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词条 Patellofemoral pain syndrome
释义

  1. Signs and symptoms

  2. Causes

  3. Diagnosis

      Examination    Differential diagnosis   Classification  Runner's knee  Chondromalacia patellae 

  4. Treatment

      Exercises   Joint mobilization   Medication  Medical imaging   Rest    Braces and taping    Foot orthoses    Electrophysical agents   Surgery  Alternative medicine 

  5. Epidemiology

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{about|pain in the patellofemoral region||Runner's knee}}{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Patellofemoral pain syndrome
| synonyms = Patellar overload syndrome, runner's knee
| image = PFPS.png
| caption = Diagram of the bones of the lower extremity. Rough distribution of areas affected by PFPS highlighted in red: patella and distal femur.
| pronounce =
| field = Orthopedics, sports medicine
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes =
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
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| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis =
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}}Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), also known as runner's knee, is a condition characterized by knee pain ranging from mild to severe discomfort seemingly originating from the contact of the posterior surface of the patella (back of the kneecap) with the femur (thigh bone). It is "anterior knee pain involving the patella and retinaculum that excludes other intra-articular and peri-patellar pathology".[1]

The population most at risk from PFPS are runners, cyclists, basketball players and other sports participants. Onset can be gradual or the result of a single incident and is often caused by a change in training regimen that includes dramatic increases in training time, distance or intensity, it can be compounded by wearing the wrong type of footwear.[1] Symptoms include discomfort while sitting with bent knees or descending stairs and generalised knee pain.[3] Treatment involves resting and physical therapy that includes stretching and strengthening exercises for the legs.

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Signs and symptoms

The onset of the condition is usually gradual,[1] although some cases may appear suddenly following trauma.[1]

  • Knee pain - the most common symptom is diffuse peripatellar pain (vague pain around the kneecap) and localized retropatellar pain (pain focused behind the kneecap). Affected individuals typically have difficulty describing the location of the pain, and may place their hands over the anterior patella or describe a circle around the patella (the "circle sign").[1] Pain is usually initiated when load is put on the knee extensor mechanism, e.g. ascending or descending stairs or slopes, squatting, kneeling, cycling, running or prolonged sitting with flexed (bent) knees.[7][2][3] The latter feature is sometimes termed the "movie sign" or "theatre sign" because individuals might experience pain while sitting to watch a film or similar activity.[4] The pain is typically aching with occasional sharp pains and may present it self exacerbated.[1][5]
  • Crepitus (joint noises)[4] may be present (but not have relation with pain and function)[6][7]
  • Giving-way of the knee[4] may be reported
  • Knee Flexion reduced - individuals with PFPS may show a knee flexion reduced during the activities.[8]

Causes

In most patients with PFPS an examination of their history will highlight a precipitating event that caused the injury. Changes in activity patterns such as excessive increases in running mileage, repetitions such as running up steps and the addition of strength exercises that affect the patellofemoral joint are commonly associated with symptom onset. Excessively worn or poorly fitted footwear may be a contributing factor. To prevent recurrence the causal behaviour should be identified and managed correctly.[1]

The medical cause of PFPS is thought to be increased pressure on the patellofemoral joint.[4] There are several theorized mechanisms relating to how this increased pressure occurs:

  • Increased levels of physical activity[4]
  • Malalignment of the patella as it moves through the femoral groove[4]
  • Quadriceps muscle imbalance[4][9]
  • Tight anatomical structures, e.g. retinaculum or iliotibial band.[4]

Causes can also be a result of excessive genu valgum and the above mentioned repetitive motions leading to abnormal lateral patellar tracking. Individuals with genu valgum have larger than normal Q-angles causing the weight-bearing line to fall lateral to the centre of the knee causing overstretching of the MCL and stressing the lateral meniscus and cartilages.

