September 8, 2012 }}
6. ^{{cite web |url = http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1994/vp940727/07270008.htm |title = Archived copy |access-date = April 3, 2005 |dead-url = yes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050507191228/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1994/vp940727/07270008.htm |archive-date = May 7, 2005 |df = }}
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10. ^1 2 {{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/1994-02-01/business/fi-17844_1_virginia-lawmakers |title = Virginia Lawmakers Back Away From Disney Aid |author = Baker, Peter |date = February 1, 1994 |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |agency = Washington Post |access-date = December 9, 2016 }}
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15. ^{{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-27/local/me-9158_1_civil-war |title = The Historian and His Friend Abe |author = Kennedy, J. Michael |date = June 27, 1994 |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
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21. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/01/28/in-defense-of-disneys-america/cb070078-dae8-4fb4-85ae-5cb94d0ff3ed/ |title = OPINION: In defense of Disney's America |author = Pacala, Mark |date = January 28, 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
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23. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/1994/05/04/virginia-attractions-see-threat-in-disney/4ee9c23d-1a1f-4c7a-9773-70ffcab24569/ |title = Virginia Attractions See Threat in Disney |author = Hsu, Spencer S. |date = May 4, 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
24. ^{{USBill|103|hcr|255}}
25. ^1 {{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/06/17/for-disney-fight-takes-new-twist/ec137169-064c-495a-abf5-96dd7907a5c0/ |title = For Disney, fight takes new twist |author1 = Fehr, Stephen C. |author2 = Shear, Michael D. |date = June 17, 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
26. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/06/20/lets-celebrate-america/dfcad325-134e-4475-8f80-4f1095602ff8/ |title = OPINION: Let's Celebrate America |author = Eisner, Michael |author-link = Michael Eisner |date = 20 June 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = 14 December 2016 }}
27. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-14/business/fi-4121_1_theme-park |title = Eisner Blasts Critics of Disney Virginia Park |author = Powers, William F. |date = June 14, 1994 |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |agency = Washington Post |access-date = December 9, 2016 }}
28. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1994/06/21/virginias-neighbors-are-courting-disneys-america-project/04ff0c82-5483-4378-83c2-53fc6007fa79/ |title = Virginia's neighbors are courting Disney's America project |author = Powers, William F. |date = June 21, 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
29. ^{{Cite news |title = Disney Park Is Protested |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/18/us/disney-park-is-protested.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = September 18, 1994 |access-date = November 16, 2015 |issn = 0362-4331 }}
30. ^1 {{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/1994-09-18/news/mn-40211_1_theme-park-plans |title = Thousands Protest Disney History Theme Park Plans |author = |date = September 18, 1994 |agency = Reuters |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |access-date = December 9, 2016 }}
31. ^1 {{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/09/29/disney-gives-up-on-haymarket-theme-park-vows-to-seek-less-controversial-virginia-site/937cbfa9-89a2-43d6-bfdc-e7aa53b33c87/ |title = Disney gives up on Haymarket theme park, vows to seek less controversial Virginia site |author1 = Baker, Peter |author2 = Hsu, Spencer S. |date = September 29, 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
32. ^1 2 {{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/1994-09-29/news/mn-44376_1_theme-park |title = Disney Gives Up Plans for Park at Historic Site |author1 = Harris, Kathryn |author2 = Sanchez, Jesus |date = September 29, 1994 |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
33. ^1 {{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/1994-09-30/business/fi-44954_1_disney-park |title = Company Town: Some See Disney's Magic Dimmed With Pullout From Virginia Site |author1 = Fiore, Faye |author2 = Harris, Kathryn |date = September 30, 1994 |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
34. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/03/disney-selling-virginia-land-and-the-new-theme-is-departure/60c264b2-ad15-4e7d-8a74-0330f89e9fce/ |title = Disney selling Virginia land and the new theme is departure |author = Faiola, Anthony |date = March 3, 1995 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
35. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/04/AR2006040401958.html |title = Theme Park-Like Camp for Cub Scouts Built on Old Disney Site |author = Stewart, Nikita |date = April 5, 2006 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
36. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/11/24/disneys-defeat-didnt-stop-growth-or-end-debate-in-prince-william/36c86228-08d1-41af-a103-dde65e94b124/ |title = Disney's Defeat Didn't Stop Growth -- Or End Debate -- in Prince William |author = Ginsberg, Steven |date = November 24, 2003 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 14, 2016 }}
37. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book |title = Battling for Manassas: The Fifty-Year Preservation Struggle at Manassas National Battlefield Park |author1 = Zenzen, Joan M. |date = 1998 |chapter = 11. More Battles: The Horse and the Mouse |author2 = foreword by Edwin Bearss |url = https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/mana/adhi11b.htm |website = www.nps.gov |publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press |location = University Park, Pennsylvania |isbn = 0-271-01721-X |access-date = November 16, 2015 }}
38. ^1 2 {{cite web |url = http://www.ebay.com/itm/VERY-RARE-1994-DISNEY-039-S-AMERICA-VIRGINIA-THEME-PARK-ARTIST-CONCEPT-BROCHURE-/361723942689 |title = Disney's America: Celebrating America's Diversity, Spirit and Innovation |date = 1994 |author = |publisher = The Walt Disney Company |access-date = December 14, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161214171249/http://www.ebay.com/itm/VERY-RARE-1994-DISNEY-039-S-AMERICA-VIRGINIA-THEME-PARK-ARTIST-CONCEPT-BROCHURE-/361723942689 |archive-date = December 14, 2016 |dead-url = yes }}
39. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/07/26/disney-may-have-taken-ideas-from-va-theme-park-officials-say/94e03a7d-a021-45fb-94e9-50205af46088/ |title = Disney may have taken ideas from Va. theme park, officials say |author = Shear, Michael D. |date = July 26, 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = December 13, 2016 }}
40. ^{{cite web |url = http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2007/07/13/why-for-doesn-t-zac-efron-have-more-fans-in-disney-company-management.aspx |title = Why For Zac Efron doesn't have more fans in Mouse House management |author = Hill, Jim |date = July 12, 2007 |website = Jim Hill Media |access-date = December 15, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719234032/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2007/07/13/why-for-doesn-t-zac-efron-have-more-fans-in-disney-company-management.aspx |archive-date = July 19, 2011 |dead-url = no }}
41. ^{{cite web |url = http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/01/25/533.aspx |title = Another great what-might-have-been: Disney's American Celebration |author = Hill, Jim |date = January 24, 2005 |website = Jim Hill Media |access-date = September 14, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905121046/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/01/25/533.aspx |archive-date = September 5, 2012 |dead-url = no }}
42. ^{{cite web |url = http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2005/02/02/537.aspx |title = You're KNOTT going to believe where "Disney's America" almost got built |publisher = Jimhillmedia.com |date = February 2, 2005 |access-date = September 8, 2012 }}
43. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/12/21/downside-to-disneys-america/2e54e11f-dadb-4fe0-94c8-17a84069f8e8/ |title = OPINION: Downside to 'Disney's America' |author = Moe, Richard |author-link = Richard Moe |date = 21 December 1993 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = 14 December 2016 }}
44. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/02/15/let-disney-tell-the-story/c230fca6-1407-491e-a8a8-1bd6c003bfd8/ |title = OPINION: Let Disney tell the story |author = Willich, Richard R. |date = 15 February 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = 14 December 2016 }}
45. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/01/23/disneys-trojan-mouse/10aa4a77-eb19-408b-a809-6e7808989a6b/ |title = OPINION: Disney's Trojan mouse |author = Squires, Richard |date = 23 January 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = 14 December 2016 }}
46. ^{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/07/18/disney-in-virginia-see-how-they-cry/bd681594-fdcb-491b-83dc-5e89df00af25/ |title = OPINION—Disney in Virginia: See how they cry |author = Gillespie, Nick |date = 18 July 1994 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = 13 December 2016 |quote = }}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=09SwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA285#v=onepage&q&f=false |title = The Progress City Primer: Stories, Secrets, and Silliness from the Many Worlds of Walt Disney |author = Crawford, Michael |date = 2015 |publisher = Progress City Press |location = Orlando, Florida |isbn = 978-0-9862050-6-4 |access-date = September 14, 2016 |chapter = 33: Disney's America |pages = 285–307 }}

