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词条 Economy of Pakistan
释义

  1. Economic history

     First five decades  Economic resilience  Background  Macroeconomic reform and prospects  Doing business 

  2. The economy today

  3. Economic indicators of Pakistan (2000–2018)

     Gross domestic product (GDP)  Industrial sector  Agricultural sector  Commodity producing sector growth rate  Service sector  Per capita income  Inflation  Government revenues and expenditures   Current account   Government debt and liabilities  Pakistan External Debt Servicing (Principal + Interest)[87]  Foreign exchange reserves  Foreign direct investment  PSE 100 index growth rate  Foreign trade  Workers' remittances  Stock market  Middle class  Poverty alleviation expenditures  Employment  Tourism  Revenue 

  4. Currency system

     Rupee  Foreign exchange rate  Foreign exchange reserves 

  5. Structure of economy

  6. Major sectors

     Agriculture  Mining  Industry  Construction material  Information communication technology industry  Defence industry  Textiles  Other  Services  Telecommunication  Transportation  Finance  Housing  Minor sectors  Energy  Chemicals and pharmaceuticals 

  7. Foreign trade, remittances, aid, and investment

     Investment  Foreign acquisitions and mergers  Foreign trade  External imbalances  Economic aid  Remittances 

  8. Government finances

     Revenues and taxation  Expenditures  Sovereign bonds 

  9. Income distribution

  10. See also

  11. References

     Bibliography 

  12. Further reading

  13. External links

{{EngvarB|date=January 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}{{Infobox economy
| country = Pakistan
| gdp = $277.2 Billion (Nominal, Dec 2018) [1] $1.141 Trillion (PPP, 2018),[2]
| gdp rank = 23rd (PPP) (2018-19)
42nd (nominal) (2017)
| caption = Karachi, the financial centre of Pakistan
| image = Karachi - A Sea Port and Business hub.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| currency = Pakistani rupee (PKR)

Rs.1 = 100 paisas[3]

1 USD = 140.84 PKR (April 2019)[4]


| year = 1 July – 30 June
| organs = WTO, SAARC, ECO, OIC, SAFTA, AIIB, SCO, IMF, Commonwealth of Nations, World Bank.
| growth = {{Increase}} 5.2% (FY2018) [5]
| per capita = $1,641 (nominal, 2018)[6]
| sectors = *Agriculture: 18.86%
  • Industry: 20.91%
  • Services: 60.23% (2018 est.) [7]

| inflation = {{IncreaseNegative}} 8.2% (February 2019) [8]
| poverty = 2.8% {{nowrap| (December 2018)[9]
{{small|(World Poverty Clock estimate)}}}}
| gini = {{decreasepositive}} 30.7 (2013 est.)[10]
| labour = 61.04 million (2015–16) [11]
| occupations = *Agriculture: 42.3%
  • Services:35.1%
  • Industry:22.6%
[11]
| unemployment = 5.9% (2014–15)[12]
| edbr = {{increase}} 136 (2018) [13]
| industries = textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, chemicals, cement, mining, machinery, steel, engineering, software and hardware, automobiles, motorcycle and auto parts, electronics, paper products, fertiliser, shrimp, defence products, shipbuilding
| exports = {{Increase}} $24.824 billion (FY 2018)[14]
| export-goods = *Textiles ($13,366.0 million)
  • Food ($4,811.2 million)
  • Petroleum ($574.5 million)
  • other manufacture ($4,131.9 million)
  • All others ($1,391.3 million)[15]

| export-partners = {{flag|United States}} 15.6%
{{flag|United Kingdom}} 7.1%
{{flag|China}} 7.0%
{{flag|Afghanistan}} 6%
{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 5.6%
{{flag|Germany}} 5.5%
{{flag|Bangladesh}} 2.9% (2018 est.)[16]
| imports = {{IncreaseNegative}} $56.002 billion (FY 2018)[17]
| import-goods = *Food ($5502.0) million
  • Machinery ($8785.3) million
  • Transport ($3206.5) million
  • Textile ($4091.1) million
  • Agriculture and other chemicals ($8314.8) million
  • Metal ($4785.0) million
  • Miscellaneous ($1255.6) million
  • All Other ($5321.6) million
  • Other Imports ($3385.5) million [18]

| import-partners = {{flag|China}} 20.5%
{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 15.9%
{{flag|Indonesia}} 8.0%
{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} 5.5%
{{flag|United States}} 3.7%
{{flag|Japan}} 3.4%
| debt = {{decreasepositive}} 65.6% of GDP (Dec 2018)[19]
| revenue = {{decrease}}15.2% of GDP, Pkr 5228.0 Billion or $47.6 billion(FY 2018) [20]
| expenses = {{IncreaseNegative}}21.8% of GDP, Pkr 7488.4 Billion or $68.2 billion(FY 2018) [20]
| credit = *Standard & Poor's:[21]
B (Domestic)
B (Foreign)
B (T&C Assessment)
Outlook: Positive[22]
  • Moody's:
    B3
    Outlook: Negative [23]
  • Fitch:
    B-
    Outlook: Stable[24]

| reserves = *SBP : $8.839 Billion
  • Scheduled Banks : $6.871 Billion
  • Total : {{increase}} $15.710 Billion (as on 15 march 2019)[25]

| cianame = pk
| Tax To GDP Ratio = The tax to GDP ratio of the country has increased to 10.5 percent in 2015/2016 from 8.7 percent in 2005/2006, according to a report of the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR).
}}