The cause of pain and dysfunction often results from either abnormal forces (e.g. increased pull of the lateral quadriceps retinaculum with acute or chronic lateral PF subluxation/dislocation) or prolonged repetitive compressive or shearing forces (running or jumping) on the PF joint. The result is synovial irritation and inflammation and subchondral bony changes in the distal femur or patella known as "bone bruises". Secondary causes of PF Syndrome are fractures, internal knee derangement, osteoarthritis of the knee and bony tumors in or around the knee.[10]

Diagnosis

Examination

Patients can be observed standing and walking to determine patellar alignment.[11] The Q-angle, lateral hypermobility, and J-sign are commonly used determined to determine patellar maltracking.[12] The patellofemoral glide, tilt, and grind tests (Clarke's sign), when performed, can provide strong evidence for PFPS.[1][13] Lastly, lateral instability can be assessed via the patellar apprehension test, which is deemed positive when there is pain or discomfort associated with lateral translation of the patella.[1][11] Various clinical tests have been investigated for diagnostic accuracy. The Active Instability Test, knee pain during stair climbing, Clarke's test, pain with prolonged sitting, patellar inferior pole tilt, and pain during squatting have demonstrated the best accuracy.[32] However, careful consideration is still needed when using these tests to make a differential diagnosis of PFPS.[14]

Differential diagnosis

{{main|Knee pain}}

The diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome is made by ruling out patellar tendinitis, prepatellar bursitis, plica syndrome, Sinding-Larsen and Johansson syndrome, and Osgood–Schlatter disease.[15] Currently, there is not a gold standard assessment to diagnose PFPS.[16]

Classification

Runner's knee

PFPS is one of a handful of conditions sometimes referred to as runner's knee;[1] the other conditions being Chondromalacia patellae, Iliotibial band syndrome, and Plica syndrome.

Chondromalacia patellae

Chondromalacia patellae is a term sometimes treated synonymously with PFPS.[4] However, there is general consensus that PFPS applies only to individuals without cartilage damage,[4] thereby distinguishing it from chondromalacia patellae, a condition characterized by softening of the patellar articular cartilage.[1] Despite this academic distinction, the diagnosis of PFPS is typically made clinically, based only on the history and physical examination rather than on the results of any medical imaging. Therefore, it is unknown whether most persons with a diagnosis of PFPS have cartilage damage or not, making the difference between PFPS and chondromalacia theoretical rather than practical.[4] It is thought that only some individuals with anterior knee pain will have true chondromalacia patellae.[1]

Treatment

As patellofemoral pain syndrome is the most common cause of anterior knee pain in the outpatient,[17][18] a variety of treatments for patellofemoral pain syndrome are implemented.[19] Most patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome respond well to conservative therapy.[19][20]

Exercises

There is consistent but very low quality evidence that exercise therapy for PFPS reduces pain, improves function and aids long-term recovery.[47] However, there is insufficient evidence to compare the effectiveness of different types of exercises with each other, and exercises with other forms of treatment.[21]

Exercise therapy is the recommended first line treatment of PFPS.[17] Various exercises have been studied and recommended.[22] Exercises are described according to 3 parameters:[2]

  • Type of muscle activity (concentric, eccentric or isometric)
  • Type of joint movement (dynamic, isometric or static)
  • Reaction forces (closed or open kinetic chain)

The majority of exercise programs intended to treat PFPS are designed to strengthen the quadriceps muscles.[2] Quadriceps strengthening is considered to be the "gold" standard treatment for PFPS.[19] Quadriceps strengthening is commonly suggested because the quadriceps muscles help to stabilize the patella. Quadriceps weakness and muscle imbalance may contribute to abnormal patellar tracking.[19]

If the strength of the vastus medialis muscle is inadequate, the usually larger and stronger vastus lateralis muscle will pull sideways (laterally) on the kneecap. Strengthening the vastus medialis to prevent or counter the lateral force of the vastus lateralis is one way of relieving PFPS. However, there is growing evidence that support more proximal factors play a much larger role than vastus medialis (VMO) strength deficits or quadriceps imbalance.[23] Hip Abductor, Extensor, and External Rotator weakness (particularly gluteus Maximus and Medius) appear to be prevalent in PPS and strengthening in these areas has demonstrated significant symptom reduction in many patients with PPS as well as helped prevent future more serious injuries such as non contact ACL tears in athletes. .

Emphasis during exercise may be placed on coordinated contraction of the medial and lateral parts of the quadriceps as well as of the hip adductor, hip abductor and gluteal muscles.[2] Many exercise programs include stretches designed to improve lower limb flexibility.[2] Electromyographic biofeedback allows visualization of specific muscle contractions and may help individuals performing the exercises to target the intended muscles during the exercise.[2] Electrostimulation may be used to apply external stimuli resulting in contraction of specific muscles and thus exercise.[4]

Inflexibility has often been cited as a source of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Stretching of the laterial knee has been suggested to help.[24]

