| 词条 | Earthenware |
| 释义 |
Earthenware is glazed or unglazed nonvitreous pottery[2] that has normally been fired below 1200°C.[3] Porcelain, bone china and stoneware, all fired at high enough temperatures to vitrify, are the main other important types of pottery. Earthenware comprises most building bricks, nearly all European pottery up to the seventeenth century, most of the wares of Egypt, Persia and the near East; Greek, Roman and Mediterranean, and some of the Chinese; and the fine earthenware which forms the greater part of our tableware today.[4]Pit fired earthenware dates back to as early as 29,000–25,000 BC,[5][6] and for millennia, only earthenware pottery was made, with stoneware gradually developing some 5,000 years ago, but then apparently disappearing for a few thousand years. Outside East Asia, porcelain was manufactured only from the 18th century AD, and then initially as an expensive luxury. After it is fired, earthenware is opaque and non-vitreous,[7] soft and capable of being scratched with a knife.[4] The Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities describes it as being made of selected clays sometimes mixed with feldspars and varying amounts of other minerals, and white or light-colored (i.e., slightly greyish, cream, or ivory).[7] CharacteristicsGenerally, earthenware bodies exhibit higher plasticity than most whiteware[8] bodies and hence are easier to shape by RAM press, roller-head or potter's wheel than bone china or porcelain.[9][10] Due to its porosity, earthenware, with a water absorption of 5-8%, must be glazed to be watertight.[11] Earthenware has lower mechanical strength than bone china, porcelain or stoneware, and consequently articles are commonly made in thicker cross-section, although they are still more easily chipped.[9] Darker-colored terracotta earthenware, typically orange or red due to a comparatively high content of iron oxide, are widely used for flower pots, tiles and some decorative and oven ware.[4] ProductionA general body formulation for contemporary earthenware is 25% kaolin, 25% ball clay, 35% quartz and 15% feldspar.[9][12] Modern earthenware may be biscuit (or "bisque")[13][14] fired to temperatures between {{convert|1,000|to|1,150|C|F}} and glost-fired[15] (or "glaze-fired")[4][16] to between {{convert|950|to|1,050|C|F}}, the usual practice in factories and some studio potteries. Some studio potters follow the reverse practice, with a low-temperature biscuit firing and a high-temperature glost firing. The firing schedule will be determined by the raw materials used and the desired characteristics of the finished ware. Historically, such high temperatures were unattainable in most cultures and periods until modern times, though Chinese ceramics were far ahead of other cultures in this respect. Earthenware can be produced at firing temperatures as low as {{convert|600|C|F}} and many clays will not fire successfully above about {{convert|1000|C|F}}. Much historical pottery was fired somewhere around {{convert|800|C|F}}, giving a wide margin of error where there was no precise way of measuring temperature, and very variable conditions within the kiln. After firing, most earthenware bodies will be colored white, buff or red. For red earthenware, the firing temperature affects the color of the clay body. Lower temperatures produce a typical red terracotta color; higher temperatures will make the clay brown or even black. Higher firing temperatures may cause earthenware to bloat. Types of earthenwareThere are several types of earthenware, including:
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/99446|title=Brooklyn Museum|author=|date=|website=www.brooklynmuseum.org|accessdate=30 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430234322/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/99446|archivedate=30 April 2018|df=}} 2. ^ ASTM C242 – 15. Standard Terminology Of Ceramic Whitewares And Related Products 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=earthenware&logic=AND¬e=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300140803|title=Art & Architecture Thesaurus Full Record Display (Getty Research)|author=|date=|website=www.getty.edu|accessdate=30 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053343/http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=earthenware&logic=AND¬e=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300140803|archivedate=22 December 2017|df=}} 4. ^1 2 3 Dora Billington, The Technique of Pottery, London: B.T.Batsford, 1962 5. ^{{cite book|author1=David W. Richerson|author2=William Edward Lee|title=Modern Ceramic Engineering: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSsR-orZAl4C|date=31 January 1992|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-8634-2}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Rice|first1=Prudence M.|title=On the Origins of Pottery|journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory|date=March 1999|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1-54|doi=10.1023/A:1022924709609}} 7. ^1 Combined Nomenclature of the European Union Published by the EC Commission in Luxembourg, 1987 8. ^An industry term for ceramics including tableware and sanitary ware 9. ^1 2 Whitewares: Testing and Quality Control. W.Ryan and C.Radford. Institute of Ceramics & Pergamon. 1987. 10. ^Pottery Science: Materials, Process And Products. Allen Dinsdale. Ellis Horwood. 1986. 11. ^Ceramics Glaze Technology. J. R. Taylor & A. C. Bull. Institute of Ceramics & Pergamon Press. 1986 12. ^Dictionary of Ceramics, 3rd edition. A. E. Dodd & D. Murfin. Maney Publishing. 1994. 13. ^{{cite book | title=The Materials and Methods of Sculpture | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | author=Rich, Jack C. | year=1988 | pages=49 | isbn=9780486257426}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://ceramicartsdaily.org/firing-techniques/electric-kiln-firing/ten-basics-of-firing-electric-kilns/ |title=Ceramic Arts Daily – Ten Basics of Firing Electric Kilns |first= |last= |work=ceramicartsdaily.org |year=2012 |accessdate=16 April 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508074109/http://ceramicartsdaily.org/firing-techniques/electric-kiln-firing/ten-basics-of-firing-electric-kilns/ |archivedate=8 May 2012 |df= }} 15. ^{{cite book |last=Norton |first=F.H. |year=1960 |title=Ceramics an Illustrated Primer |publisher=Hanover House|pages= 74–79}} 16. ^Frank and Janet Hamer, The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques 17. ^{{cite web|publisher= The Walters Art Museum|url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/28463|title= Women on Horseback|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050835/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/28463|archivedate= 2016-03-04|df= }} Further reading
External links
7 : Clay|Ceramic materials|Crockery|Pottery|Serving vessels|Cooking vessels|Food storage containers |
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