“Academy of Sciences Leopoldina”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Academy of Sciences Leopoldina ({{lang-de|Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina – Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften}}) is the national academy of Germany.

Historically it was known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared a national academy of Germany.

The Leopoldina is located in Halle. Founded in 1652, the Leopoldina claims to be the oldest continuously existing learned society in the world.^[1]^[2]

History

The Leopoldina was founded in the city of Schweinfurt on 1 January 1652 under the Latin name {{nowrap|{{lang|la|Academia Naturae Curiosorum}},}} sometimes translated into English as "Academy of the Curious as to Nature."^[2] The four founding members were physicians, namely Johann Laurentius Bausch, first president of the society, Johann Michael Fehr, Georg Balthasar Metzger, and Georg Balthasar Wohlfarth.

In 1670 the society began to publish the Ephemeriden or Miscellanea Curiosa, one of the earliest scientific journals and one which had a particularly strong focus on medicine and related aspects of natural philosophy, such as botany and physiology.

In 1677, Leopold I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, recognised the society and in 1687 he gave it the epithet Leopoldina.^[3]^{, p. 7–8;}^[4]

At first, the society conducted its business by correspondence and was located wherever the president was working. It was not permanently located in Halle until 1878 and did not meet regularly

When Adolf Hitler became Germany's chancellor in 1933, the Leopoldina started to exclude its Jewish members. Albert Einstein was one of the first victims, more than 70 followed until 1938. Eight of them were murdered by the Nazis.^[5]

At the end of World War II, the city of Halle, and hence the building of the academy, became part of East Germany and the communist government tried repeatedly to nationalise it. However, the Leopoldina successfully resisted these attempts and continued to think of itself as an institution for the whole of Germany. In 1991, after German reunification, the Leopoldina was granted the status of a non-profit organisation. It is funded jointly by the German government and the government of the state of Saxony-Anhalt.^[3]^{, pp. 10–14}

In November 2007, German science minister Annette Schavan announced the renaming of the Leopoldina to "German Academy of Sciences" (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften), and said that "due to its international prestige, the Leopoldina is predestined to represent Germany within the circle of international academies." As the German Academy of Sciences, it is a counterpart to the rights and responsibilities of institutions such as Britain's Royal Society and the United States' National Academy of Science.

Activities

The Leopoldina is the first and foremost academic society in Germany to advise the German government on a variety of scientific matters, for instance on climate change.

The Leopoldina gives conferences and lectures and continues to publish the Ephemeriden under the name Nova Acta Leopoldina. It issues various medals and awards, offers grants and scholarships and elects new members to itself. The Academy also maintains a library and an archive and it also researches its own history and publishes another journal, Acta Historica Leopoldina devoted to this subject.^[3]^{, pp. 15–33}

Honours

Apart from being a fellow, excellence can also be rewarded by receiving one of the following honours:

Membership

Three quarters of the members are from German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and one quarter from about 30 other nations. The election to membership of the Leopoldina is the highest academic honour awarded by an institution in Germany.

As of early 2014, a total of 169 Nobel prize laureates are fellows of the Leopoldina.^[6]

Presidents

This is a list of the presidents of the Leopoldina with the times and places of office:

Legacy

References

1. ^Some societies covering only specific disciplines are older (e.g. the Royal College of Physicians was founded in 1519) and the Royal Society started informally in 1646 and received its charter in 1662 so is sometimes considered the oldest.
2. ^As for instance in the monumental A History of Magic and Experimental Science by Lynn Thorndike (see [https://books.google.com/books?id=M8zF_ESLDd0C&pg=PA77&dq=%22Academy+of+the+Curious+as+to+Nature%22+inauthor:Thorndike&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22Academy%20of%20the%20Curious%20as%20to%20Nature%22%20inauthor%3AThorndike&f=false online]).
3. ^¹²³⁴Self-produced overview of the Leopoldina (accessed Apr. 29, 2016)
4. ^Groschenheft magazine on the Leopoldina's anniversary (German) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311200937/http://www.groschenheft.de/aus_leopoldina.htm |date=March 11, 2007 }} (accessed May 27, 2005)
5. ^Speech of Leopoldinas president Volker ter Meulen 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723062333/http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Nova_Acta/2010/ProbeNALSu22.pdf |date=July 23, 2011 }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.leopoldina.org/de/mitglieder/nobelpreistraeger/|title=Nobelpreisträger|work=leopoldina.org}}