“New Tai Lue alphabet”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

New Tai Lue alphabet

释义

Consonants
Initials Finals
Vowels
Tones
Abbreviations
Digits
Unicode
See also
References

{{Short description|Alphabet for the Tai Lü language}}{{Infobox Writing system
|name=New Tai Lue
|altname=Xishuangbanna Dai
|languages=Tai Lü
|fam2=Phoenician alphabet
|fam3=Aramaic alphabet
|fam4=Brāhmī
|fam5=Tamil-Brahmi
|fam6=Pallava
|fam7=Mon
|fam8=Tai Tham
|type=alphabet
|time=since 1950s
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1980.pdf U+1980–U+19DF]
|iso15924=Talu
|sample=New_Tai_Lue_script_sample.png
}}{{Contains special characters
| special = uncommon Unicode characters
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#New Tai Lue
| image = Replacement character.svg
| link = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt =
| compact = yes
}}

New Tai Lue script, also known as Xishuangbanna Dai^[1] and Simplified Tai Lue, is an alphabet used to write the Tai Lü language. Developed in China in the 1950s, New Tai Lue is based on the traditional Tai Tham alphabet developed {{circa|1200}}. The government of China promoted the alphabet for use as a replacement for the older script; teaching the script was not mandatory, however, and as a result many are illiterate in New Tai Lue. In addition, communities in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam still use the Tai Tham alphabet.

Consonants

Initials

Similar to the Thai and Lao scripts, consonants come in pairs to denote two tonal registers (high and low).^[1]

High	ᦀ}}	ᦂ}}	{{large\|ᦃ}}	ᦄ}}	ᦈ}}	ᦉ}}	ᦊ}}	ᦎ}}	ᦏ}}	ᦐ}}	ᦔ}}	ᦕ}}	ᦖ}}	ᦚ}}	ᦛ}}	ᦜ}}	ᦡ}}	ᦢ}}	ᦠ}}	ᦦ}}	ᦧ}}	ᦪ}}
Low	ᦁ}}	ᦅ}}	ᦆ}}	ᦇ}}	ᦋ}}	ᦌ}}	ᦍ}}	ᦑ}}	ᦒ}}	ᦓ}}	ᦗ}}	ᦘ}}	ᦙ}}	ᦝ}}	ᦞ}}	ᦟ}}	ᦤ}}	ᦥ}}	ᦣ}}	ᦨ}}	ᦩ}}	ᦫ}}
IPA	/ʔa/	/ka/	/xa/	/ŋa/	/t͡sa/	/sa/	/ja/	/ta/	/tʰa/	/na/	/pa/	/pʰa/	/ma/	/fa/	/wa/	/la/	/da/	/ba/	/ha/	/kʷa/	/xʷa/	/sʷa/

Finals

Final consonants do not have an inherent /a/ vowel.^[1] They are modified forms of initials with a virama-like hook:

Final	ᧅ}}	ᧆ}}	ᧇ}}	ᧂ}}	ᧃ}}	ᧄ}}	ᧁ}}	ᦰ}}
IPA	/k̚/	/t̚/	/p̚/	/ŋ/	/n/	/m/	/w/	/ʔ/

Vowels

Consonants have a default vowel of /a/.

In the table below, '◌' represents a consonant and is used to indicate the position of the various vowels:

{{spaces\|6Short vowels{{spaces\|6		{{spaces\|6Long vowels{{spaces\|6		Diphthongs with i
Letters	IPA	Letters	IPA	Letters	IPA
not present	/a/	ᦺ◌}}	/aj/
◌ᦰ}}	/aʔ/	◌ᦱ}}	/aː/	◌ᦻ}}	/aːj/
◌ᦲᦰ}}	/iʔ/	◌ᦲ}}	/i(ː)/
ᦵ◌ᦰ}}	/eʔ/	ᦵ◌}}	/e(ː)/
ᦶ◌ᦰ}}	/ɛʔ/	ᦶ◌}}	/ɛ(ː)/
◌ᦳ}}	/u(ʔ)/	◌ᦴ}}	/uː/	◌ᦼ}}	/uj/
ᦷ◌ᦰ}}	/oʔ/	ᦷ◌}}	/o(ː)/	◌ᦽ}}	/oj/
◌ᦸᦰ}}	/ɔʔ/	◌ᦸ}}	/ɔ(ː)/	◌ᦾ}}	/ɔj/
◌ᦹᦰ}}	/ɯʔ/	◌ᦹ}}	/ɯ(ː)/	◌ᦿ}}	/ɯj/
ᦵ◌ᦲᦰ}}	/ɤʔ/	ᦵ◌ᦲ}}	/ɤ(ː)/	ᦵ◌ᧀ}}	/ɤj/

In some words, the symbol {{large|ᦰ}} is just used for distinguishing homonyms or displaying onomatopoeiae.

Generally, vowels in open syllables (without final) become long whereas ones in closed syllables become short (except {{IPA|/aː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}}).

Tones

New Tai Lue has two tone marks which are written at the end of a syllable: {{large|ᧈ}} and {{large|ᧉ}}.^[1]

Because consonants come in pairs to denote two tonal registers, the two tone marks allow for representation of six specific tones:

High register			Low register
Mark	ᧈ}}	ᧉ}}	ᧈ}}	ᧉ}}
Shown with k	ᦂ}}	ᦂᧈ}}	ᦂᧉ}}	ᦅ}}	ᦅᧈ}}	ᦅᧉ}}
IPA	/ka˥/	/ka˧˥/	/ka˩˧/	/ka˥˩/	/ka˧/	/ka˩/
Transcription	ka¹	ka²	ka³	ka⁴	ka⁵	ka⁶

Abbreviations

Two letters are used only for abbreviations:

Syllable {{large|ᦶᦟᦰ}} (/lɛʔ˧/) can be abbreviated as the character {{large|᧞}}
Syllable {{large|ᦶᦟᧁᧉ}} (/lɛu˩/) can be abbreviated as the character {{large|᧟}}

Digits

New Tai Lue has its own set of digits:

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
᧐}}	᧑/᧚}}	᧒}}	᧓}}	᧔}}	᧕}}	᧖}}	᧗}}	᧘}}	᧙}}

An alternative glyph for one ({{large|᧚}}) is used when {{large|᧑}} might be confused with the vowel {{large|ᦱ}}.^[1]

Unicode

New Tai Lue script was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2005 with the release of version 4.1.

In June 2015 New Tai Lue was changed from logical ordering used by most Indic scripts to a visual ordering model as used by the Thai and Lao scripts.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] This change affected the four vowel letters which appear to the left of the initial consonant.

The Unicode block for New Tai Lue is U+1980–U+19DF:

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/ch16.pdf#G65706|title=The Unicode Standard, Chapter 16.6: New Tai Lue|publisher=Unicode Consortium|date=March 2019}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14250.htm|title=L2/14-250: UTC #141 Minutes|date=2014-11-10|first=Lisa|last=Moore}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://unicode.org/L2/L2014/14090-new-tai-lue.pdf|title=L2/14-090: Proposal to Deprecate and add 4 characters to the New Tai Lue block|date=2014-04-23|first=Martin|last=Hosken}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://unicode.org/L2/L2014/14195-newtailue.txt|title=L2/14-195: Data on the usage of left-side spacing marks in New Tai Lue|date=2014-08-05|first=Roozbeh|last=Pournader}}

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