The economy of Pakistan is the 23rd largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), and 38th largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product. Pakistan has a population of over 207 million [26] (the world's 5th-largest), giving it a nominal GDP per capita of $1,641 in 2018,[29] which ranks 147th in the world and giving it s PPP GDP per capita of 5,709 in 2018, which ranks 130th in the world for 2018. However, Pakistan's undocumented economy is estimated to be 36% of its overall economy, which is not taken into consideration when calculating per capita income.[27] Pakistan is a developing country[28][29][30] and is one of the Next Eleven countries identified by Jim O'Neill in a research paper as having a high potential of becoming, along with the BRICS countries, among the world's largest economies in the 21st century.[31] The economy is semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the Indus River.[32][33][34] Primary export commodities include textiles, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, carpets/rugs and medical instruments.[35][36]

Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River;[33][37] the diversified economies of Karachi and major urban centers in the Punjab, coexisting with lesser developed areas in other parts of the country.[33] The economy has suffered in the past from internal political disputes, a fast-growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment.[38] Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit – driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion – could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term.[39] Pakistan is currently undergoing a process of economic liberalization, including privatization of all government corporations, aimed to attract foreign investment and decrease budget deficit.[40] In October 2016, foreign currency reserves crossed $24.0 billion[4] which has led to stable outlook on the long-term rating by Standard & Poor's.[41][42] In 2016, BMI Research report named Pakistan as one of the ten emerging economies with a particular focus on its manufacturing hub.[43]

In October 2016, the IMF chief Christine Lagarde confirmed her economic assessment in Islamabad that Pakistan's economy was 'out of crisis'[44] The World Bank predicts that by 2018, Pakistan's economic growth will increase to a "robust" 5.4% due to greater inflow of foreign investment, namely from the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.[45] According to the World Bank, poverty in Pakistan fell from 64.3% in 2002 to 29.5% in 2014.[46][47][48] The country's worsening macroeconomic position has led to Moody's downgrading Pakistan's debt outlook to "negative".[49]

In 2017, Pakistan's GDP in terms of purchasing power parity crossed $1 trillion.[50]

Economic history

{{Main|Economic history of Pakistan}}

First five decades

Pakistan was a middle class and predominantly agricultural country when it gained independence in 1947. Pakistan's average economic growth rate in the first five decades (1947–1997) has been higher than the growth rate of the world economy during the same period. Average annual real GDP growth rates[51] were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.[52]

Economic resilience

Background

Historically, Pakistan's overall economic output (GDP) has grown every year since an 1800 recession. Despite this record of sustained growth, Pakistan's economy had, until a few years ago, been characterised as unstable and highly vulnerable to external and internal shocks. However, the economy proved to be unexpectedly resilient in the face of multiple adverse events concentrated into a four-year (1998–2002) period —

  • the Asian financial crisis;
  • economic sanctions – according to Colin Powell, Pakistan was "sanctioned to the eyeballs";[53]
  • The global recession of 2001–2002;
  • a severe drought – the worst in Pakistan's history, lasting about four years;
  • the post-9/11 military action in neighbouring Afghanistan, with a massive influx of refugees from that country;

Macroeconomic reform and prospects

According to many sources, the Pakistani government has made substantial economic reforms since 2000,[54] and medium-term prospects for job creation and poverty reduction are the best in nearly a decade.

In 2005, the World Bank reported that

"Pakistan was the top reformer in the region and the number 10 reformer globally – making it easier to start a business, reducing the cost to register property, increasing penalties for violating corporate governance rules, and replacing a requirement to license every shipment with two-year duration licences for traders."[55]

Doing business

The World Bank (WB) and International Finance Corporation's flagship report Ease of Doing Business Index 2019 ranked Pakistan 136 among 190 countries around the globe, indicating a continuous improvement and taking a jump from 147 last year. The top five countries were New Zealand, Singapore, Denmark, Hong Kong and Korea.[56]

With improvement in ease of doing business ranking and giving an investment friendly road map from government, many new auto sector giants like France's Renault, South Korean's Hyundai and Kia, Chinese JW Forland and German auto giant Volkswagen have stepped in Pakistan auto market through joint ventures with local manufacturers like Dewan Farooque Motors, Khalid Mushtaq Motors and United Motors.[57]

US oil and gas giant Exxon Mobil has again returned to Pakistan after nearly three decades gap and has acquired 25% shares in offshore drilling in May 2018, with initial survey showing a potential of huge hydrocarbon reserves discovery at offshore.[58]

With recent agreement from Saudi Arabia to invest more than US dollar 15 billion in establishing a mega oil refinery and petrochemical industry in Gwadar more commitments for investments are on its way to come in this sector especially from UAE, Qatar, Malaysia and Italy.

The economy today

Although 2018 was election year in Pakistan and care taker government was not mandated to initiate any restructuring required to accommodate balance of payment, the country was facing current account deficit during this interim period, but with new government the required balance of payment issue was addressed. Today the Nominal GDP of Pakistan is 277.2 billion USD with annual growth rate of 5.22% which is better than previous decades performance. