“Paul Wallot”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Johann Paul Wallot (26 June 1841 Oppenheim am Rhein – 10 August 1912 Bad Schwalbach) was a German architect of Huguenot descent, best known for designing the Reichstag building in Berlin, erected between 1884 and 1894. He also built the adjacent Palace of the President of the Reichstag, finished in 1904, and the former Saxon Ständehaus state diet building of 1906 at Brühl's Terrace in Dresden.

Life

As a descendant of the Huguenot noble family Vallot, which originates in South of France, Paul Wallot was born on 26 June 1841 at Krämerstraße 7 in Oppenheim.^[1] In the years 1856 to 1859 he attended the Technische Universität Darmstadt. He then studied for a year at the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover with Conrad Wilhelm Hase and moved to the Berlin Bauakademie in 1861. He graduated from University of Giessen with Hugo von Ritgen.

Following his studies, Wallot worked for a year as a 'Bauakzessist' in Hessen. Between the years 1864 and 1868 he worked again in Berlin with the architects Heinrich Strack, Richard Lucae and Friedrich Hitzig. Wallot was also able to sit in the common studio of the architects Martin Gropius and Heino Schmieden.

From 1867 to 1868, Wallot undertook extensive study trips through Italy and the Great Britain. In the year of his return, he settled in Frankfurt am Main as an independent architect. In this function, he was responsible for various private and commercial buildings and became a member of the Masonic lodge "Socrates to fortitude". In Frankfurt he also worked with the architects Heinrich Burnitz and Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli.

In 1872, Wallot undertook a second study trip to Italy, where he became particularly interested in works by the architects Andrea Palladio and Michele Sanmicheli. After returning from this trip, he took part in various architectural competitions, such as, the Frankfurt Central Station in 1880 and the Niederwald Monument in 1883. However, his applications were not successful.

Wallot made his breakthrough when he won the second competition for the Reichstag building in Berlin victorious in 1882. With his colleague Friedrich von Thiersch, Wallot shared the competition’s first prize, but his design was almost unanimously voted by the jury. In 1883, Wallot settled in Berlin to better monitor the construction. On 9 June 1884, the foundation ceremony was celebrated, and a ten years later, on 5 December, 1894, the capstone was set solemnly.

The glazed iron dome above an official building, such as the Reichstag building, was astonishing and can be described as progressive in view of the further developments in architecture. Nevertheless, the construction was highly controversial throughout its construction period. With its original height of 67 meters, the dome was higher than that of the Stadtschloss, Berlin.^[2] In the construction commission for the Reichstag building sat competitors who were inferior to him in the competition.^[3] Kaiser Wilhelm II called the Reichstag building Reichsaffenhaus , (Reich monkey house),^[4] which, however, also referred to the democratic legal form of parliamentarism.^[5]

A key scene of the dispute between Wallot and Wilhelm II is a visit by Wilhelm II in Wallot’s studio. During his visit, Wilhelm grabbed a pen, edited the floor plan of the Reichstag building only to then tell the eighteen-years older Wallot “My son, this is how we do it.” Wallot replied "Your Majesty, that will not work!"^[5] In addition, the building commission made several major changes to the building, since not only the wishes of the Prussian government, but above all those of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, Friedrich III. and Wilhelm II had to be considered.

In 1889, Wallot had already thought about the interior design and contracted the painter Franz von Stuck (two monumental ceiling paintings) and the sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand (two ballot boxes). When the drafts were presented on in the Reichstag on 1 March 1899 and were to be voted on, there were tumultuous scenes. Spokesman of the critics was the Philipp Ernst Maria Lieber of the Center Party from Bad Camberg. The rejection was so great that Wallot resigned the same day as head of the Decoration Commission. Thereupon Lieber was accepted in this commission. The designs of the paintings and the urns have disappeared from this day.

Probably since Wallot had rejected in 1889 a change request Wilhelm II, the relationship between the two was disturbed. The emperor refused the architect, despite different recommendations, several awards. In 1894, Wallot received only the small gold medal, not the Roter Adlerorden, but only the title of Geheimer Baurat instead of the great gold medal of the Große Berliner Kunstausstellung] he was awarded in 1894 for his services to the Reichstag.^[6]

At the same time he accepted teaching assignments at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts and at Dresden University of Technology, which he held until 1911. In Dresden, the new building of the Saxonian Estates Houses on the Brühlsche Terrasse was also transferred to him. Oswin Hempel, Karl Paul Andrae and Wilhelm Fränkel were some of his disciples.

From Dresden he also directed from 1897 to 1907 the establishment of the presidential building of the Reichstag.

In the years 1898 and 1899, Paul Wallot led the competition for the construction of Bismarck monuments in the German Reich, which had proclaimed the German Student Union. In 1911 he resigned all offices and retired. He retired to his retirement home in Biebrich on the Rhine. During a stay at the spa, Paul Wallot died at the age of 71 on August 10, 1912 in Langenschwalbach, today the county seat of the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis Bad Schwalbach. His burial took place in the family grave in Oppenheim, which was designed by Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli.

Awards and honors

Achievements

Buildings (selection)

1875: Residential and commercial building in Frankfurt (Main), Kaiserstraße 25 / Neue Mainzer Straße 26 for the Frankfurt banker Carl Müller

Scripts

Literature

Essays

Film

References

1. ^Ulrike Glatz, Joachim Glatz: „… in einer steinernen Urkunde lesen“: Geschichts- und Erinnerungsorte in Rheinland-Pfalz. Nünnerich-Asmus Verlag, Mainz 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-943904-21-5}} ({{Google books|Mb2ZAwAAQBAJ|}}).
2. ^Die Geschichte des Berliner Reichstagsgebäudes. In: Berlin für Blinde, aufgerufen am 20. Juli 2017.
3. ^Ute Kastenholz: Dem Deutschen Volke. Paul Wallot, Architekt des Reichstags. In: SWR, 5. Juni 2016, siehe Video-Abschnitt ab 19:40 Min.
4. ^Karsten Packeiser (epd): „Gipfel der Geschmacklosigkeit“. In: Badische Zeitung, 10. August 2012.
5. ^¹Uwe Fleckner: Die Demokratie der ästhetischen Erfahrung. Gerhard Richters Wandbild Schwarz Rot Gold im Berliner Reichstagsgebäude, in: Inge Stephan, Alexandra Tacke (Hrsg.), NachBilder der Wende, Böhlau Verlag, Köln Weimar, 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-412-20083-1}}, S. 283–300, [https://books.google.de/books?id=WyXe0Q7qyt0C&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286&dq=Wallot+Kaiser+Wilhelm+mein+sohn,+das+machen+wir+so&source=bl&ots=XVXLYHWlu0&sig=RU3ASrklJ-hk5Zzhx2b2XdjJYdI&hl=de Zitat-Beleg, S. 286.]
6. ^John C.G. Röhl: Wilhelm II. Der Aufbau der Persönlichen Monarchie, S. 1003–1006.