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词条 Dorothy Height
释义

  1. Early life

  2. Career

  3. Later life

  4. Life and death

  5. Awards, honors and medals

  6. References

  7. Sources

  8. External links

{{for|the fantasy writer|Dorothy J. Heydt}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}{{Infobox person
| name=Dorothy Height
| image= DrDorothyHeight.jpg
| birth_name= Dorothy Irene Height
| birth_date= {{Birth date|1912|3|24|mf=y}}
| birth_place= Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
| death_date= {{Death date and age|2010|4|20|1912|3|24|mf=y}}
| death_place= Washington, D.C., U.S.
| occupation= Educator and social activist
}}Dorothy Irene Height (March 24, 1912 – April 20, 2010) was an American administrator and educator who worked as a civil rights and women's rights activist, specifically focused on the issues of African-American women, including unemployment, illiteracy, and voter awareness.[1] She was the president of the National Council of Negro Women for forty years and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1994 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004.[2]

Early life

Dorothy Height was born in Richmond, Virginia on March 24, 1912 . When she was 5 years old, she moved with her family to Rankin, Pennsylvania, a steel town in the suburbs of Pittsburgh, where she graduated from Rankin High School in 1929. In Rankin, she attended racially integrated schools. In high school, Height showed great talent as an orator. While in high school, Height became socially and politically active, by participating in anti-lynching campaigns. While progressing in her skills as an orator, it took her to the national oratory competition. Heights won the event, and in return she was awarded a college scholarship. Height received a scholarship from the Elks, which helped her to attend college.[3] She was admitted to Barnard College in 1929, but upon arrival was denied entrance because the school had an unwritten policy of admitting only two black students per year.[4] She enrolled instead at New York University, earning an undergraduate degree in 1932 and a master's degree in educational psychology the following year.[5] She pursued further postgraduate work at Columbia University and the New York School of Social Work (the predecessor of the Columbia University School of Social Work).[6]

Career

Once graduating Heights took on various jobs serving poor communities around New York City. Although it was a dark time in the Depression Era, Height's skills were much in demand. Height started working as a caseworker with the New York City Welfare Department, and at the age of 25, she began a career as a civil rights activist, joining the National Council of Negro Women. She fought for equal rights for both African Americans and women. In 1944 she joined the national staff of the YWCA. She was also an active member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority, throughout her life, developing leadership training programs and ecumenical education programs.[7] She was initiated at Rho Chapter at Columbia University. She served as national president of the sorority from 1947 to 1956.[7]

In 1957, Height was named president of the National Council of Negro Women, a position she held until 1997. During the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, she organized "Wednesdays in Mississippi,"[8] which brought together black and white women from the North and South to create a dialogue of understanding. Height was also a founding member of the Council for United Civil Rights Leadership. In his autobiography, civil rights leader James Farmer described Height as one of the "Big Six" of the Civil Rights Movement, but noted that her role was frequently ignored by the press due to sexism.[9]

American leaders regularly took her counsel, including First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.{{clarify|reason=for example...?|date=March 2014}} Height encouraged President Dwight D. Eisenhower to desegregate schools and President Lyndon B. Johnson to appoint African-American women to positions in government. In the mid-1960s, she wrote a column called "A Woman's Word" for the weekly African-American newspaper the New York Amsterdam News.[10]

Height served on a number of committees, including as a consultant on African affairs to the Secretary of State, the President's Committee on the Employment of the Handicapped, and the President's Committee on the Status of Women. In 1974, she was named to the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which published the Belmont Report[11] a response to the infamous "Tuskegee Syphilis Study" and an international ethical touchstone for researchers to this day.

Later life

In 1990, Height, along with 15 other African Americans, formed the African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom.[12] Height was recognized by Barnard for her achievements as an honorary alumna during the college's commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 2004.[4]

The musical stage play If This Hat Could Talk, based on her memoirs Open Wide The Freedom Gates, debuted in 2005. The work showcases her unique perspective on the civil rights movement and details many of the behind-the-scenes figures and mentors who shaped her life, including Mary McLeod Bethune and Eleanor Roosevelt.

Height was the chairperson of the Executive Committee of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, the largest civil rights for women's rights organization in the USA. She was an honored guest at the inauguration of President Barack Obama on January 20, 2009, and was seated on the stage.[2]She attended the National Black Family Reunion that was celebrated on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., every year until her death in 2010.[13]

Life and death

According to a family history DNA analysis performed by African Ancestry Inc.,[14] Height's maternal line has a root among the Temne people of modern-day Sierra Leone.[15] Dorothy Height was never married and never had children. On March 25, 2010, Height was admitted to Howard University Hospital in Washington D.C. for unspecified reasons. She died six weeks later, on April 20, 2010, at the age of 98. Her funeral service at the Washington National Cathedral on April 29, 2010 was attended by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama, as well as many other dignitaries and notable people.[16] She was later buried at Fort Lincoln Cemetery in Colmar Manor, Maryland.[17]