External links

  • Disney Documents þlus on park's defeat
  • Disney and More The Disney's America Theme Park Project
  • {{cite web |url = http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/05/25/36.aspx |title = What would a trip to Disney's America have been like? |author = Hill, Jim |date = May 24, 2004 |website = Jim Hill Media |access-date = September 14, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161215173346/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/05/25/36.aspx |archive-date = December 15, 2016 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/07/03/on-the-fourth-of-july-let-s-remember-the-theme-park-that-didn-t-go-forth-disney-s-america.aspx |title = On July 4th, let's remember that theme park which didn't go forth: Disney's America |author = Hill, Jim |date = July 3, 2011 |website = Jim Hill Media |access-date = September 14, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711151908/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2011/07/03/on-the-fourth-of-july-let-s-remember-the-theme-park-that-didn-t-go-forth-disney-s-america.aspx |archive-date = July 11, 2011 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/06/21/422.aspx |title = An Imagineer's insight on "Disney's America" |author = Hill, Jim |date = June 20, 2004 |website = Jim Hill Media |access-date = September 14, 2016 |archive-url = http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2004/06/21/422.aspx |archive-date = September 22, 2011 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://progresscityusa.com/2007/11/22/thanksgiving-special-neverworlds-part-i-disneys-america/ |title = Thanksgiving Special: Neverworlds, Disney's America (blog) |author = Crawford, Michael |date = November 22, 2007 |website = Progress City, U.S.A. |access-date = September 14, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100819143726/http://progresscityusa.com/2007/11/22/thanksgiving-special-neverworlds-part-i-disneys-america |archive-date = August 19, 2010 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://micechat.com/12820-disneys-america/ |title = SAMLAND: Disney's America, a Story of Desire and Failure, Part One (blog) |author = Gennawey, Sam |date = September 26, 2012 |website = MiceChat |access-date = September 15, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120929064955/http://micechat.com/12820-disneys-america/ |archive-date = September 29, 2012 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://micechat.com/13288-disneys-america-2 |title = SAMLAND: The Disney's America Story, Part Two (blog) |author = Gennawey, Sam |date = October 7, 2012 |website = MiceChat |access-date = September 15, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009233733/http://micechat.com/13288-disneys-america-2 |archive-date = October 9, 2012 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://micechat.com/13595-disney-america-story-part-3/ |title = SAMLAND: The Disney America Story, Part 3 (blog) |author = Gennawey, Sam |date = October 11, 2012 |website = MiceChat |access-date = September 15, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121013235953/http://micechat.com/13595-disney-america-story-part-3/ |archive-date = October 13, 2012 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://micechat.com/14114-disneys-america-part-4/ |title = SAMLAND: The Story of Disneys America Part 4 (blog) |author = Gennawey, Sam |date = October 18, 2012 |website = MiceChat |access-date = September 15, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121021222341/http://micechat.com/14114-disneys-america-part-4 |archive-date = October 21, 2012 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://micechat.com/14684-disneys-america-part-5/ |title = SAMLAND: Disney's America Part 5, The Story Comes To An End (blog) |author = Gennawey, Sam |date = October 25, 2012 |website = MiceChat |access-date = September 15, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121027221454/http://micechat.com/14684-disneys-america-part-5 |archive-date = October 27, 2012 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{cite web |url = http://www.baconsrebellion.com/archive/issues/04/10-4/Risse.htm |title = Chasing out the Mouse |author = Risse, Ed M |date = October 4, 2004 |publisher = Bacon's Rebellion |access-date = December 14, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161214165036/http://www.baconsrebellion.com/archive/issues/04/10-4/Risse.htm |archive-date = December 14, 2016 |dead-url = no }}
  • {{youtube |id=M6MlVDBSmR8 |title=Abandoned: Disney's America}}
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