词条 | North American cougar |
释义 |
| name = North American cougar[1] | image = Oregon_Cougar_ODFW.JPG | image_caption = At Beulah Wildlife Management Unit in Malheur County, Oregon, the United States of America | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [2] | genus = Puma | species = concolor | species_link = Cougar | subspecies = couguar | authority = (Kerr, 1792) | synonyms = * P. c. arundivaga
}} The North American cougar (Puma concolor couguar), is a subspecies of the mountain lion in North America. It was once commonly found in eastern North America, and is still prevalent in the western half of the continent.[3] It is the biggest wild cat in North America.[4] The subspecies P. c. couguar encompasses populations found in the United States, western Canada, the critically endangered Florida panther population, the extinct[5] eastern cougar, Mexico and Central America, and possibly South America northwest of the Andes Mountains.[3] Western populations of the cougar are occasionally seen in the former range of the extinct eastern population. The population in Costa Rica had been listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List.[6] Taxonomic history{{expand section|date=May 2018}}Puma concolor costaricensis had been regarded as a subspecies in Central America.[3][7]As of 2017, P. c. cougar was recognised as being valid by the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group.[3] DescriptionThe North American cougar has a solid tan-colored coat without spots and weighs {{convert|25|-|80|kg|lb|abbr=in}}.[8] Females average {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, about the same as a jaguar in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the Mexican Pacific coast.[9] Habitat and distributionThe cougar can be found in various places and habitats.[8] Several populations still exist and are thriving in the Western United States and Western Canada, but the North American cougar was once commonly found in eastern portions of the United States. It was believed to be extirpated there in the early 1900s. Cougars in Michigan were thought to have been killed off and extinct in the early 1900s. Today there is evidence to support that cougars could be on the rise in Mexico and could have a substantial population in years to come. Some mainstream scientists believe that small relict populations may exist (around 50 individuals), especially in the Appalachian Mountains and eastern Canada.[10] Recent scientific findings in hair traps in Fundy National Park in New Brunswick have confirmed the existence of at least three cougars in New Brunswick.[10] The Ontario Puma Foundation estimates that there are currently 850 cougars in Ontario. Sightings in the eastern United StatesReported sightings of cougars in the eastern United States continue today, despite their status as extirpated.
While the origins of these animals are unknown, some cougar experts believe some are captive animals that have been released or escaped.[17] EcologyThis felid usually hunts at night and may sometimes travel long distances in search of food. Its average litter size is three cubs.[8] Like other cougars, it is fast, and can maneuver quite easily and skillfully.[7] Depending on the abundance of prey such as deer, it may share the same prey as the jaguar in Central or North America.[18] Aside from the jaguar, sympatric predators include the grizzly and American black bears.[19] Cougars are known to prey on bear cubs.[20] Rivalry between the cougar and grizzly was a popular topic in North America. Fights between them were staged, and those in the wilderness were recorded by people, including Natives.[21] Threats and conservationEven though conservation efforts of the cougar have decreased against the "more appealing" jaguar, it is hunted less frequently because it has no spots, and is thus less desirable to hunters.[7] See also
