1. History
    Background  Overview  Aftermath 

2. Footnotes

3. Further reading

The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was first introduced in 1918 by Representative Leonidas C. Dyer, a Republican from St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States House of Representatives as H.R. 11279.^[1] It was intended to establish lynching as a federal crime. The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill was re-introduced in subsequent sessions of Congress and passed by the U.S. House of Representatives on January 26, 1922, but its passage was halted in the Senate by a filibuster by Democrat politicians, who formed a powerful block that exceeded their percentage of the population by having disenfranchised blacks in the South.

Attempts to pass similar legislation took a halt until the Costigan-Wagner Bill of 1934.^[2] Subsequent bills followed but the United States Congress never outlawed lynching due to powerful opposition from Southern Senators.^[3]

It was not until 2018 that the Senate would pass (unanimously) anti-lynching legislation, the Justice for Victims of Lynching Act. As of February 24, 2019, it has not been passed by the House of Representatives or signed by the President.

History

Background

Lynchings were predominantly committed by whites against African Americans in the Southern and border states. According to statistics compiled by the Tuskegee Institute, between the years 1882 and 1951 some 4,730 people were lynched in the United States, of whom 3,437 were black and 1,293 were white.^[5] The first wave of lynchings occurred in the years immediately following the Civil War, but fell off sharply with the dissolution of the first Ku Klux Klan about 1870. There was a revival in the 1890s; the largest annual number of lynchings occurred in 1892 (230 persons were lynched that year: 161 African-Americans and 69 whites).^[6] and continued for the next two decades at relatively high levels, in what is often called the nadir of American race relations, a period marked by disfranchisement of African Americans and Jim Crow in the South, and discrimination against African Americans across the country.

Many lynchings were the result of Southern whites' extrajudicial efforts to maintain white supremacy, after gaining disfranchisement of most blacks through discriminatory voter registration and electoral rules, and imposing segregation and Jim Crow laws on the black population in the late 19th and early 20th century.^[7] Maintaining white supremacy in economic affairs played a part as well.^[8] Social changes resulting from a rapid rise in immigration from southern and eastern Europe, the rise of the Second Klu Klux Klan, and the internal Great Migration of blacks from the South to industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest contributed to violent confrontations, especially in the postwar Red Summer of 1919. During the infamous Chicago race riot of 1919 for example, ethnic Irish mobs attacked blacks over competition for work and housing as well as punishment for strikebreakers.

In 1900 Representative George Henry White, a black Republican from North Carolina, introduced the first anti-lynching bill in Congress. It was subsequently defeated in a committee.^[9] In April 1919, the NAACP published a report which disproved the myth that stated most lynchings were based on African-American attacks on white women: less than one sixth of the 2,500 African Americans lynched from 1889 to 1918 had even been accused of rape.^[10] Representative Leonidas C. Dyer, who represented a majority African-American district, had taken notice of the hate crimes occurring around him and was outraged by the violence and disregard for law in such riots. Dyer was especially concerned about the continued high rate of lynchings in the South and the failure of local and state authorities to prosecute them. This inspired his anti-lynching bill.

A silent protest in support of the bill was organized by African Americans on June 14, 1922 in Washington, D.C.^[11] Republican U.S. President Warren G. Harding announced his support for Dyer's bill during a speaking engagement in Birmingham, Alabama. Although the bill was quickly passed by a large majority in the House of Representatives, it was prevented from coming to a vote in 1922, 1923, and 1924 in the U.S. Senate, due to filibusters by the Southern Democratic bloc.^[10] Southern Senators opposed anti-lynching laws and other civil rights legislation on the ground that blacks were responsible for more crime, more babies born out of wedlock, more welfare and other forms of social assistance, and that strong measures were needed to keep them under control.^[12]

Overview

The bill^[13] classified lynching as a federal felony, which would have allowed the United States to prosecute cases, since states and local authorities seldom did. The bill prescribed punishments for perpetrators, specifically:

• (a) A maximum of 5 years in prison, $5,000 fine, or both, for any state or city official who had the power to protect a person in his jurisdiction but failed to do so or who had the power to prosecute those responsible and failed to do so.
• (b) A minimum of 5 years in prison for anyone who participated in a lynching, whether they were an ordinary citizen or the official responsible for keeping the victim safe.
• (c) $10,000 fine to be paid by the county in which the lynching took place, to be turned over to the victim’s family or his parents, or to the United States government if the victim has no family. If the victim was seized in one county and killed in another, both counties were to be fined.

In addition, the law prescribed actions of special circumstances:

• (a) If officers fail to equally protect all citizens, they can be prosecuted in federal court.
• (b) Foreign visitors were not exempt from this law and were to be prosecuted within the laws of the state or territory, as well as protected by those same laws.

Aftermath

From 1882 to 1968, "...nearly 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in Congress, and three passed the House. Seven presidents between 1890 and 1952 asked Congress to pass a federal law."^[14] Not one bill was approved by the Senate because of the powerful opposition of the Southern Democratic voting bloc.^[16]

However, the publicity the bill generated, together with the NAACP report and the National Conference on Lynching, moved local and state governments to take lynching more seriously. Lynchings decreased dramatically after 1919.^[15]

On June 13, 2005, in a resolution sponsored by senators Mary Landrieu of Louisiana and George Allen of Virginia, together with 78 others, the US Senate formally apologized for its failure to enact this and other anti-lynching bills "when action was most needed."^[16] On June 30, 2018, three senators (Kamala Harris, Cory Booker, and Tim Scott) introduced the Justice for Victims of Lynching Act to make lynching a Federal hate crime.^[17] The Senate voted unanimously in favor of it on December 19, 2018.^[18] The House of Representatives also needs to vote on it, and the President needs to sign it, before it can become law.^[19]

Footnotes

Further reading

• {{cite book

• Timothy J. Greene, "Teaching the Limits of Liberalism in the Interwar Years: The NAACP's Antilynching Campaign," OAH Magazine of History, vol. 18, no. 2 (Jan. 2004), pp. 28-30. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25163658 In JSTOR]
• William B. Harvey, "Constitutional Law: Anti-Lynching Legislation," Michigan Law Review, vol. 47, no. 3 (Jan. 1949), pp. 369-377. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1284182 In JSTOR]
• William B. Hixson, Jr., "Moorfield Storey and the Defense of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill," New England Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 1 (March 1969), pp. 65-81. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/363500 In JSTOR]
• William F. Pinar, "The NAACP and the Struggle for Anti-Lynching Federal Legislation, 1917-1950," in Counterpoints, Vol. 163 (2001), pp. 683-752. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42977761 In JSTOR]
• Mark Robert Schneider, "We Return Fighting": The Civil Rights Movement in the Jazz Age. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2002.
• Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909-1950. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1980.

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