Awards, honors and medals

  • Candace Award for Distinguished Service, National Coalition of 100 Black Women (1986)[18]
  • Presidential Citizens Medal (1989)
  • Spingarn Medal from the NAACP (1993)
  • Franklin Delano Roosevelt Freedom From Want Award (1993)
  • inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame (1993)
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom (1994)[2]
  • 7th Annual Heinz Award Chairman's Medal (2001)[19]
  • National Jefferson Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged (2001)[20]
  • Listed on Molefi Kete Asante's list of 100 Greatest African Americans (2002)[21]
  • Congressional Gold Medal by President George W. Bush on behalf of the United States Congress (Approved 2003, awarded 2004)[2]
  • One of the 34 honors on The Extra Mile Memorial in Washington D.C. (2005)
  • 2009 Foremothers Lifetime Achievement Award from the NRC for Women & Families[22]
  • Upon her death, President Barack Obama ordered flags to be flown at half-mast on April 29, 2010 in her honor.
  • On May 21, 2010, a callbox was dedicated to Height. It is located on 7th Street, SW, in front of the last building in which she lived.[23]
  • On March 24, 2014, in celebration of the 102nd anniversary of her birthday, Google featured a doodle with a portrait of Ms. Height above protestors marching with signs.[24][25][26]
  • November 2016, honored with a 2017 United States Postage Stamp, the 40th stamp in the Black Heritage Forever series. The painting of Height is based on a 2009 photograph shot by Lateef Mangum.[27]

“I want to be remembered as someone who used herself and anything she could touch to work for justice and freedom. I want to be remembered as one who tried.” – Dorothy Height

References

{{external media| float = right | width = 230px | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?293240-1/dorothy-height-funeral-service Dorothy Height's funeral service at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., April 29, 2010], C-SPAN|video2=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?183851-5/open-wide-freedom-gates Presentation by Height on Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir at the National Book Festival, October 9, 2004], C-SPAN}}{{External media|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?177169-1/open-wide-freedom-gates-memoir Booknotes interview with Height on Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir, August 3, 2003], C-SPAN|float=right|width=230px|video2=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?165274-1/life-career-dorothy-height "Life and Career of Dorothy Height". July 20, 2001], C-SPAN}}

1. ^"Dorothy Height." 2013. The Biography Channel website. March 14, 2013, 08:53.
2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local-beat/Civil-Rights-Icon-Dorothy-Height-Dies-at-98-91581204.html |title=Civil Rights Icon Dorothy Height Dies at 98 |date=April 20, 2010 |accessdate=April 20, 2010 |publisher=NBC Universal |author=Iovino, Jim}}
3. ^Hine, Darlene Clark., William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold. "Chapter 21." The African-American Odyssey Combined Edition. 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2010. 596. Web.
4. ^1 {{cite news |title=Civil Rights Pioneer Honor 75 years after rejection Barnard College recognizes woman the school once barred because of admission limit for blacks |date=June 4, 2004 |work=Newsday |page=A22}}
5. ^{{cite news |title= Dorothy Height was educator and activist organizer |work=Post-Tribune |date=February 16, 2003 |accessdate=April 20, 2010 |page=A2 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-0FF67BF8F78342FB.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029170225/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-0FF67BF8F78342FB.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 29, 2014}}
6. ^Dr. Dorothy I. Height: Chair and President Emerita, National Council of Negro Women {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618140510/http://www.ncnw.org/about/height.htm |date=June 18, 2012 }}, National Council of Negro Women. 75th Anniversary. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
7. ^1 {{cite book |title=Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir |year=2003 |author=Height, Dorothy |location=New York |publisher=PublicAffairs Press |ISBN=978-1-58648-286-2}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=Dorothy Height, civil rights activist, dies at 98 |publisher=Associated Press |author=Evans, Ben |date=April 20, 2010 |accessdate=April 20, 2010 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g1wclP0PXt3NaBWLcwbFUjRs9bawD9F73F081}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Farmer |first=James |authorlink=James L. Farmer, Jr. |date= |title=Lay Bare the Heart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it2RdgDxFMMC&q=Big+Six#v=onepage&q&f=false |location=Fort Worth |publisher=Texas Christian University Press |page=215 |isbn=9780875651880 |accessdate=September 22, 2014 }}
10. ^Height, Dorothy. (March 20, 1965). "A Woman's World," column. New York Amsterdam News, p. 8 ff.
11. ^[https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html "The Belmont Report"], U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
12. ^{{cite book|author=Kathryn Cullen-DuPont|title=Encyclopedia of Women's History in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC|accessdate=February 4, 2012|date=August 1, 2000|publisher=Info base Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8|page=6}}
13. ^{{Cite book|title=Why I Am So Proud to Be a Black Man: The Many Reasons to Uplift and Celebrate Our Uniqueness in the Universe|last=|authors=Mr. Michael & Ms. C|publisher=iUniverse|year=2013|isbn=1475979290|location=|pages=165|quote=|via=}}
14. ^{{cite news|last=Haynes|first=V. Dion|title=DNA test points to tribes of their past|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/09/AR2006090900833.html|newspaper=Washington Post|date=September 10, 2006}}
15. ^{{YouTube|gVObQQiMVl0|Dr. Height African Ancestry Reveal.}}
16. ^{{cite web | title = Dorothy Height, U.S. Civil Rights Leader, Buried | publisher = The Epoch Times | url = http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/34397/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120913101928/http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/34397/ | dead-url = yes | archive-date = September 13, 2012 | accessdate = April 30, 2010 }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/dorothy-i-height.htm|title=Dorothy I. Height|work=National Park Service|publisher=United States Department of the Interior|location=Washington, D.C.|date=|accessdate=March 8, 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=CANDACE AWARD RECIPIENTS 1982-1990, Page 1 |url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award1.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314021634/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award1.html |archivedate=March 14, 2003 }}
19. ^The Heinz Awards, Dorothy Height profile
20. ^National Winners, Jefferson Awards.
21. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|1-57392-963-8}}.
22. ^"The 2009 Health Policy Heroes and Foremother Awards". {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514041902/http://www.center4research.org/news-events/previous-foremother-awards/ |date=May 14, 2011 }} National Research Center for Women & Families. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
23. ^The Southwester, June 2010.
24. ^{{cite news|title=Google Doodle US marks Dorothy Irene Height's birthday|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-doodle-us-marks-dorothy-irene-heights-birthday-9212942.html|author=Kashmira Gander|newspaper=The Independent|date=March 24, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=DOROTHY IRENE HEIGHT: ‘Godmother of the civil-rights movement’ was a portrait in powerful change. Google Doodle salutes her accordingly.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2014/03/24/dorothy-irene-height-godmother-of-the-civil-rights-movement-was-a-portrait-in-powerful-change-google-doodle-salutes-her-accordingly/|author=Michael Cavna|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 24, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}
26. ^{{cite news|title=Google Doodle Honors Dorothy Height, Unsung Leader in Civil Rights and Women’s Movements|url=http://time.com/35304/dorothy-height-google-doogle/|author=Charlotte Alter|work=Time|date=March 24, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}
27. ^https://stamps.org/US-New-Issues-2017
{{external media| float = right | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?424476-1/dorothy-height-oral-history-interview "Dorothy Height Oral History Interview" for the University of Virginia's "Explorations in Black Leadership" project, December 9, 2003], C-SPAN| video2 = |width=230px}}

