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词条 Drug cartel
释义

  1. Africa

  2. Americas

     North America  Canada  United States  American Mafia  Active crime families  Defunct mafia families  Jewish mafia  African-American organized crime  Irish Mob  Mexico  Caribbean  South America  Brazil  Bolivia  Colombia  Peru  Venezuela  Central America  Honduras  El Salvador  Nicaragua 

  3. Asia

     East Asia  Korea  Japan  Japanese criminal organizations  Active yakuza groups  Defunct yakuza groups  China  Southeast Asia  Vietnamese Xã Hội Đen  South Asia  Middle East  Afghanistan  Central Asia 

  4. Eurasia

     Russia  Caucasus 

  5. Europe

     Sweden  Netherlands  France  Greece  Ireland  Spain  Poland  Slovakia  Hungary  Czech Republic  Belgium  Italy  Balkans  Great Britain  Ukraine  Lithuania  Estonia  Transnistria  Other organized crime groups based in Europe 

  6. Australia

  7. Other parts of the world

  8. References

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

A drug cartel is any criminal organization with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations. They range from loosely managed agreements among various drug traffickers to formalized commercial enterprises. The term was applied when the largest trafficking organizations reached an agreement to coordinate the production and distribution of cocaine. Since that agreement was broken up, drug cartels are no longer actually cartels, but the term stuck and it is now popularly used to refer to any criminal narcotics related organization.

The basic structure of a drug cartel is as follows:

  • Falcons (Spanish: Halcones): Considered as the "eyes and ears" of the streets, the "falcons" are the lowest rank in any drug cartel. They are responsible for supervising and reporting the activities of the police, the military, and rival groups.[1]
  • Hitmen (Spanish: Sicarios): The armed group within the drug cartel, responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts, and extortions, operating protection rackets, and defending their plaza (turf) from rival groups and the military.[2][3]
  • Lieutenants (Spanish: Teniente): The second highest position in the drug cartel organization, responsible for supervising the hitmen and falcons within their own territory. They are allowed to carry out low-profile murders without permission from their bosses.[4]
  • Drug lords (Spanish: Capos): The highest position in any drug cartel, responsible for supervising the entire drug industry, appointing territorial leaders, making alliances, and planning high-profile murders.[5]

There are other operating groups within the drug cartels. For example, the drug producers and suppliers,[6] although not considered in the basic structure, are critical operators of any drug cartel, along with the financiers and money launderers.[7][8][9] In addition, the arms suppliers operate in a completely different circle,[10] and are technically not considered part of the cartel's logistics.

Africa

{{See also|Taxi wars in South Africa|blood diamond|Kivu conflict#Conflict minerals|Barbary Coast|Piracy in Somalia|Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb|Boko Haram}}
  • Cape Verdean organized crime
  • Mungiki[11]
  • Nigerian organized crime[12][13][14][15][16][17]
    • Confraternities in Nigeria
    • Black Axe Confraternity
    • Anini gang
  • Mai-Mai militia gangs
  • Moroccan hashish smugglers
    • Ahmed organization

Americas

{{seealso|Illegal drug trade in Latin America}}

North America

Canada

  • Rivard organization
  • Red Scorpions
  • Bacon Brothers
  • Montreal
    • West End Gang[18][19]
    • Blass gang
    • Dubois Brothers
  • Indo-Canadian organized crime
    • Punjabi Mafia जोहल गिरोह (Canada)[13]
  • Canadian mafia families
    • Rizzuto crime family[13][22]
    • Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan[13][22]
    • Cotroni crime family[13][22]
    • Musitano crime family[13][22]
    • Papalia crime family[13][22]
    • Luppino crime family[13][22]
    • Perri crime family[13][22]
    • Siderno Group[13][22]
    • Commisso 'ndrina[13][22]

United States

The United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine[14] and other illegal drugs.[15][16][17][18] This is a list of American criminal organizations involved in illegal drug traffic, drug trade and other related crimes in the United States:

  • National Crime Syndicate[18][45]
    • Seven Group[18][45]
    • Murder, Inc.[18][19]
  • Polish Mob
    • Saltis-McErlane Gang[20]
    • Kielbasa Posse[21]
    • The Greenpoint Crew[22]
    • Flats Mob
    • The Flathead gang[23]
  • Prohibition-era gangs
    • Galveston
    • Downtown Gang
    • Beach Gang
    • The Maceo syndicate
    • Shelton Brothers Gang[20][24]
    • Sheldon Gang[20]
    • Broadway Mob[20]
    • The Lanzetta Brothers
    • Circus Cafe Gang[20]
    • Wandering Family
    • Remus organization
  • Hispanic-American
    • Marielitos
    • The Corporation[18]
    • Puerto Rican mafia
    • Agosto organization
    • La ONU
    • Martinez Familia Sangeros
    • Solano organization
    • Negri organization
    • Márquez gambling ring
    • Polanco-Rodriguez organization[14]
  • Los Angeles (See also Rampart scandal)
    • Nash gang[25]
    • Wonderland Gang[25]
  • Dixie Mafia[20]
    • Cornbread Mafia[26]
  • Greek-American organized crime
    • Philadelphia Greek Mob[27]
    • Velentzas Family[28]
  • Assyrian/Chaldean mafia[29]
  • Hawaii
    • The Company
    • Leota mob
  • Wall gang
  • Elkins mob
  • The Chickens and the Bulls
  • Binion mob
  • Johnston gang
American Mafia

Italian immigrants to the United States in the early 19th century formed various small-time gangs which gradually evolved into sophisticated crime syndicates which dominated organized crime in America for several decades. Although government crackdowns and a less-tightly knit Italian-American community have largely reduced their power, they remain an active force in the underworld.

Active crime families
  • American Mafia
  • The Commission[30]
  • The Five Families of New York City[12][18][30]
    • Bonanno[12][18][13][30][31][77]
    • Indelicato crew
    • The Motion Lounge Crew
    • Colombo[12][18][13][30][31]
    • Scarpa crew
    • Genovese[12][18][13][30][31][77][32]
    • 116th Street Crew[30]
    • Greenwich Village Crew[18]
    • New Jersey Crew[31]
    • Gambino[12][18][13][30][31][77]
    • Ozone Park Boys[33]
    • DeMeo crew[30]
    • Baltimore Crew
    • South Florida faction
    • New Jersey faction
    • The Bergin Crew
    • Cherry Hill Gambinos
    • Lucchese[12][13][30][31][32]
    • The Jersey Crew[31]
    • The Vario Crew[18]
    • 107th Street gang
  • Magaddino crime family[18][30]
  • DeCavalcante crime family[18][30][31]
  • The Chicago Outfit[12][18][29][30][23] (see also Unione Siciliane)
    • Las Vegas crew (defunct)
  • Philadelphia crime family[18][13][30][31]
  • Pittsburgh crime family[30][20]
  • Patriarca crime family[30]
    • Angiulo Brothers crew[30]
  • Cleveland crime family[30][23]
  • Los Angeles crime family[30]
  • Kansas City crime family[30]
  • Trafficante crime family[30]
  • Detroit Partnership[30][20][23]
  • Milwaukee crime family[30]
  • New Orleans crime family[18][30][20]
Defunct mafia families
  • Morello crime family[18][30]
  • Genna crime family[30]
  • Porrello crime family[30]
  • St. Louis crime family[30]
  • Rochester Crime Family[30]
  • Bufalino crime family[30]
  • Dallas crime family[30]
  • Denver crime family[30]
  • San Francisco crime family[30]
  • San Jose crime family[30]
  • Seattle crime family
  • Omaha crime family
  • Licavoli Mob[18][30]
  • Cardinelli gang
  • New York Camorra
  • East Harlem Purple Gang[32]
Jewish mafia
  • New York City
    • Schultz gang
    • The Bugs and Meyer Mob[19]
    • Shapiro Brothers[19]
    • Yiddish Black Hand[19]
    • Rothstein organization
    • Kaplan gang
    • Rosenzweig gang
  • Boston
    • 69th Street Gang[19]
    • Sagansky organization
    • Solomon organization[19]
  • Los Angeles
    • Cohen crime family (mix between Jewish and Italian members)[30][20][19]
  • The Purple Gang[18][19][23]
  • Zwillman gang[19]
  • Kid Cann's gang[19]
  • Birger mob[24]
  • Cleveland Syndicate
African-American organized crime
Certain members of the Black Panther Party, particularly the Oakland chapter, also engaged in criminal activities such as drug dealing and extortion.
  • New York City
    • The Council[166][14][77]
    • Harlem numbers racket[77]
    • Bumpy Johnson gang[77]
    • Supreme Team[34]
    • The Bebos
    • The Country Boys[77][34]
    • Matthews Organization[77]
  • The Family
  • Detroit
    • Black Mafia Family[35]
    • Young Boys, Inc.[14]
    • Chambers Brothers[14]
  • Philadelphia
    • Black Mafia[18][36][34]
    • Junior Black Mafia[37]
  • Oakland, California
    • 69 Mob[34]
  • Baltimore
    • Williams organization (drug trafficking)[34]
  • Washington, D.C.
    • Rayful Edmond organization[34]
  • Chicago
    • Theodore Roe's gambling ring
    • Stokes organization
  • Atlantic City
    • Aso Posse
  • Miami
    • Miami Boys
  • Rosemond Organization
Irish Mob
  • Prohibition-era Chicago gangs
    • North Side Gang[18][20][38]
    • James Patrick O'Leary organization
    • John Patrick Looney gang
    • Valley Gang[20]
    • Ragen's Colts[20]
    • Touhy gang
  • Boston
    • Mullen Gang[38]
    • Winter Hill Gang[18][38]
    • Gustin Gang[38]
    • Charlestown Mob
    • Killeen gang[38]
  • Danny Hogan's gang
  • Danny Walsh gang
  • Tom Dennison empire
  • Danny Greene's Celtic Club[18][38]
  • Nucky Johnson's Organization
  • K&A Gang
  • Enright gang
  • New York
    • Dwyer gang
    • The Westies[18][38]
    • White Hand Gang[18]
    • Higgins gang
  • St Louis
    • Hogan Gang
    • Egan's Rats[20][38]

Mexico

  • Not to be confused with the Mexican Mafia U.S. street gang.
Mexican cartels (also known in Mexico as: La Mafia (the mafia or the mob), La Maña (the skill / the bad manners),[39] Narcotraficantes (Narco-Traffickers), or simply as Narcos) usually refers to several, rival, criminal organizations that are combated by the Mexican government in the Mexican War on Drugs (List sorted by branches and heritage):[40]
  • Gulf Cartel (The oldest Mexican Criminal syndicate, started as prohibition-era bootlegging gang)
    • Los Zetas (Formerly part of the Gulf cartel, now independent)
    • La Familia Michoacana (Formerly a branch of the Gulf Cartel, then went independent)[41][42] (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • Los Caballeros Templarios (Splintered from La Familia Cartel)[43]
  • Guadalajara Cartel (The first full-fledged Mexican Drug cartel, from which most of the big cartels spawned) (Disbanded in 1989{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
  • Sinaloa Cartel (Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
    • Colima Cartel (Disbanded, former members are now a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel)[44]
    • Sonora Cartel (Disbanded in 1989, its remnants joined the Sinaloa Cartel)[44]
    • Artistas Asesinos (hitman squad)[45] (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • Gente Nueva (Sinaloa cell in Chihuahua)[46] (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • Los Ántrax (enforcer squad)
  • Milenio Cartel (First loyal to the Sinaloa Cartel federation, later independent) (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • La Resistencia[47] (Splintered from the milenio cartel) (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • Jalisco New Generation Cartel[48] (Independent remnants of the Milenio cartel)
  • Beltrán-Leyva Cartel (Formerly part of the Sinaloa Cartel federation, later independent) (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • Los Negros (Beltran-Leyva enforcement squad) (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • South Pacific Cartel (branch of the Beltran Leyva Cartel in Morelos)[49][50][51]
    • Cártel del Centro[52] (cell of the Beltran-Leyva Cartel in Mexico City) (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • Cártel Independiente de Acapulco[53] (Splinter from the Beltran-Leyva Cartel)
    • La Barredora (gang)[54]
    • El Comando Del Diablo (gang)[55] (Hitman squad of la Barredora)[56] (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • La Mano Con Ojos (gang)[57] (small cell of Beltran-Leyva members in the State of Mexico) (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • La Nueva Administración[58] (Splintered from the Beltran-Leyva Cartel) (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • La Oficina (gang)[59] (cell of the Beltran-Leyva Cartel in Aguascalientes) (Disbanded{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}})
    • Cártel de la Sierra (cell in Guerrero)[60][61]
    • Cártel de La Calle (cell in Chiapas)[62][63]
    • Los Chachos (gang in Tamaulipas) (Disbanded)[64][65]
  • Tijuana Cartel (Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
    • Oaxaca Cartel (Was a branch of the disbanded Tijuana Cartel, its regional leader was captured in 2007)
  • Juárez Cartel(Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
    • La Línea (Juárez Cartel enforcer squad)
    • Barrio Azteca (U.S. Street Gang)[66][66] (Allied with La Linea)
  • Lesser-known small-criminal organizations:
    • Los Mexicles (U.S. Street Gang)[67]
    • Los Texas (street gang) (Disbanded)[68]
  • Government officials: Other organizations that have been involved in drug trade or traffic in Mexico. (however this does not necessarily apply for the whole institutions):
    • Mexican officials:
    • Municipal, State, and Federal police forces in Mexico[69][70][71]
    • Mexican Armed Forces (Army and Navy[72][73][74][75][76][77])
    • Mexico City International Airport[78]
    • Club Xoloitzcuintles (football)[79][80]
    • United States officials:
    • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)[81]
    • Texas National Guard[81]
    • U.S. Customs and Border Protection[82][83]
    • United States Immigration and Naturalization Service[81]

Caribbean

{{See also|Piracy in the Caribbean|Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico}}
  • Chadee gang (Trinidad & Tobago) (see also Jamaat al Muslimeen)
  • Jamaican Yardies & Posses[18][14][37][254]
    • Shower Posse[37][254]
    • POW Posse
    • Tottenham Mandem[84]
    • Star Gang
    • Klans Massive[85]
  • No Limit Soldiers
  • Phantom death squad (Guyana)
  • Zoe Pound (Haitian, see also Tonton Macoute)
  • Dominican drug cartels[86]
    • Paulino organization[87]
    • Féliz organization

South America

Brazil

  • Comando Vermelho
  • Primeiro Comando da Capital
  • Terceiro Comando Puro
  • Terceiro Comando
  • Amigos dos Amigos

Bolivia

  • Bolivian drug cartels (See also García Meza regime drug trafficking)
    • La Corporación
    • Santa Cruz cartel