References1. ^{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = 544–545}} 2. ^{{IUCN2006 | assessor = Cat Specialist Group | year = 1996 | id = 18871 | title = Puma concolor ssp. couguar | downloaded = 2007-02-07}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this subspecies is critically endangered and the criteria used 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O’Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Barrett |first=Jalma |title=Cougar |publisher=Blackbirch Press |url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=jU4lAnbeLFcC&q=biggest+cougar&dq=biggest+cougar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih_sDPt5bbAhWFuRQKHVbgApAQ6AEIMDAC |year=1998 |isbn=1567112587}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Long Extinct Eastern Cougar to be Removed from Endangered Species List Correcting Lingering Anomaly|url=https://www.fws.gov/northeast/ecougar/pdf/Cougar_News_Bulletin_Final_1_18.pdf|website=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|publisher=USFWS|accessdate=31 January 2018}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18868/0 |title=Puma concolor (Cougar, Deer Tiger, Mountain Lion, Puma, Red Tiger) |publisher=Iucnredlist.org |date=2008-06-30 |access-date=2014-05-30}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.panthera.org/species/cougar/subspecies |title=Cougar Subspecies |publisher=Panthera |date= |accessdate=2014-05-30}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Sunquist |first=Mel |last2=Sunquist |first2=Fiona |title=Wild Cats of the World |year=2002 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-77999-8 |page=452}} 9. ^{{cite journal |author1=Rodrigo Nuanaez |author2=Brian Miller |author3=Fred Lindzey |year=2000 |title=Food habits of jaguars and pumas in Jalisco, Mexico |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=252 |issue=3 |pages=373–379 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=58851 |access-date=2006-08-08 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00632.x}} 10. ^1 9. Le Duing, Lang, Tessier Nathalie, Gauthier Marc, Wissink Renee, Helene Jolicoeur, and Francois-Joseph Lapointe. 2013. "Genetic Confirmation of Cougars (Puma concolor) in Eastern Canada." Northeastern Naturalist 20, no. 3: 383-396. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 29, 2015). 11. ^{{cite web | work=CougarNetwork | title = Hills Mountain Lion May Have Migrated To Wisconsin | url = http://www.channel3000.com/news/15743424/detail.html?rss=c3k&psp=news | accessdate = 2007-06-11}} 12. ^{{cite news | title = Cougars in Wisconsin | url = http://www.wisconsinoutdoorfun.com/apps/pbcs.dll/gallery?Dato=20121025&Kategori=WOF08&Lopenr=310250396&Ref=PH | accessdate = 2013-11-22}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov/twra/article/cougars-in-tennessee|title=Cougars in Tennessee - TN.Gov|website=www.tn.gov|access-date=2016-06-07}} 14. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-04-15/news/0804140895_1_cougar-illinois-north-side |title=Cops kill cougar on North Side |first=Jeremy |last=Manier |author2=Shah, Tina |date=15 April 2008 |accessdate=2008-04-15 |work=Chicago Tribune}} 15. ^{{cite news |url=http://qctimes.com/news/local/cougar-shot-in-whiteside-county/article_f5401734-126e-5903-a002-0943b6fdab69.html |title=Cougar shot in Whiteside County |author=Times Staff |date=22 November 2013 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 16. ^Mountain lion killed in Conn. had walked from S. Dakota. Content.usatoday.com (2011-07-26). Retrieved on 2012-12-29. 17. ^{{cite web |work=CougarNetwork |title=Northeast Confirmation Reports |url=http://www.cougarnet.org/northeast.html |access-date=2007-06-11}} 18. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gutiérrez-González |first1=Carmina E. |last2=López-González |first2=Carlos A. |title=Jaguar interactions with pumas and prey at the northern edge of jaguars’ range |publisher=PeerJ |url=https://peerj.com/articles/2886/ |date=2017-01-18 |access-date=2018-05-31}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/return-great-american-jaguar-180960443/?no-ist |title=The Return of the Great American Jaguar |last=Grant |first=Richard |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=October 2016}} 20. ^{{cite book |author=Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. |title=Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1999-004.pdf |year=1999 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group |location=Missoula, Montana |isbn=978-2-8317-0462-3}} 21. ^{{cite book |author1=Tracy Irwin Storer |author2=Lloyd Pacheco Tevis |title=California Grizzly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QVZFQu01KcC&pg=PA149 |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20520-8 |pages=71–151}} Sources
External links
11 : Puma (genus)|Felids of Central America|Mammals described in 1792|Mammals of Canada|Mammals of the United States|Mammals of Mexico|Mammals of Colombia|Mammals of Costa Rica|Mammals of Guatemala|Pleistocene mammals of North America|Taxa named by Robert Kerr (writer) |
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