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词条 North–South States Period
释义

  1. Later Silla

  2. Balhae

  3. Language

  4. See also

  5. References

{{short description|Period in Korean history when Silla and Balhae coexisted in the south and north of the peninsula, respectively}}{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=남북국시대
|hanja=南北國時代
|rr=Nambukgukshidae
|mr=Nampukkuksitae
|image=History of Korea-Inter-country Age-830 CE.gif
}}{{History of Korea}}{{distinguish|text=modern-day Division of Korea}}North–South States Period (698–926 CE) is the period in Korean history when Later Silla and Balhae coexisted in the south and north of the peninsula, respectively.[1][2]

Later Silla

{{Main|Later Silla}}

After the unification wars, the Tang Dynasty established territories in the former Goguryeo, and began to administer and establish communities in Baekje. Silla attacked the Chinese in Baekje and northern Korea in 671.

The Tang Dynasty then invaded Silla in 674 but Silla defeated the Tang army in the north. Silla drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula by 676 to achieve unification of most of the Three Kingdoms.

Later Silla was a golden age of art and culture,[3][4][5][6] and Buddhism became a large part of Silla culture. Buddhist monasteries such as the Bulguksa are examples of advanced Korean architecture and Buddhist influence. State-sponsored art and architecture from this period include Hwangnyongsa Temple, Bunhwangsa Temple, and Seokguram Grotto, a World Heritage Site.

Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje, which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia,[7] and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of Jang Bogo; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River.[8][9][10][11] Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,[12] and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju[13] was the fourth largest city in the world.[14] [15][16][17]

Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists[18] and contributed to Chinese Buddhism,[19] including: Woncheuk, Wonhyo, Uisang, Musang,[20][21][22][23] and Kim Gyo-gak, a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism.[24][25][26][27][28]

Silla began to experience political troubles in the late 9th century. This severely weakened Silla and soon thereafter, descendants of the former Baekje established Later Baekje. In the north, rebels revived Goguryeo, beginning the Later Three Kingdoms period.

Later Silla lasted for 267 years until, under King Gyeongsun, it was annexed by Goryeo in 935.

Balhae

{{Main|Balhae}}

Balhae, the name of which was another transcribed version of Mohe (靺鞨, a Tungus Tribe speaking a language like Manchurian and Sibe), was founded after Goguryeo had fallen. It was founded in the northern part of former lands of Goguryeo by Dae Joyeong, a former Goguryeo general[29][30] or chief of Sumo Mohe,[31][32][33] after defeating the military of central government of Tang Dynasty at the Battle of Tianmenling. Balhae controlled the northern areas of the Korean Peninsula, much of Manchuria, and expanded into present-day Russian Maritime Province. Balhae styled itself as Goguryeo's successor state.

In a time of relative peace and stability in the region, Balhae flourished in culture, especially during the long reign of the third King Mun (r. 737-793) and King Seon. At that time, Balhae was a culturally advanced country, so that even China referred to this kingdom as "a prosperous country of the East."[34] However, Balhae was severely weakened by the 10th century, and the Khitan Liao Dynasty conquered Balhae in 926.

Goryeo absorbed some of Balhae's territory and received Balhae refugees, including the crown prince and the royal family, but compiled no known histories of Balhae. The 18th century Joseon dynasty historian Yu Deukgong advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history, and coined the term "North and South States Period" to refer to this era.

Language

Due to the lack of linguistic evidence, it is difficult to make a definitive conclusion for the linguistic relation between the Balhae and Silla languages.

Shoku Nihongi implies that the Balhae language, a Goguryeo language, and Silla language share a close relationship{{clarify|date=June 2015}}: a student sent from Silla to Japan for an interpreter training in Japanese language assisted a diplomatic envoy from Balhae in communicating during the Japanese court audience.{{Cn|date=June 2015}}

One terminology that people of Balhae used to describe "a king" is Gadokbu (transcribed as 可毒夫).

