| 词条 | Drava | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Drava or Drave | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Drau, Dráva | name_etymology = | image = Drava_Ormož.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Drava near Ormož, Slovenia | map = Drau river.PNG | map_size = | map_caption = Map of Drava River | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = Lienz, Spittal an der Drau, Villach, Ferlach, Dravograd, Vuzenica, Muta, Ruše, Maribor, Ptuj, Ormož, Varaždin, Belišće, Osijek, Barcs | length = {{convert|710[1]|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|670|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = | source1 = North of the Neunerkogel over the Toblacher Feld | source1_location = Toblach, South Tyrol, Italy | source1_coordinates= {{coord|46|43|9|N|12|15|16|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1450|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = Danube near Osijek | mouth_location = Croatia | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|45|32|38|N|18|55|31|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|40154[1]|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = Progression | custom_data = {{PDanube}} | extra = }} The Drava or Drave[1] ({{lang-de|Drau}} {{IPA-de|ˈdʁaʊ|}}; {{lang-sl|Drava}} {{IPA-sl|ˈdɾàːʋa|}}; {{lang-hr|Drava}} {{IPA-sh|drǎːʋa|}}; {{lang-hu|Dráva}} {{IPA-hu|ˈdraːvɒ|}}) is a river in southern Central Europe. With a length of {{convert|710|km|mi}},[2] {{convert|724|km|mi}} including the Sextner Bach source, it is the fifth or sixth longest tributary of the Danube, after the Tisza, Sava, Prut, Mureș and perhaps Siret. Its source is near the market town of Innichen (San Candido), in the Puster Valley of South Tyrol, Italy. The river flows eastwards through East Tirol and Carinthia in Austria into the Styria region of Slovenia. It then turns southeast, passing through Croatia and, after merging with its main tributary Mur, forms most of the border between Croatia and Hungary, before it joins the Danube near Osijek. OverviewIn ancient times the river was known as {{lang-la|Dravus}}, cf. {{lang-sa|द्रवति}}, dravati, "flow". The name is most likely of Celtic or Illyrian origin (see Old European hydronymy). The river gives its name to the dravite species of tourmaline. The Drava (along with one of its tributaries, the Slizza) and the Spöl are the only two rivers originating in Italy that belong to the Danube drainage basin. Its main left tributaries (from the north) are the {{illm|Isel (river)|lt=Isel|de|Isel}} (contributes 39 m³/s), the Möll (25 m³/s), the {{illm|Lieser (Drava)|lt=Lieser|de|Lieser (Drau)}} (22 m³/s), the Gurk (30 m³/s) and the Lavant (12 m³/s) in Austria, and the Mur (166 m³/s) near Legrad at the Croatian–Hungarian border. Its main right tributaries (from the south) are the Gail (45 m³/s) in Austria, the Meža (12 m³/s) and Dravinja (11 m³/s) in Slovenia, and the Bednja (? m³/s) in Croatia.
Mean discharge is for the last station in the country mentioned in the source.[2] CourseThe Drava sources are located at the drainage divide between the market town of Innichen and neighbouring Toblach (Dobbiaco) in the west, where the Rienz River rises, a tributary of the Adige (Etsch). At Innichen itself the 16+ km {{illm|Sextner Bach|de|}},[3] originating near the Sextener Rotwand, joins the ~2 km long source creek. The river than flows eastwards and after 8 kilometres crosses into East Tyrol in Austria. At Lienz it flows into the {{illm|Isel (river)|lt=Isel|de|Isel}}, sourced from the glaciers of the Venediger and Glockner Groups. The Isel (average discharge 39 m³/s) is almost three times larger than the Drava (14 m³/s) where they meet and, starting from the source of its tributary {{illm|Schwarzach (Isel)|lt= Schwarzach|de|}} under the Rötspitze, the Isel (ca. 64 km) is also longer than the combined Drava and Sextner Bach (ca. 60 km) to that point.[4][2] The river then flows east into Carinthia at Oberdrauburg. The river separates the Kreuzeck range of the High Tauern in the north and the Gailtal Alps in the south, passes the Sachsenburg narrows and the site of the ancient city of Teurnia, before it reaches the town of Spittal an der Drau. Downstream of Villach, it runs along the northern slopes of the Karawanks to Ferlach and Lavamünd. The Drava passes into Slovenia at Gorče near Dravograd, from where it runs for {{convert|142|km|mi}}{{GeoQuelle|SI|SURS}} via Vuzenica, Muta, Ruše, and Maribor to Ptuj and the border with Croatia at Ormož. The river then passes Varaždin, Belišće and Osijek in Croatia, and Barcs in Hungary. It is navigable for about {{convert|90|km|mi}} from Čađavica in Croatia to its mouth. The hydrological parameters of Drava are regularly monitored in Croatia at Botovo, Terezino Polje, Donji Miholjac and Osijek.