Joint mobilization

Knee and lumbar joint mobilization are not recommended as primary interventions for PFPS. It can be used as combination intervention, but as we continue to promote use of active and physical interventions for PFPS, passive interventions such as joint mobilizations are not recommended. [25]

Medication

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat PFPS, however there is only very limited evidence that they are effective.[4] NSAIDs may reduce pain in the short term, overall however, after three months pain is not improved.[63] There is no evidence that one type of NSAID is superior to another in PFPS, and therefore some authors have recommended that the NSAID with fewest side effects and which is cheapest should be used.[4]Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (GAGPS) inhibits proteolytic enzymes and increases synthesis and degree of polymerization of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid.[4] There is contradictory evidence that it is effective in PFPS.[4]

Medical imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging rarely can give useful information for managing patellofemoral pain syndrome and treatment should focus on an appropriate rehabilitation program including correcting strength and flexibility concerns.[26] In the uncommon cases where a patient has mechanical symptoms like a locked knee, knee effusion, or failure to improve following physical therapy, then an MRI may give more insight into diagnosis and treatment.[26]

Rest

Patellofemoral pain syndrome may also result from overuse or overload of the PF joint. For this reason, knee activity should be reduced until the pain is resolved.[27][28]

Braces and taping

There is no statistically or clinically significant difference in pain symptoms between taping and non-taping in individuals with PFPS.[29] Although taping alone is not shown to reduce pain, studies show that taping in conjunction with therapeutic exercise can have a significant effect on pain reduction.[30]

Knee braces are ineffective in treating PFPS.[29] The technique of McConnell taping involves pulling the patella medially with tape (medial glide). Findings from some studies suggest that there is limited benefit with patella taping or bracing when compared to quadriceps exercises alone.[19] There is a lack of evidence to show that knee orthoses (knee brace, sleeve and strap) are effective for treatment.[32]

Foot orthoses

Low arches can cause overpronation or the feet to roll inward too much increasing load on the patellofemoral joint. Poor lower extremity biomechanics may cause stress on the knees and can be related to the development of patellofemoral pain syndrome, although the exact mechanism linking joint loading to the development of the condition is not clear. Foot orthoses can help to improve lower extremity biomechanics and may be used as a component of overall treatment.[33][34] Foot orthoses may be useful for reducing knee pain in the short term,[35] and may be combined with exercise programs or physical therapy. However, there is no evidence supporting use of combined exercise with foot orthoses as intervention beyond 12 months for adults. Evidence for long term use of foot orthoses for adolescents is uncertain. No evidence supports use of custom made foot orthoses.[25]

Electrophysical agents

The use of electrophysical agents and therapeutic modalities are not recommended as passive treatments should not be the focus of the plan of care.[36]

Surgery

The scientific consensus is that surgery should be avoided except in very severe cases in which conservative treatments fail.[4] The majority of individuals with PFPS receive nonsurgical treatment.[2]

Alternative medicine

There is no evidence to support the use of acupuncture or low-level laser therapy to treat PFPS.[37] Most studies touting the benefits of alternative therapies for PFPS were conducted with flawed experimental design, and therefore did not produce reliable results.[38]

Epidemiology

Specific populations at high risk of primary PFPS include runners, bicyclists, basketball players, young athletes and females.[39]

BMI did not significantly increase risk of developing PFPS in adolescents. However, adults with PFPS have higher BMI than those without. It is suggested that higher BMI is associated with limited physical activity in people with PFPS as physical activity levels decrease as a result of pain associated with the condition. However, no longitudinal studies are able to show that BMI can be a predictor of development or progression of the condition.[40]