{{external media| float = right| width = 230px | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?177169-1/open-wide-freedom-gates-memoir Booknotes interview with Height on Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir, August 3, 2003], C-SPAN| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?183851-5/open-wide-freedom-gates Presentation by Height on Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir at the National Book Festival, October 9, 2004], C-SPAN}}{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=162733747}}

Sources

  • Height, Dorothy. Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir.
  • Tracey A. Fitzgerald, The National Council of Negro Women and the Feminist Movement, 1935–1975, Georgetown University Press, 1985.
  • Judith Weisenfeld, "Dorothy Height", Black Women in America: Profiles, New York: Macmillan, 1999, pp. 128–130.
  • Legacy: Black and White in America, a documentary featuring Dorothy Height.
  • Norwood, Arlisha. [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothy-height "Dorothy Height"]. National Women's History Museum. 2017.
  • [https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Dorothy.I.Height/ Dr. Dorothy I. Height Facebook Page]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613055919/http://ncseonline.org/01about/cms.cfm?id=499 National Council for Science and the Environment]
  • [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7615645/Dorothy-Height.html Dorothy Height] - Daily Telegraph obituary, April 21, 2010
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129040751/http://www.africanevents.com/DorHeightCongressAwards.htm African Events] Congressional Gold Medal Award for Dorothy Height
  • Dorothy Height's oral history video excerpts, The National Visionary Leadership Project
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100425012536/http://www.videosurf.com/dorothy-height-186341 Dorothy Height's Videos]
  • Legacy: Black and White in America, a documentary featuring Dorothy Height
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100430060439/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-proclamation-death-dorothy-height Flag Half-Staff Day Order by President Barack Obama]
  • Dorothy Height (1912–2010): Civil Rights Leader Remembered for Lifelong Activism- video report by Democracy Now!
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100403072615/http://theloop21.com/news/dorothy-height-unsung-heroine Dorothy I. Height, Unsung Heroine]

External links

  • {{C-SPAN|Dorothy Height}}
{{Civil rights movement}}{{Delta Sigma Theta International Presidents}}{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Height, Dorothy}}

26 : American people of Sierra Leonean descent|American women activists|African-American educators|American educators|Activists for African-American civil rights|American Protestants|American women's rights activists|Congressional Gold Medal recipients|Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni|Columbia University School of Social Work alumni|People from Pittsburgh|Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients|Spingarn Medal winners|1912 births|2010 deaths|20th-century African-American activists|Presidential Citizens Medal recipients|Writers from Richmond, Virginia|Delta Sigma Theta members|American memoirists|African-American non-fiction writers|American non-fiction writers|American columnists|Journalists from Pennsylvania|Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award|Women columnists
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