[5] Hydroelectric power plantsCurrently, there are 22 hydroelectric power plants on the Drava. The power plants are listed beginning at the headwaters: The Drava River is one of the most exploited rivers in the world in terms of hydropower, with almost 100% of its water potential energy being exploited.[6][7] As the region of the river is a place of exceptional biodiversity, this raises several ecological concerns, together with other forms of exploitation such as use of river deposits.[8][9] References1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=xAIZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 Utrata Fachwörterbuch: Geographie - Englisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Englisch] by Jürgen Utrata (2014). Retrieved 10 Apr 2014. [10][11]2. ^1 2 3 4 Joint Drava River Corridor Analysis Report, 27 November 2014 3. ^Sextner Bach at the South Tyrol agency for the environment website 4. ^ Hydrographisches Jahrbuch Österreichs 2008, S. OG322 5. ^{{cite web | url = http://hidro.hr/hidro_e.php?id=hidro¶m=Podaci_e | title = Daily hydrological report | publisher = State Hydrometeorological Bureau of the Republic of Croatia | accessdate = 2010-09-09}} 6. ^ {{cite web |author= | url=http://www.hse.si/en/interesting/did-you-know | title=HSE - Did you know? | work= | publisher=HSE | date= |isbn= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152859/http://www.hse.si/en/interesting/did-you-know | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }} 7. ^ {{cite web |author= | url=http://www.life-drau.at/?page=symposium&id=59&menu=15&lng=1&sub_id=15 | title=International Symposium "Drava River Vision" | work=LIFE Projekt Lebensader Obere Drau | publisher= | date= |isbn= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153559/http://www.life-drau.at/?page=symposium&id=59&menu=15&lng=1&sub_id=15 | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }} 8. ^ {{cite web |author= | url=https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/drava-river-flowing-controversy | title=The Drava River – a flowing controversy | work= | publisher=International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River | date= |isbn= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155156/https://www.icpdr.org/main/publications/drava-river-flowing-controversy | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }} 9. ^ {{cite web |author= | url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=Obere_Drau_Symposium_Report.pdf | title=Is the Drava River Basin management sustainable and well on the way? | work=International Symposium "Drava River Vision" | publisher=Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management; Government of Carinthia, Department of Water Management | date=September 2008 |isbn= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807155646/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=Obere_Drau_Symposium_Report.pdf | archive-date=2017-08-07 | access-date=2017-08-07 }} 10. ^1 {{cite web| title = Kraftwerk Amlach| publisher = Tiwag| url = https://www.tiwag.at/ueber-die-tiwag/kraftwerke/bestehende-kraftwerke/kraftwerkspark/| language = de| accessdate = 2016-08-25}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web| title = Die Drau| publisher = Verbund| url = https://www.verbund.com/de-de/ueber-verbund/kraftwerke/gewaesser/drau| language = de| accessdate = 2016-08-25}} }} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
| last = Petrić | first = Hrvoje | year = 2014 | title = About Drava River Floodings. Some Aspects of the Interrelationship between Humans and the River Drava in the Pre-Industrial Times with an Emphasis on the Late 18th and Early 19th Century. Man, Nature and Environment Between the Northern Adriatic and the Eastern Alps in Premodern Times | url = https://www.academia.edu/11363398/About_Drava_River_Floodings._Some_Aspects_of_the_Interrelationship_between_Humans_and_the_River_Drava_in_the_Pre-Industrial_Times_with_an_Emphasis_on_the_Late_18th_and_Early_19th_Century_O_poplavama_rijeke_Drave._Neki_aspekti_me%C4%91uodnosa_ljudi_i_rijeke_Drave_u_predindustrijsko_doba | publisher = University of Ljubljana | ref = harv External links{{commons category|Drava}}
16 : Drava|Drava basin|Rivers of Croatia|Border rivers|Rivers of Styria (Slovenia)|Rivers of Hungary|Rivers of Italy|Rivers of South Tyrol|Rivers of Tyrol (state)|Rivers of Carinthia (state)|Tributaries of the Danube|International rivers of Europe|Croatia–Hungary border|Croatia–Slovenia border|Austria–Slovenia border|Natura 2000 in Slovenia |
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