Colombia

{{main|Illegal drug trade in Colombia}}

Until 2011 Colombia remained the world's largest cocaine producer,[88] however with a strong anti-narcotic strategy in 2012 the country achieved a great decrease in cocaine production and fell to the third position, behind Peru and Bolivia.[89] Cocaine production in Colombia reached an all-time high in 2017.[90]

The current main actors in the drug trade are:

  • Neo-paramilitary criminal gangs, also called BACRIM[91]
    • Clan del Golfo
    • Oficina de Envigado
  • Guerrilla movements in Colombia
    • ELN (Weakened by a US-backed counter-insurgency plan)
    • EPL (Partially demobilized)

Historical actors in the drug trade were:

  • Cali Cartel (dissolved)
  • Medellín Cartel (dismantled)
  • North Coast Cartel (dismantled)
  • Norte del Valle Cartel (dissolved)
  • AUC (demobilized)
  • FARC (demobilized)
  • Los Rastrojos (dismantled)
  • The Black Eagles (dismantled) (The Black Eagles was a generic term to describe a series of organizations)
  • Bloque Meta (dismantled)

Peru

  • Peruvian drug cartels (see also Shining Path and Vladimiro Montesinos)
    • Zevallos organisation

Venezuela

Historically Venezuela has been a path to the United States for illegal drugs originating in Colombia, through Central America and Mexico and Caribbean countries such as Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.

According to the United Nations, there has been an increase of cocaine trafficking through Venezuela since 2002.[92] In 2005 Venezuela severed ties with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), accusing its representatives of spying.[93] Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers.[94] Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008[95] to sixth in the world in 2012.[96]

The cartel groups involved include:

  • The Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan moved to Venezuela,[97] which became an important hideout as the clan bought hotels and founded various businesses in Caracas and Valencia, as well as an extended ranch in Barinas, near the Colombian border. "Venezuela has its own Cosa Nostra family as if it is Sicilian territory," according to the Italian police. "The structure and hierarchy of the Mafia has been entirely reproduced in Venezuela." The Cuntrera-Caruana clan had direct links with the ruling Commission of the Sicilian Mafia, and are acknowledged by the American Cosa Nostra.[97]

Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare Cuntrera were expelled from Venezuela in 1992, "almost secretly smuggled out of the country, as if it concerned one of their own drug transports. It was

imperative they could not contact people on the outside who could have used their political connections to stop the expulsion." Their expulsion was ordered by a commission of the Venezuelan Senate headed by Senator Cristobal Fernandez Dalo and his money laundering investigator, Thor Halvorssen Hellum. They were arrested in September 1992 at Fiumicino airport (Rome),[98][99] and in 1996 were sentenced to 13–20 years.[97]

  • Norte del Valle Cartel : In 2008 the leader of the Colombian Norte del Valle Cartel, Wilber Varela, was found murdered in a hotel in Mérida in Venezuela.[100] In 2010 Venezuela arrested and deported to the United States Jaime Alberto "Beto" Marin, then head of the Norte del Valle Cartel.[101]
  • The Cartel of the Suns According to Jackson Diehl. Deputy Editorial Page Editor of The Washington Post, the Bolivarian government of Venezuela shelters "one of the world’s biggest drug cartels". There have also been allegations that former president Hugo Chávez and Diosdado Cabello being involved with drug trafficking.[102]

In May 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported from United States officials that drug trafficking in Venezuela increased significantly with Colombian drug traffickers moving from Colombia to Venezuela due to pressure from law enforcement.[103] One United States Department of Justice official described the higher ranks of the Venezuelan government and military as "a criminal organization", with high ranking Venezuelan officials, such as National Assembly President Diosdado Cabello, being accused of drug trafficking.[103] Those involved with investigations stated that Venezuelan government defectors and former traffickers had given information to investigators and that details of those involved in government drug trafficking were increasing.[103]

Central America

Honduras

  • Honduran drug cartels
    • Matta organization
    • Cachiros

El Salvador

  • Mara Salvatrucha

Nicaragua

  • Nicaraguan drug cartels (see also Contras)
    • Oscar Danilo Blandón

Asia

East Asia

Korea

  • Korean criminal organizations (see also North Korea's illicit activities)
    • Jongro street gang

Japan

Japanese criminal organizations
See also Kenji Doihara's criminal activities

The yakuza of Japan are similar to the Italian mafias in that they originated centuries ago and follow a rigid set of traditions, but have several aspects that make them unique, such as their full-body tattoos and their fairly open place in Japanese society. Many yakuza groups are umbrella organizations, smaller gangs reporting to a larger crime syndicate.

Active yakuza groups
  • Roku-daime Yamaguchi-gumi 六代目山口組[12][13][18][104]
    • Yoshitomi Group
    • Yon-daime Yamaken-gumi　四代目山健組[18][104]
    • Ni-daime Kodo-kai 二代目弘道会[18]
    • Ni-daime Takumi-gumi 二代目宅見組[104]
    • Go-daime Kokusui-kai 五代目國粹会[104]
  • Inagawa-kai 稲川会[12][18][104]
  • Sumiyoshi-kai 住吉会[13][18][104]
    • Sumiyoshi-ikka Shinwa-kai 住吉一家親和会
    • Kansuke Juni-daime 勘助十二代目
  • Kobe Yamaguchi-gumi
  • Matsuba-kai 松葉会[104]
  • Kyokuto-kai 極東会[104]
  • Dojin-kai[104] 道仁会
    • Kitamura-gumi
  • Yon-daime Kudo-kai[104] 四代目工藤會
  • Roku-daime Aizu-Kotetsu-kai 六代目会津小鉄会[104]
  • Okinawa Kyokuryu-kai 沖縄旭琉会[104]
  • Kyushu Seido-kai 九州誠道会
  • Go-daime Kyosei-kai 五代目共政会[104]
  • San-daime Fukuhaku-kai 三代目福博会
  • Soai-kai 双愛会[104]
  • Yon-daime Kyokuryu-kai 四代目旭琉会[104]
  • San-daime Kyodo-kai 三代目俠道会[104]
  • Taishu-kai 太州会[104]
  • Shichi-daime Goda-ikka 七代目合田一家[104]
  • Toa-kai 東亜会[18]
  • Ni-daime Azuma-gumi 二代目東組[104]
  • Yon-daime Asano-gumi 四代目浅野組[104]
  • Hachi-daime Sakaume-gumi 八代目酒梅組
  • Yon-daime Kozakura-ikka 四代目小桜一家[104]
  • Ni-daime Shinwa-kai 二代目親和会[104]
Defunct yakuza groups
  • Kantō-kai 関東会[104]
  • Ni-daime Honda-kai 二代目本多会[104]
  • Yamaguchi-gumi
    • Goto-gumi 後藤組[104]
    • Suishin-kai 水心会[105]
  • Ichiwa-kai 一和会[13][104]
  • San-daime Yamano-kai 三代目山野会[104]
  • Nakano-kai 中野会[18][104]
  • Kyokuto Sakurai-soke-rengokai 極東桜井總家連合会[104]

China

{{See also|Tiandihui|Kuomintang in Burma#CIA connection and opium trade}}

The Triads is a popular name for a number of Chinese criminal secret societies, which have existed in various forms over the centuries (see for example Tiandihui). However, not all Chinese gangs fall into line with these traditional groups, as many non-traditional criminal organizations have formed, both in China and the Chinese diaspora.

  • Hong Kong-based Triads
    • 14K Group 十四K
    • Wo Group 和字頭
    • Wo Shing Wo 和勝和
    • Wo On Lok (Shui Fong) 和安樂(水房)
    • Wo Hop To 和合圖(老和)[106]
    • Sun Yee On 新義安(老新)
    • Luen Group 聯字頭
    • Big Circle Gang 大圈
  • Sio Sam Ong (小三王)
  • Chinese-American gangs (See also Tongs)
    • Wah Ching 華青[107]
    • Ping On
    • Black Dragons 黑龍[108]
    • Jackson Street Boys 積臣街小子[109]
  • Taiwan-based Triads
    • United Bamboo Gang 竹聯幫[327]
    • Four Seas Gang 四海幫[110]
    • Celestial Alliance
  • Mainland Chinese crime groups (see also Hanlong Group)
    • Chongqing group 重慶組
    • Defunct
    • Honghuzi gangs
    • Green Gang 青帮
  • Triads in Cholon
    • Wu Bang

Southeast Asia

{{see also|List of drug cartels in Asia|Manchukuo#Drug trafficking}}
  • Golden Triangle[12][18][111][14][112]
    • Burmese drug cartels(see also Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army)
    • Khun Sa cartel[18][113] (see also Mong Tai Army)
    • Red Wa Cartel (see also United Wa State Army and National Democratic Alliance Army)
    • Hawngleuk Militia
    • Han cartel
    • Laotian drug cartels (see also Ouane Rattikone)
{{See also|Piracy in the Strait of Malacca}}
  • Chao pho
    • Red Wa
  • Filipino crime gangs (See also Abu Sayyaf and New People's Army)
    • Salonga Group
    • Kuratong Baleleng[12]
    • Changco gang
    • Putik gang
  • Cambodian crime gangs
    • Teng Bunma organization
  • Indonesia
  • Preman (See also Pancasila Youth and insurgency in Aceh)
    • Medan gang
  • Malaysian crime gangs
    • Mamak Gang[114]
  • Secret societies in Singapore
    • Ang Soon Tong昂很快塘
    • Ghee Hin Kongsi 酥油軒懸空寺
    • Hai San 海新
    • Wah Kee華記
    • Ah Kong 新加坡黑手黨

Vietnamese Xã Hội Đen

  • Bình Xuyên[115]
  • Đại Cathay's mafia during the 60s
  • Năm Cam's mafia of the 90s[12][18]
  • Khánh Trắng's "Đồng Xuân Labor Union", a crime syndicate under the guise of a legal entity
  • Dung Hà's gang
  • Vũ Xuân Trường's gang: a crime syndicate led by Vũ Xuân Trường, a government official and also a drug lord.

South Asia

{{See also|Haqqani Network|Zomi Revolutionary Army}}
  • Indian mafia (See also Insurgency in Northeast India)
    • Mumbai
    • D-Company डी कंपनी[13][18]
    • Rajan gang राजन गिरोह[13]
    • Gawli gang गवली गिरोह[13]
    • Rajan gang
    • Surve gang
    • Mudaliar gang
    • Mastan gang
    • Budesh gang
    • Kalani gang
    • Pathan mafia
    • Lala gang
    • Uttar Pradesh
    • Ansari gang
    • Yadav gang
    • Bangalore
    • Rai gang
    • Ramachandra gang
    • Jayaraj gang
    • Kala Kaccha Gang
    • Chaddi Baniyan Gang
  • Sri Lankan criminal groups
  • Pakistani mafia (See also Peoples' Aman Committee, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Muttahida Qaumi Movement and ISI involvement with drugs)
    • Chotu gang
    • Lyari Gang
  • Mafia Raj
  • Dacoit gangs
    • Singh gang
    • Veerappan gang
    • Devi gang

Middle East

{{See also|Shabeeha|al-Qaeda in Iraq|Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant|Mokhtar Belmokhtar|Piracy in the Persian Gulf}}[116][117]
  • Israeli mafia[12][29][349] (see also Stern Gang)
    • Abergil Crime Family משפחת אברג'יל[12][13]
    • Alperon crime family אלפרון משפחת פשע[12]
    • Zeev Rosenstein organization זאב רוזנשטיין הארגון[12]
    • Palestinian organized crime ( See also Abu Nidal Organization)
    • Doghmush clan
  • Turkish mafia[12][13][118]
    • Crime groups in Turkey (see also Deep state and Yüksekova Gang)
    • Kilic gang[18]
    • Cakici gang[18][118]
    • Peker gang
    • Yaprak gang
    • Topal organisation
    • Söylemez Gang
    • Kurdish mafia (see also Kurdistan Workers' Party)
    • Baybasin drug organization[118]
    • Cantürk organization
    • Turkish organised crime in Great Britain
    • Arifs[254][362]
    • Turkish organised crime in Germany
    • Arabaci clan[119]
    • Imac clan (Netherlands)
  • Iranian organized crime (see also Jundallah and illegal activities of the IRGC)
    • Tahvili crime family[120]
  • Lebanese mafia (See also Lebanese Civil War militias)
    • Mhallami-Lebanese crime clans
    • Miri-Clan
    • Al-Zein Clan
    • Juomaa drug trafficking organisation (See also Hezbollah)
    • Ibrahim clan

Afghanistan

  • Golden Crescent[12][113]
    • Afridi Network
    • Afghan drug cartels[121][29] (see also Taliban)
    • Noorzai Organization[122]
    • Khan organization
    • Karzai organization (alleged)
    • Bagcho organization

Central Asia

  • Uzbek mafia (See also Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan)
    • Rakhimov organization
  • Kyrgyz mafia
    • Erkinbayev group
    • Akmatbayev group
    • Kolbayev group

Eurasia

Russia

Although organized crime existed in the Soviet era, the gangs really gained in power and international reach during the transition to capitalism. The term Russian Mafia, 'mafiya' or mob is a blanket (and somewhat inaccurate) term for the various organized crime groups that emerged in this period from the 15 former republics of the USSR and unlike their Italian counterparts does not mean members are necessarily of Russian ethnicity or uphold any ancient criminal traditions, although this is the case for some members.

  • Russian-Jewish mafia
    • Brighton Beach
    • Agron gang[18][123]
    • Nayfeld gang[123]
    • Balagula gang[123]
    • Mogilevich organization[121][375]
  • Brothers' Circle (Existence is debatable)
  • Russian mafia (See also Lubyanka Criminal Group, Three Whales Corruption Scandal and Sergei Magnitsky)
    • Moscow
    • Izmaylovskaya gang[121][375]
    • Solntsevskaya bratva[12][121][18][124]
    • New York branch[124]
    • Orekhovskaya gang[124]
    • St Petersburg (See also Baltik-Eskort)
    • Tambov Gang[124]
    • Togliatti mafia
    • Uralmash gang
    • Lazovsky gang
    • Vladivostok gang
    • Kurganskaya group
    • Tsapok gang
    • 'Elephants' group
    • Kazan gang

Caucasus

See also Caucasus Emirate
  • Georgian mafia[124] (See also Mkhedrioni and Forest Brothers)
    • Kutaisi clan[124][125]
    • Tbilisi clan[125]
    • 21st Century Association
  • Armenian mafia[126]
    • Mirzoyan-Terdjanian organization[126]
    • Armenian Power[126]
  • Azeri mafia
    • Janiev organization[127]
  • Chechen mafia[12][121][124] (See also Special Purpose Islamic Regiment and Kadyrovtsy)
    • Obschina[124]
    • Labazanov gang[18]

Europe

Sweden

  • Original Gangsters[398]
  • Fucked For Life[398]
  • Uppsalamaffian
  • Chosen Ones
  • Werewolf Legion
  • Asir
  • Vårvädersligan

Netherlands

  • Dutch 'Penose'
    • Bruinsma drug gang[18]
    • Holleeder gang[18]
    • Mieremet gang
    • Hopi Boys

France

  • French Milieu (See also Service d'Action Civique)
    • Corsican mafia[18][112][128] (see also National Liberation Front of Corsica)
    • Unione Corse[111][113]
    • Brise de Mer gang[128]
    • Les Caïds Des Cités
    • Faïd gang
    • The Barbarians[129]
    • Wigs gang
    • North African Brigade (see also Carlingue)
    • Tractions Avant gang[130]
    • Bande des Trois Canards
    • French gypsy gangs
    • Hornec gang[128]

Greece

  • Greek mafia

Ireland

  • Ireland (See also Irish Republican Army)
    • Dublin
    • Cahill gang[131][254]
    • Gilligan gang[131][254]
    • Foley gang
    • Hyland gang
    • Dunne gang
    • The Westies
    • Limerick
    • McCarthy-Dundon
    • Keane-Collopy
    • Rathkeale Rovers
    • Kinahan gang
    • The Heaphys , Cork

Spain

  • Spain (see also ETA)
    • Galician mafia
    • Romani clans
    • El Clan De La Paca

Poland

  • Poland (See also Group 13)
    • Pruszków mafia
    • Wołomin mafia

Slovakia

  • Slovak mafia
    • Hungaro-Slovak mafia

Hungary

  • Romani clans
    • Raffael clan
    • Sztojka clan

Czech Republic

  • Mrázek organization
  • Krejčíř organization

Belgium

  • The Belgian Milieu
    • 'Hormone mafia'
    • Milieu Liègeois

Italy

  • Sicilian Mafia[12][121][131][30][17][349]
    • See also List of Sicilian Mafia clans
    • Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan
    • Sicilian Mafia Commission
    • Inzerillo Mafia clan
    • Mandamenti
    • Corleonesi[12][131]
    • Greco Mafia clan
    • Motisi Mafia clan
  • 'Ndrangheta[12][131][17]
    • See also List of 'ndrine
    • La Provincia
    • Honoured Society (Melbourne)[132]
    • Mammoliti 'ndrina
    • Bellocco 'ndrina
    • Cataldo 'ndrina
    • Commisso 'ndrina
    • Cordì 'ndrina
    • De Stefano 'ndrina
    • Pesce 'ndrina
    • Barbaro 'ndrina
    • Piromalli 'ndrina
    • Serraino 'ndrina
    • Siderno Group[13]
  • Camorra[12][131][29][133]
    • Secondigliano Alliance
    • Licciardi clan[133]
    • Contini clan[133]
    • Lo Russo clan[133]
    • Mallardo clan[133]
    • Nuova Camorra Organizzata[12][131][133]
    • Di Lauro Clan[133]
    • Nuova Famiglia[12][133]
    • Casalesi clan[133]
    • Fabbrocino clan[133]
    • Giuliano clan[133]
    • Nuvoletta clan[133]
    • Vollaro clan[133]
    • Scissionisti di Secondigliano[133]
    • La Torre clan[133]
    • Alfieri clan[133]
    • Russo clan[134]
  • Sacra Corona Unita[12][121][131][133]
  • Stidda[131]
  • Mala del Brenta[133]
  • Rome
    • Banda della Magliana[135]
    • Mafia Capitale
    • Sinti Clan dei Casamonica
    • Clan Spada di Ostia
  • Milanese gangs
    • Banda della Comasina[136]
    • Turatello crew
  • Passione

Balkans

Balkan organized crime gained prominence in the chaos following the communist era, notably the transition to capitalism and the wars in former Yugoslavia.

  • Albanian mafia[12][121][133]
    • Kosovan mafia(see also Kosovo Liberation Army)
    • Albania
    • Gang of Çole
    • Gang of Gaxhai
    • Gang of Pusi i Mezinit
    • Lazarat marijuana growers
    • Rudaj Organization[137] (New York City)
    • Gang of Ismail Lika
    • Dobroshi gang[138] (International)
    • Naserligan[139] (Sweden)
    • K-Falangen (Sweden)
  • Bosnian mafia[12]
    • Prazina gang[140]
    • Bajramović gang
    • Delalić gang
    • M-Falangen (Sweden)
  • Bulgarian mafia[121][131] (see also Multigroup)
    • VIS[121][131]
    • SIC
    • Karamanski gang
    • TIM
    • Naglite
    • Rashkov clan
  • Serbian mafia[12][121]
    • Arkan clan[121][140]
    • Zemun Clan[121]
    • Joca Amsterdam gang
    • Magaš clan
    • Giška gang
    • Pink Panthers[141]
    • Serb mafia in Scandinavia
    • Kotur mob
    • Yugoslav Brotherhood
  • Montenegrin mafia[12][121] (see also allegations of Milo Đukanović's involvement in cigarette smuggling)
  • Macedonian mafia
    • Frankfurt mafia
    • Bajrush klan
    • Nezim klan'
  • Romanian mafia
    • Băhăian organisation

Great Britain

{{See also|List of organisations known as the Irish Republican Army|Ulster loyalism#Paramilitary and vigilante groups}}
  • London
    • Adams crime family[131][142]
    • The Richardson Gang[131][143][483]
    • The Firm[131][143][483]
    • The Syndicate
    • Comer gang
    • Buttmarsh Boys
    • Interwar era mobs
    • Messina Brothers[131][143][483]
    • Sabini syndicate[131][143][144]
    • Hoxton Gang[143][144]
    • Elephant and Castle Mob[143][144]
    • Birmingham Boys[131][144]
  • Essex Boys
  • Manchester
    • Quality Street Gang[143]
    • Noonan firm[143]
    • Cheetham Hillbillies
    • The Gooch Close Gang
  • Liverpool
    • Curtis Warren's drug empire[131]
    • Whitney gang
  • Aggi Crew[142]
  • Glasgow
    • McGraw firm[131]
    • Thompson firm[131][143]
    • Delta Crime Syndicate
  • Brighton razor gangs
  • Bestwood Cartel

Ukraine

  • Ukrainian mafia (See also Ukrainian oligarchs and Oleksandr Muzychko)
    • Donetsk Clan
    • Salem gang
    • Mukacheve cigarette smuggling syndicate

Lithuania

  • Lithuanian mafia
    • Vilnius Brigade[145]

Estonia

  • Estonian mafia/Obtshak
    • Linnuvabriku group

Transnistria

  • Transnistrian mafia

Other organized crime groups based in Europe

  • Kurdish mafia "Aşiret"(Tribe)
  • Turkish mafia

Australia

{{See also|Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union|Nugan Hand Bank}}
  • Sydney
    • 5T gang[146] (1985–1999)
    • Freeman gang (defunct)
    • Lenny's gang (1960s)
    • Mr Sin's gang
    • Balkan cartel[147]
    • Razor gangs[148] (1920s)
  • Melbourne
    • Carlton Crew[131][132]
    • Moran family[132]
    • Williams family[132]
    • Pettingill family
    • Richmond gang

Other parts of the world

  • Jardine, Matheson & Co.

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=Va Marina por 'halcones del crimen organizado|url=http://www.mundonarco.com/2011/04/va-marina-por-halcones-del-crimen.html|newspaper=Blog del Narco|date=21 April 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827061101/http://www.mundonarco.com/2011/04/va-marina-por-halcones-del-crimen.html|archivedate=27 August 2011|df=}}
2. ^{{cite news|last=Bowden|first=Charles|title=El sicario, un documental proscrito en México (1)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7C45xR_48mQ|date=Feb 6, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411020804/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7C45xR_48mQ|archivedate=2016-04-11|df=}}
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28. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/20/nyregion/man-tied-to-mafia-guilty-on-10-counts.html |title=Man Tied to Mafia Guilty on 10 Counts |work=NY Times |date=1992-06-20 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323064247/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/20/nyregion/man-tied-to-mafia-guilty-on-10-counts.html |archivedate=2010-03-23 |df= }}
29. ^1 2 3 4 Salinger, Lawrence (2005) Encyclopedia of white-collar & corporate crime: A - I, Volume 1 SAGE, {{ISBN|0-7619-3004-3}}
30. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Capeci, Jerry (2002) The complete idiot's guide to the Mafia, Alpha Books, {{ISBN|0-02-864225-2}}
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32. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/meet-the-genovese-crime-familys-new-boss/44363/ |title=Meet the Genovese Crime Family's New Boss |publisher=NY Sun |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227211004/http://www.nysun.com/new-york/meet-the-genovese-crime-familys-new-boss/44363 |archivedate=2012-02-27 |df= }}
33. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/10/nyregion/queens-father-and-son-accused-in-illegal-gambling-operation.html?scp=1&sq=trucchio&st=nyt |title=Queens Father and Son Accused In Illegal Gambling Operation |publisher=NY Times |date=2002-12-10 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |first=William K. |last=Rashbaum |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209142126/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/10/nyregion/queens-father-and-son-accused-in-illegal-gambling-operation.html?scp=1&sq=trucchio&st=nyt |archivedate=2015-12-09 |df= }}
34. ^1 2 3 4 5 American Gangster, BET {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529100834/http://www.bet.com/OnTV/BETShows/americangangster/ag_gangsterguide.htm |date=May 29, 2010 }}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr102805.html |title=DEA - News Release: DEA Deals Motor City Mafia a Knock-out Blow |publisher=Justice.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123063401/http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr102805.html |archivedate=2012-01-23 |df= }}
36. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chepesiuk, Ron (2007) Gangsters of Harlem: the gritty underworld of New York City's most famous neighborhood, Barricade Books, {{ISBN|1-56980-318-8}}
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38. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English, T.J. Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. New York: HarperCollins, 2005, {{ISBN|0-06-059002-5}}
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41. ^La Familia Michoacana
42. ^Carlos Rosales Mendoza
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46. ^{{cite news |last=Castillo |first=Mariano |title=‘Gente Nueva’ enter border drug wars |url=http://airwolf.lmtonline.com/news/archive/051807/pagea8.pdf |newspaper=Laredo Morning Times |date=May 18, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929193804/http://airwolf.lmtonline.com/news/archive/051807/pagea8.pdf |archivedate=September 29, 2011 |df= }}
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48. ^{{cite news|title=Cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación va contra todos|url=http://www.blogdelnarco.com/2011/06/cartel-de-jalisco-nueva-generacion-va.html|newspaper=Blog Del Narco|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807064647/http://www.blogdelnarco.com/2011/06/cartel-de-jalisco-nueva-generacion-va.html|archivedate=2011-08-07|df=}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/primera/35971.html|title=El Universal - - Arresto de El Ponchis exhibe vacos legales|date=23 June 2013|publisher=|accessdate=16 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124307/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/primera/35971.html|archivedate=13 April 2014|df=}}
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52. ^{{cite news|last=Romero|first=Óscar Romero|title=Presuntos narcos revelan red policial de protección|url=http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8995924|newspaper=Milenio Noticias|date=2011-07-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723202036/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8995924|archivedate=2011-07-23|df=}}
53. ^{{cite news|title=Capturan a "El Padrino", identificado como líder del Cártel Independiente de Acapulco|url=http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/3caab1c4736e2260b6f80d90cf77d05c|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120910073907/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/3caab1c4736e2260b6f80d90cf77d05c|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-09-10|newspaper=Milenio TV}}
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55. ^{{cite news|title=El Comando del Diablo aceptan tregua con condiciones en Guerrero|url=http://www.universonarco.com/2011/08/el-comando-del-diablo-aceptan-tregua.html|newspaper=Universo Narco (Noticias)|date=25 August 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111105052/http://www.universonarco.com/2011/08/el-comando-del-diablo-aceptan-tregua.html|archivedate=11 January 2012|df=}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/splinter-gangs-wage-war-in-acapulco-the-future-of-mexicos-conflict|title=Splinter Gangs Wage War in Acapulco: The Future of Mexico's Conflict|author=Edward Fox|publisher=|accessdate=16 December 2014|date=2012-07-19}}
57. ^{{cite news|title=¿Quienes son "La Mano Con Ojos"|url=http://www.mundonarco.com/2011/05/quienes-son-la-mano-con-ojos.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603063113/http://www.mundonarco.com/2011/05/quienes-son-la-mano-con-ojos.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-06-03|newspaper=Mundo Narco}}
58. ^{{cite news|title=Narcos de Morelos se pelean por el DF|url=http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8848843|newspaper=Milenio Noticias (online)|date=2010-10-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111142406/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8848843|archivedate=2012-01-11|df=}}
59. ^{{cite news|title=Capturan a varios integrantes del grupo La Oficina|url=http://www.blogdelnarco.com/2011/09/capturan-varios-integrantes-de-la.html|accessdate=9 September 2011|newspaper=Blog del Narco|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195510/http://www.blogdelnarco.com/2011/09/capturan-varios-integrantes-de-la.html|archivedate=29 October 2013|df=}}
60. ^{{cite news |title=Se presenta el Cártel de la Sierra en Guerrero con seis ejecutados |url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=521533 |newspaper=La Crónica |date=2010-07-27 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403015440/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=521533 |archivedate=2012-04-03 |df= }}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://contralinea.com.mx/archivo-revista/index.php/2014/10/13/en-guerrero-26-carteles-del-narcotrafico/|title=En Guerrero, 26 cárteles del narcotráfico|date=13 October 2014|publisher=|accessdate=20 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170121032841/http://contralinea.com.mx/archivo-revista/index.php/2014/10/13/en-guerrero-26-carteles-del-narcotrafico/|archivedate=21 January 2017|df=}}
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65. ^{{cite news|last=Otero|first=Sylvia|title=Surge nuevo 'narcoperfil'|url=http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=100976&tabla=nacion|newspaper=El Universal|date=20 August 2003|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155629/http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=100976&tabla=nacion|archivedate=11 January 2012|df=}}
66. ^1 {{cite news|title=Los Aztecas fueron los asesinos; en EU y México hay 5 mil|url=http://www.razon.com.mx/spip.php?article22937|newspaper=La Razón|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319031928/http://www.razon.com.mx/spip.php?article22937|archivedate=2012-03-19|df=}}
67. ^{{cite news|last=Cruz|first=Juan Manuel|title=Caen seis presuntos integrantes de Los Mexicles|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/777397.html|newspaper=El Universal|date=5 July 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709154337/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/777397.html|archivedate=9 July 2011|df=}}