See also

  • Plica syndrome
  • Iliotibial band syndrome

References

1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Callaghan MJ, Selfe J | title = Patellar taping for patellofemoral pain syndrome in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = CD006717 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22513943 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006717.pub2 }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |vauthors=van der Heijden RA, Lankhorst NE, van Linschoten R, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, van Middelkoop M | year = 2013 | title = Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome (Protocol) | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2 | issue = | page = CD010387 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010387 }}
3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith TO, Drew BT, Meek TH, Clark AB | year = 2013 | title = Knee orthoses for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome (Protocol) | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 5 | issue = | page = CD010513 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010513 }}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{cite journal | vauthors = Heintjes E, Berger MY, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Bernsen RM, Verhaar JA, Koes BW | title = Pharmacotherapy for patellofemoral pain syndrome | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | pages = CD003470 | date = 2004 | pmid = 15266488 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003470.pub2 }}
5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Pazzinatto MF, de Oliveira Silva D, Barton C, Rathleff MS, Briani RV, de Azevedo FM | title = Female Adults with Patellofemoral Pain Are Characterized by Widespread Hyperalgesia, Which Is Not Affected Immediately by Patellofemoral Joint Loading | journal = Pain Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 10 | pages = 1953–1961 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27113220 | doi = 10.1093/pm/pnw068 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = de Oliveira Silva D, Pazzinatto MF, Priore LB, Ferreira AS, Briani RV, Ferrari D, Bazett-Jones D, Azevedo FM | title = Knee crepitus is prevalent in women with patellofemoral pain, but is not related with function, physical activity and pain | journal = Physical Therapy in Sport | volume = 33 | issue = | pages = 7–11 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29890402 | doi = 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.06.002 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = de Oliveira Silva D, Barton C, Crossley K, Waiteman M, Taborda B, Ferreira AS, Azevedo FM | title = Implications of knee crepitus to the overall clinical presentation of women with and without patellofemoral pain | journal = Physical Therapy in Sport | volume = 33 | issue = | pages = 89–95 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30059950 | doi = 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.07.007 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Silva D, Briani RV, Pazzinatto MF, Ferrari D, Aragão FA, Azevedo FM | title = Reduced knee flexion is a possible cause of increased loading rates in individuals with patellofemoral pain | journal = Clinical Biomechanics | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 971–5 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26169602 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.021 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Briani RV, De Oliveira Silva D, Flóride CS, Aragão FA, de Albuquerque CE, Magalhães FH, de Azevedo FM | title = Quadriceps neuromuscular function in women with patellofemoral pain: Influences of the type of the task and the level of pain | journal = PloS One | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = e0205553 | year = 2018 | pmid = 30304030 | pmc = 6179260 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0205553 | bibcode = 2018PLoSO..1305553B }}
10. ^{{Cite journal | title = Special tests in the clinical examination of patellofemoral syndrome | issue = 8 | pages = 287 | journal = Doctors Lounge | volume = 09 | date = 12 Aug 2009 | first = Tom | last = Plamondon | url = http://www.doctorslounge.com/index.php/articles/page/287 | access-date = 2012-08-20}}{{self-published inline|date=July 2013}}
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17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite journal | vauthors = Dixit S, DiFiori JP, Burton M, Mines B | title = Management of patellofemoral pain syndrome | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 194–202 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17263214 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0115/p194.html }}
18. ^name=Simonlack(2018)>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lack S, Neal B, De Oliveira Silva D, Barton C | title = How to manage patellofemoral pain - Understanding the multifactorial nature and treatment options | journal = Physical Therapy in Sport | volume = 32 | pages = 155–166 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29793124 | doi = 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.04.010 }}
19. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | vauthors = Bolgla LA, Boling MC | title = An update for the conservative management of patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2010 | journal = International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 112–25 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21713229 | pmc = 3109895 }}
20. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Earl JE, Vetter CS | title = Patellofemoral pain | journal = Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 439–58, viii | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17678761 | doi = 10.1016/j.pmr.2007.05.004 }}
21. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = van der Heijden RA, Lankhorst NE, van Linschoten R, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, van Middelkoop M | title = Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | pages = CD010387 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25603546 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010387.pub2 }}
22. ^{{cite journal|last1=van der Heijden|first1=Rianne A|last2=Lankhorst|first2=Nienke E|last3=van Linschoten|first3=Robbart|last4=Bierma-Zeinstra|first4=Sita MA|last5=van Middelkoop|first5=Marienke|last6=van Middelkoop|first6=Marienke|title=Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome|year=2013|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010387|journal=Reviews}}
23. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = de Oliveira Silva D, Barton CJ, Pazzinatto MF, Briani RV, de Azevedo FM | title = Proximal mechanics during stair ascent are more discriminate of females with patellofemoral pain than distal mechanics | journal = Clinical Biomechanics | volume = 35 | pages = 56–61 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27128766 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.04.009 }}
24. ^{{cite book |first1 = Stefano | last1 = Zaffagnini | first2 = David | last2 = Dejour | first3 = Elizabeth A. | last3 = Arendt | name-list-format = vanc |title=Patellofemoral pain, instability, and arthritis clinical presentation, imaging, and treatment |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |isbn=9783642054242 |page=134 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ktGTBxRxbpEC&pg=PA134 }}
25. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Collins NJ, Barton CJ, van Middelkoop M, Callaghan MJ, Rathleff MS, Vicenzino BT, Davis IS, Powers CM, Macri EM, Hart HF, de Oliveira Silva D, Crossley KM | title = 2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017 | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 52 | issue = 18 | pages = 1170–1178 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29925502 | doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099397 }}
26. ^1 {{Citation |author1 = American Medical Society for Sports Medicine |date = 24 April 2014 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American Medical Society for Sports Medicine |work = Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation |page = |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-medical-society-for-sports-medicine/ |access-date = 29 July 2014}}, which cites* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rixe JA, Glick JE, Brady J, Olympia RP | title = A review of the management of patellofemoral pain syndrome | journal = The Physician and Sportsmedicine | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 19–28 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24113699 | doi = 10.3810/psm.2013.09.2023 }}
27. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomeé R, Renström P, Karlsson J, Grimby G | title = Patellofemoral pain syndrome in young women. I. A clinical analysis of alignment, pain parameters, common symptoms and functional activity level | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 237–44 | date = August 1995 | pmid = 7552769 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00040 | doi-broken-date = 2019-03-12 }}
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29. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez-Merchan EC | title = Evidence Based Conservative Management of Patello-femoral Syndrome | journal = The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–6 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 25207305 | pmc = 4151435 }}
30. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Logan CA, Bhashyam AR, Tisosky AJ, Haber DB, Jorgensen A, Roy A, Provencher MT | title = Systematic Review of the Effect of Taping Techniques on Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome | journal = Sports Health | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 456–461 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28617653 | pmc = 5582697 | doi = 10.1177/1941738117710938 }}
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32. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith TO, Drew BT, Meek TH, Clark AB | title = Knee orthoses for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 12 | pages = CD010513 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26645724 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010513.pub2 }}
33. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gross ML, Davlin LB, Evanski PM | title = Effectiveness of orthotic shoe inserts in the long-distance runner | journal = The American Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 409–12 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1897659 | doi = 10.1177/036354659101900416 }}
34. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Eng JJ, Pierrynowski MR | title = Evaluation of soft foot orthotics in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome | journal = Physical Therapy | volume = 73 | issue = 2 | pages = 62–8; discussion 68–70 | date = February 1993 | pmid = 8421719 | doi = 10.1093/ptj/73.2.62 }}
35. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hossain M, Alexander P, Burls A, Jobanputra P | title = Foot orthoses for patellofemoral pain in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD008402 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21249707 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008402.pub2 }}
36. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins NJ, Barton CJ, van Middelkoop M, Callaghan MJ, Rathleff MS, Vicenzino BT, Davis IS, Powers CM, Macri EM, Hart HF, de Oliveira Silva D, Crossley KM | title = 2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017 | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 52 | issue = 18 | pages = 1170–1178 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29925502 | doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099397 }}
37. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Crossley K, Bennell K, Green S, McConnell J | title = A systematic review of physical interventions for patellofemoral pain syndrome | journal = Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 103–10 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11403109 | doi = 10.1097/00042752-200104000-00007 }}
38. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Bizzini M, Childs JD, Piva SR, Delitto A | title = Systematic review of the quality of randomized controlled trials for patellofemoral pain syndrome | journal = The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–20 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12570282 | doi = 10.2519/jospt.2003.33.7.F4 }}
39. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Atanda A, Reddy D, Rice JA, Terry MA | title = Injuries and chronic conditions of the knee in young athletes | journal = Pediatrics in Review | volume = 30 | issue = 11 | pages = 419–28; quiz 429–30 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19884282 | doi = 10.1542/pir.30-11-419 }}
40. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hart HF, Barton CJ, Khan KM, Riel H, Crossley KM | title = Is body mass index associated with patellofemoral pain and patellofemoral osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-regression and analysis | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 51 | issue = 10 | pages = 781–790 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 27927675 | doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096768 }}

External links

{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB = 33163
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|M|22|2|m|20}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|719.46}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj = article
| eMedicineTopic = 308471
| MeshID = D046788
}}
  • {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Musculoskeletal_Disorders/Chondromalacia/}}
  • {{eMedicine|article|90286|Patellofemoral Joint Syndromes Treatment & Management}}
{{Arthropathies and related conditions}}{{Acquired musculoskeletal deformities}}

4 : Overuse injuries|Arthropathies|Syndromes|Knee injuries and disorders
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