See also

  • History of Korea
  • Military history of Korea
  • List of Korea-related topics

References

1. ^{{citation |url=http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=35519 |publisher=Naver |title=Encyclopedia}}.
2. ^{{citation |url=http://enc.daum.net/dic100/viewContents.do?&m=all&articleID=b03n3235a |title=Korean Britannica Encyclopedia |publisher=Daum}}.
3. ^{{cite book|last1=DuBois|first1=Jill|title=Korea|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761417866|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JklBlOQhkTcC&q=%22golden+age+of+art+and+culture%22#v=snippet&q=%22golden%20age%20of%20art%20and%20culture%22&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Randel|first1=Don Michael|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674011632|page=273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&q=%22golden+age+of+artistic+and+cultural+achievement%22#v=snippet&q=%22golden%20age%20of%20artistic%20and%20cultural%20achievement%22&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Hopfner|first1=Jonathan|title=Moon Living Abroad in South Korea|publisher=Avalon Travel|isbn=9781612386324|page=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhwXBQAAQBAJ&q=%22cultural+and+political+golden+age%22#v=snippet&q=%22cultural%20and%20political%20golden%20age%22&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313038532|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=30 September 2016|language=en}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Kitagawa|first1=Joseph|title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136875908|page=348|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia%22#v=snippet&q=%22the%20Phoenicia%20of%20medieval%20East%20Asia%22&f=false|accessdate=21 July 2016|language=en}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Gernet|first1=Jacques|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521497817|page=291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&q=%22Korea+held+a+dominant+position+in+the+north-eastern+seas%22#v=snippet&q=%22Korea%20held%20a%20dominant%20position%20in%20the%20north-eastern%20seas%22&f=false|accessdate=21 July 2016|language=en}}
9. ^{{cite book|last1=Reischauer|first1=Edwin Oldfather|title=Ennins Travels in Tang China|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited|isbn=9780471070535|pages=276–283|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Ennin_s_Travels_in_T_ang_China.html?id=HXqEAAAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2016|language=en}} "From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. . . . While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. . . . The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world."
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea, 2nd Edition|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695824|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Greater+Silla+dominated+the+Yellow+Sea%2C+the+East+China+Sea%2C+and+the+South+%28Korea%29+Sea+with+trade+between+Tang+China+and+Nara-Heian+Japan.%22#v=snippet&q=%22Greater%20Silla%20dominated%20the%20Yellow%20Sea%2C%20the%20East%20China%20Sea%2C%20and%20the%20South%20(Korea)%20Sea%20with%20trade%20between%20Tang%20China%20and%20Nara-Heian%20Japan.%22&f=false|accessdate=21 July 2016|language=en}}
11. ^{{cite book|last1=Seth|first1=Michael J.|title=A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742540057|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe4PoOd89XIC&q=%22Koreans+dominated+the+commerce+of+Northeast+Asia+in+the+eighth+and+ninth+centuries%22#v=snippet&q=%22Koreans%20dominated%20the%20commerce%20of%20Northeast%20Asia%20in%20the%20eighth%20and%20ninth%20centuries%22&f=false|accessdate=21 July 2016|language=en}}
12. ^{{cite book|last1=MacGregor|first1=Neil|title=A History of the World in 100 Objects|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9780141966830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3mUtaSxCncC&pg=PT408#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=30 September 2016|language=en}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Chŏng|first1=Yang-mo|last2=Smith|first2=Judith G.|last3=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)|title=Arts of Korea|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=9780870998508|page=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnaiYKYmQegC&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=30 September 2016|language=en}}
14. ^{{cite book|last1=International|first1=Rotary|title=The Rotarian|publisher=Rotary International|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=30 September 2016|language=en}}
15. ^{{cite book|last1=Ross|first1=Alan|title=After Pusan|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=9780571299355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bur02Vwn9jgC&pg=PT20#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=30 September 2016|language=en}}