68. ^{{cite news|last=Cobos González|first=Carmen|title=Desmantela Ejército banda de Los Texas|url=http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/buenasnoticias/?contenido=5244&pagina=375|newspaper=PRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA • MÉXICO|date=14 May 2003|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930070733/http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/buenasnoticias/?contenido=5244&pagina=375|archivedate=30 September 2011|df=}}
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70. ^{{cite news|last=Pedraza|first=Iván|title=Investiga PGR a policías federales relacionados con el narco en Sonora|url=http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/2be504ebb2fb2703724fc150cfa5949d|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120906095147/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/2be504ebb2fb2703724fc150cfa5949d|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-09-06|newspaper=Milenio Televisión|date=2011-02-02}}
71. ^{{cite news|title=Detienen en Colima a 36 policías estatales por vínculos con el narco|url=http://realidadbcs.com/2011/02/16/detienen-en-colima-a-36-policias-estatales-por-vinculos-con-el-narco/|newspaper=Periodico Realidad BCS|date=2011-02-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120713213311/http://realidadbcs.com/2011/02/16/detienen-en-colima-a-36-policias-estatales-por-vinculos-con-el-narco/|archivedate=2012-07-13|df=}}
72. ^{{cite news|title=Ejército ha procesado a 142 soldados por nexos con el narco|url=http://www.animalpolitico.com/2011/06/ejercito-ha-procesado-a-142-soldados-por-nexos-con-el-narco/|newspaper=Animal Politico|date=June 9, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821134120/http://www.animalpolitico.com/2011/06/ejercito-ha-procesado-a-142-soldados-por-nexos-con-el-narco/|archivedate=August 21, 2011|df=}}
73. ^{{cite news|title=Sedena procesa a 13 militares por nexos con el narco|url=http://www.lapoliciaca.com/nota-roja/sedena-procesa-a-13-militares-por-nexos-con-el-narco/|newspaper=La Policiaca|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325154118/http://www.lapoliciaca.com/nota-roja/sedena-procesa-a-13-militares-por-nexos-con-el-narco/|archivedate=2012-03-25|df=}}
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87. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias_det.php?id=189130 |title=Supreme Court orders arrests of three |publisher=Diario Libre |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303203858/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias_det.php?id=189130 |archivedate=2012-03-03 |df= }}
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90. ^{{cite news |title=Colombia cocaine production acreage at 'record level' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45578492 |publisher=BBC News |date=20 September 2018}}
91. ^{{cite web|title=Colombia's BACRIM: Common Criminals or Actors in Armed Conflict? |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/colombias-bacrim-common-criminals-or-actors-in-armed-conflict |publisher=insightcrime.org |accessdate=18 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322091604/http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/colombias-bacrim-common-criminals-or-actors-in-armed-conflict |archivedate=22 March 2014 |df= }}
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97. ^1 2 Tom Blickman (1997), "The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705215807/http://www.tni.org/archives/tblick/aruba.htm |date=2008-07-05 }}", Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 3, No. 2, Summer 1997
98. ^Fonzi, Gaeton. "The Troublemaker {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909133805/http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0308/PG1194_feature1.pdf |date=2015-09-09 }}". The Pennsylvania Gazette (November 1994).
99. ^Presumed Guilty, by Isabel Hilton, Gentlemen's Quarterly (GQ), July 1994 (UK edition)
100. ^BBC, 1 February 2008, Colombian drugs lord found dead {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207035114/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7223452.stm |date=2008-02-07 }}
101. ^Venezuelanalysis.com, 20 September 2010, Venezuela Deports Two Drug Kingpins, Calls US Drug Blacklist "Abusive and Interventionist" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913233438/http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5651 |date=2015-09-13 }}
102. ^{{cite news|last1=Diehl|first1=Jackson|title=A drug cartel’s power in Venezuela|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-drug-cartels-power-in-venezuela/2015/05/24/9bc0ff14-ffd6-11e4-8b6c-0dcce21e223d_story.html|accessdate=29 May 2015|agency=The Washington Post|date=29 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529053142/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-drug-cartels-power-in-venezuela/2015/05/24/9bc0ff14-ffd6-11e4-8b6c-0dcce21e223d_story.html|archivedate=29 May 2015|df=}}
103. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=DeCórdoba|first1=José|last2=Forero|first2=Juan|title=Venezuelan Officials Suspected of Turning Country into Global Cocaine Hub; U.S. probe targets No. 2 official Diosdado Cabello, several others, on suspicion of drug trafficking and money laundering|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-officials-suspected-of-turning-country-into-global-cocaine-hub-1431977784|accessdate=19 May 2015|agency=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones & Company Inc|date=18 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520010806/http://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-officials-suspected-of-turning-country-into-global-cocaine-hub-1431977784|archivedate=20 May 2015|df=}}
104. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Kaplan, David E. & Dubro, Alec (2003) Yakuza: Japan's criminal underworld, University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-21562-1}}
105. ^{{cite news|author=5 Minutes 10 Minutes |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/mayors-assassination-sparks-new-yakuza-fears/story-e6frg6so-1111113367257 |title=Mayor's assassination sparks new yakuza fears |work=The Australian |date= 2007-04-19|accessdate=2012-02-19}}
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eap/Archive_Index/Chinese_Criminal_Enterprises.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233824/http://usinfo.state.gov/eap/Archive_Index/Chinese_Criminal_Enterprises.html |archivedate=2008-01-09 |title=Internet Archive Wayback Machine |date=2008-01-09 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=//www.usdoj.gov/usao/cac/pr2002/013.html |title=Internet Archive Wayback Machine |date=2007-01-24 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124185611/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/cac/pr2002/013.html |archivedate=January 24, 2007 }}
108. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.streetgangs.com/topics/2005/062105dragon.html |title=Court May Have Slain Black Dragon |publisher=Streetgangs.com |date=2005-06-21 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20051202215254/http://www.streetgangs.com/topics/2005/062105dragon.html |archivedate=2005-12-02 |df= }}
109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asianweek.com/2000_03_30/bay_21boysextortion.html |accessdate=January 20, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127082314/http://www.asianweek.com/2000_03_30/bay_21boysextortion.html |archivedate=January 27, 2007 }}
110. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/12/17/116136 |title='Mosquito brother' celebrates 90th birthday in style |publisher=Taipei Times |date=2012-02-12 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208104350/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/12/17/116136 |archivedate=2012-02-08 |df= }}
111. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/history/history_part1.pdf |title=DEA History Book, Part 1 |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118223058/http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/history/history_part1.pdf |archivedate=2012-01-18 |df= }}
112. ^1 Booth, Martin (2000) The dragon syndicates: the global phenomenon of the Triads Basic Books, {{ISBN|0-7867-0869-7}}
113. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chepesiuk, Ron (1999) The war on drugs: an international encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, {{ISBN|0-87436-985-1}}
114. ^{{cite web |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/9/2/nation/20080902195317&sec=nation |title=Cops shoot dead four Mamak Gang members |publisher=The Star |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629032055/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F9%2F2%2Fnation%2F20080902195317&sec=nation |archivedate=2011-06-29 |df= }}
115. ^Ooi, Keat Gin (2004) Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 ABC-CLIO, {{ISBN|1-57607-770-5}}
116. ^{{cite web |last=Sherlock |first=Ruth |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/Syrian+rebels+kidnappings+raise+funds/7211632/story.html |title=Syrian rebels use kidnappings to raise funds |publisher=Vancouversun.com |date=2012-09-08 |accessdate=2012-10-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912022544/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Syrian+rebels+kidnappings+raise+funds/7211632/story.html |archivedate=2012-09-12 |df= }}
117. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14482968 |title=BBC News — Syria unrest: Who are the shabiha? |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2012-05-29 |accessdate=2012-10-09 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906084132/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14482968 |archivedate=2012-09-06 |df= }}
118. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2425825.stm |title=Keeping tabs on the Turkish connection |publisher=BBC News |date=2002-11-14 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520104655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2425825.stm |archivedate=2008-05-20 |df= }}
119. ^Rotlicht-Pate muss neun Jahre hinter Gitter {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120804094208/http://www.ksta.de/html/artikel/1096374340433.shtml |date=2012-08-04 }} (German)
120. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/25/crime-binladen-guzman-biz-cz_nv_0425mostwanted_slide_11.html?thisSpeed=30000 |title=In Pictures: The World's 10 Most Wanted |publisher=Forbes |date=2008-04-25 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |first=Nathan |last=Vardi |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102205603/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/25/crime-binladen-guzman-biz-cz_nv_0425mostwanted_slide_11.html?thisSpeed=30000 |archivedate=2012-11-02 |df= }}
121. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Glenny, Misha (2009) McMafia, Vintage Books, {{ISBN|1-4000-9512-3}}
122. ^{{cite news |author=Thursday, Feb. 08, 2007 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587252,00.html |work=Time |title=Warlord or Druglord? |date=2007-02-08 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222093838/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587252,00.html |archivedate=2012-02-22 |df= }}
123. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/04/nyregion/soviet-emigre-mob-outgrows-brooklyn-and-fear-spreads.html?pagewanted=all |title=Soviet Emigre Mob Outgrows Brooklyn, and Fear Spreads |publisher=NY Times |date=1989-06-04 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |first=Ralph |last=Blumenthal}}
124. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Varese, Frederico (2005) The Russian mafia: private protection in a new market economy, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-927949-7}}
125. ^1 {{cite news|last=Schwirtz |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/world/europe/30russia.html |title=The New York Times - In a River Raid, a glimpse of Russia's criminal elite |location=Russia |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2008-07-30 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
126. ^1 2 CBS News/Associated Press - Armenian Organized Crime Grows More Complex{{dead link|date=February 2012}}
127. ^{{cite web|url=http://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/ded-dead-the-assassination-of-russian-crime-boss-aslan-usoyan-ded-khasan/|title=Ded Dead: the assassination of Russian crime boss Aslan Usoyan ('Ded Khasan')|author=|date=16 January 2013|website=wordpress.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218072918/http://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/ded-dead-the-assassination-of-russian-crime-boss-aslan-usoyan-ded-khasan/|archivedate=18 February 2013|df=}}
128. ^1 2 Gayraud, Jean-François (2009) Showbiz, people et corruption, Odile Jacob, {{ISBN|2-7381-2232-9}}
129. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8145616.stm |title=French 'Barbarian' killer jailed |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-07-10 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
130. ^Charles Bacelon, Max Clos, etc. Histoire du banditisme et des grandes affaires criminelles, Genève : éditions Famot, 1974. OCLC 77615747
131. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Newton, Michael (2007) Gangsters Encyclopedia, Anova Books, {{ISBN|1-84340-402-8}}
132. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10640465 |title=Aussie gang boss' death points to inside job |author=Ansley, Greg |date=April 24, 2010 |work=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate=October 15, 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130223081850/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10640465 |archivedate=February 23, 2013 |df= }}
133. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Roberto Saviano (2006) Gomorrah: Italy's Other Mafia, Mondadori, {{ISBN|88-04-55450-9}}.
134. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8335742.stm |title=Camorra boss seized in farm raid |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-10-31 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
135. ^{{cite news |author=Nick Squires in Rome 10:00PM BST 05 Jul 2010 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7872855/Mafia-gangster-tomb-reopened-to-solve-30-year-old-mystery.html |title=Mafia gangster tomb reopened to solve 30-year-old mystery |publisher=The Telegraph |date=2010-07-05 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |location=London |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526030036/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/7872855/Mafia-gangster-tomb-reopened-to-solve-30-year-old-mystery.html |archivedate=2012-05-26 |df= }}
136. ^Cristiano Armati, Italia criminale. Personaggi, fatti e avvenimenti di un'Italia violenta, Newton Compton Editori, 2006 {{ISBN|978-88-541-1083-0}}
137. ^[https://www.fbi.gov/page2/march06/albanian032906.htm FBI - Cases - Not your average syndicate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615222119/https://www.fbi.gov/page2/march06/albanian032906.htm |date=June 15, 2010 }}
138. ^Aftenposten - Princ Dobroshi satt fri {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113195436/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article957817.ece |date=2010-01-13 }} (Norwegian)
139. ^1 2 Dagens Nyheter - Ligorna har kopplat greppet om Sverige {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819083204/http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/ligorna-har-kopplat-greppet-om-sverige-1.392258 |date=2010-08-19 }} (Swedish)
140. ^1 2 3 Siegel, Dina (2003) Global organized crime: trends and developments, Springer, {{ISBN|1-4020-1818-5}}
141. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10974366 |title=BBC News - 'Pink Panther' Tokyo heist suspect extradited to Japan |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2010-08-14 |accessdate=2012-02-19 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222211256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10974366 |archivedate=2012-02-22 |df= }}
142. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/focus-my-gun-drives-fear-into-people--once-you-got-money-and-a-gun-you-got-power-580639.html|title=US|author=|date=|website=independent.co.uk|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223233247/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/focus-my-gun-drives-fear-into-people--once-you-got-money-and-a-gun-you-got-power-580639.html|archivedate=2011-02-23|df=}}
143. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Morton, James Gangland Volume 2: The Underworld in Britain and Ireland, 1995, {{ISBN|978-0-7515-1406-3}}
144. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Thomas, Donald (2006) Villains' paradise: a history of Britain's underworld, Pegasus Books, {{ISBN|1-933648-17-1}}
145. ^{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E0D81431F936A25752C1A962958260 |title=NY Times - Lithuanians Close A Nuclear Reactor After 3 Threats |publisher=New York Times |date=1994-11-15 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}
146. ^Small, Clive & Gilling, Tom (2010) Smack Express: How Organized Crime Got Hooked on Drugs, Allen & Unwin, {{ISBN|1-74237-208-2}}
147. ^{{cite web|title=The Aussie gangsters behind one of the world's biggest drug cartels|publisher=Courier Mail|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/special-features/in-depth/the-aussie-gangsters-behind-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-drug-cartels/news-story/d5ca8405c99f0036a76e2d4253d88dee}}
148. ^Writer, Larry (2009) Razor: Tilly Devine, Kate Leigh and the Razor Gangs Pan Macmillan Australia Pty, {{ISBN|1-4050-3951-5}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZhRLwEACAAJ | title=Blood, Death, Drugs and Sex in Old Mexico | publisher=Createspace Independent Pub | author=Aire, Jose Gutierrez | year=2012| isbn=978-1477592274}}
  • [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/ PBS. 2006. Frontline: Drug Wars.]
  • Holmes, Jennifer S., de P. Sheila Amin Gutiérrez, and Kevin M. Curtin. "Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis." Latin American Politics and Society, vol. 48, no. 3, 2006, pp. 157–176,178-IV. ProQuest, https://search.proquest.com/docview/200275766?accountid=14166, doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2006.tb00359.x.

External links

  • Worldpress.org. 2006. "Mexico: Drug Cartels a Growing Threat." Worldpress.org.
{{Gangs}}

5 : Illegal drug trade|Smuggling|Organized crime groups|Organized crime terminology|Transnational organized crime
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