| 词条 | Duden |
| 释义 |
The {{lang|de|Duden}} ({{IPA-de|ˈduːdn̩}})[1][2] is a dictionary of the German language, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880. The {{lang|de|Duden}} is updated regularly with new editions appearing every four or five years. {{As of| August 2017}}, it is in its 27th edition. It is printed as twelve volumes, with each volume covering different aspects of the German language such as loanwords, etymology, pronunciation, synonyms, etc. The first of these volumes, {{lang|de|Die deutsche Rechtschreibung}} (English: German orthography), has long been the prescriptive source for German language spelling. The {{lang|de|Duden}} has become the preeminent language resource of the German language, stating the definitive set of rules regarding grammar, spelling and use of German language.[3] History{{lang|de|Konrad Duden}}In 1872, {{lang|de|Konrad Duden}}, headmaster of a {{lang|de|Gymnasium}} (secondary school) in {{lang|de|Schleiz}}, now in Thuringia, published a German dictionary called the {{lang|de|Schleizer Duden}}, the first {{lang|de|Duden}}. In 1880, he published the {{lang|de|Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache}} (Complete Orthographical Dictionary of the German Language); this seminal treatise was declared the official source for correct spelling in the administration of Prussia the same year. The first edition of the {{lang|de|Duden}} contained 28,000 entries. From 1901 to 1996In 1902, the {{lang|de|Bundesrat}} confirmed the {{lang|de|Duden}} as the official standard for German spelling; Austria-Hungary and Switzerland soon followed suit. In the ensuing decades, the {{lang|de|Duden}} continued to be the {{lang|la|de facto}} standard for German orthography. After World War II this tradition continued separately in East and West Germany in Leipzig and Mannheim, respectively. In West Germany, some publishing houses began to attack the {{lang|de|Duden}} "monopoly" in the 1950s, publishing dictionaries which contained alternative spellings. In reaction, in November 1955 the ministers of culture of the states of Germany confirmed the spellings given by the {{lang|de|Duden}} would continue to be the official standard. East German {{lang|de|Duden}} (Leipzig)In 1954, the first published {{lang|de|Duden}} appeared in Mannheim, the western counterpart to the traditional {{lang|de|Duden}} printing city of Leipzig. The first East German {{lang|de|Duden}} appeared in Leipzig in 1951 but was largely ignored as illegitimate by West Germany. The printing continued in both Mannheim and Leipzig until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The differences between the two versions of {{lang|de|Duden}} printed during this period appear in the number of entries ({{lang|de|Stichwörter}}). As the printing of the two {{lang|de|Duden}}s began, in 1954 and 1951, the number of {{lang|de|Stichwörter}} included was roughly the same. As the split between the printers versions continued, the East German {{lang|de|Duden}} slowly began diminishing the number of {{lang|de|Stichwörter}} in its volume while the West German {{lang|de|Duden}} printed in Mannheim increased the number of {{lang|de|Stichwörter}}. The major differences between the two {{lang|de|Duden}}s are seen in the lexical entries. The East German {{lang|de|Duden}} included various loan words from Russian, particularly in the area of politics, such as {{lang|de|Politbüro}} and {{lang|de|Sozialdemokratismus}}. Also new to the East German {{lang|de|Duden}} were words stemming from Soviet agricultural and industrial organization and practices. Of note, there are a few semantic changes recorded in the East German {{lang|de|Duden}} that evolved from contact with Russian. The East German {{lang|de|Duden}} records the nominalization of German words by adding the suffix {{lang|de|-ist}}, borrowed from the Russian language suffix. Furthermore, additional words were recorded due to increasing the number of adverbs and adjectives negated with the prefix {{lang|de|un-}}, such as {{lang|de|unernst}} ("un-serious") and {{lang|de|unkonkret}} ("un-concrete", "irreal"). The few lexical and semantic items recorded in the East German {{lang|de|Duden}} migrated from {{lang|de|der große Duden}} because the printing press in Leipzig did not publish the multiple volume {{lang|de|Duden}} which has become the current standard. Reform {{lang|de|Duden}}{{main article|German orthography reform of 1996}}On the cover of the {{lang|de|Duden}}, 25th Edition, Volume 1, these words are printed in red letters: {{lang|de|Das umfassende Standardwerk auf der Grundlage der aktuellen amtlichen Regeln}}. This translates as: "The comprehensive standard reference based on the current official rules." The "current official rules" are the result of the German orthography reform of 1996. Volumes
Literature
References1. ^{{cite book|author1=Dudenredaktion|last2=Kleiner|first2=Stefan|last3=Knöbl|first3=Ralf|year=2015|orig-year=First published 1962|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch|trans-title=The Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ|language=German|edition=7th|location=Berlin|publisher=Dudenverlag|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4|p=322}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Krech|first1=Eva-Maria|last2=Stock|first2=Eberhard|last3=Hirschfeld|first3=Ursula|last4=Anders|first4=Lutz Christian|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|trans-title=German Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-1tr_oVkW4C&dq=deutsches+ausspracheworterbuch&source=gbs_navlinks_s|language=German|year=2009|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|p=458}} 3. ^{{cite journal |author=Gerhard Weiss |title=Up-to-Date and with a Past: The "Duden" and Its History |date=1995 |journal=Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German |volume=6 |issue= 1: The Publisher as Teacher |doi=10.2307/3531328 |jstor=3531328 |publisher=Wiley |pages=7–21}} External links{{Commons category|Duden}}
3 : 1880 books|German dictionaries|German language |
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