16. ^{{cite web|last1=Mason|first1=David A.|title=Gyeongju, Korea’s treasure house|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953|website=Korea.net|publisher=Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS)|accessdate=30 September 2016}}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Edward Ben|title=Koreaʾs pottery heritage|publisher=Seoul International Pub. House|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/?id=riLrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kyongju+City+became+one+of+the+most+influential+centers+of+Asia+and+fourth+largest+city+in+the+ancient+world+during+this+period%22|accessdate=30 September 2016|language=en}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Mun|first1=Chanju|last2=Green|first2=Ronald S.|title=Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice|publisher=Blue Pine Books|isbn=9780977755301|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=au1oD1kKv94C&q=%22Korean+Buddhist+monks+such+as+Woncheuk%2C+Wonhyo+and+Uisang+enjoyed+a+very+high+fame+among+Chinese+Buddhists%22#v=snippet&q=%22Korean%20Buddhist%20monks%20such%20as%20Woncheuk%2C%20Wonhyo%20and%20Uisang%20enjoyed%20a%20very%20high%20fame%20among%20Chinese%20Buddhists%22&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
19. ^{{cite book|last1=McIntire|first1=Suzanne|last2=Burns|first2=William E.|title=Speeches in World History|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438126807|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-6ghsWDMTAC&q=%22Korean+thinkers+made+reciprocal+contributions+to+Chinese+Buddhism%22#v=snippet&q=%22Korean%20thinkers%20made%20reciprocal%20contributions%20to%20Chinese%20Buddhism%22&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
20. ^{{cite book|last1=Jr|first1=Robert E. Buswell|last2=Jr|first2=Donald S. Lopez|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400848058|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
21. ^{{cite book|last1=Poceski|first1=Mario|title=Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198043201|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fwRXrVPh-cC&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
22. ^{{cite book|last1=Wu|first1=Jiang|last2=Chia|first2=Lucille|title=Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231540193|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
23. ^{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Dale S.|title=The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classic Texts|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199882182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfHQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT124#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en}}
24. ^{{cite book|last1=Su-il|first1=Jeong|title=The Silk Road Encyclopedia|publisher=Seoul Selection|isbn=9781624120763|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT668#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|date=2016-07-18}}
25. ^{{cite book|last1=Nikaido|first1=Yoshihiro|title=Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=9783847004851|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TozUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|date=2015-10-28}}
26. ^{{cite book|last1=Leffman|first1=David|last2=Lewis|first2=Simon|last3=Atiyah|first3=Jeremy|title=China|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=9781843530190|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA519#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|year=2003}}
27. ^{{cite book|last1=Leffman|first1=David|title=The Rough Guide to China|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780241010372|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjqJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT509#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|date=2014-06-02}}
28. ^{{cite book|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781465455673|page=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rm7XCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|date=2016-06-21}}
29. ^Old records of Silla 新羅古記(Silla gogi): ... 高麗舊將祚榮
30. ^Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王韻紀(Jewang ungi): ... 前麗舊將大祚榮
31. ^Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjib): ... 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲疣贅部落靺羯之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃甞逐句驪, 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山鴟義則喧張黑姶與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里耨苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食葚晚陳降漢之旗.
32. ^Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjip): ... 其酋長大祚榮, 始受臣藩第五品大阿餐之秩
33. ^Comprehensive Institutions 通典(Tongdian): ... 渤海夲栗末靺鞨至其酋祚榮立國自號震旦, 先天中 玄宗王子始去靺鞨號專稱渤海
34. ^{{cite book|last1=Injae|first1=Lee|last2=Miller|first2=Owen|last3=Jinhoon|first3=Park|last4=Hyun-Hae|first4=Yi|title=Korean History in Maps|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107098466|pages=64–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=24 February 2017|language=en|date=2014-12-15}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:North-South States Period}}

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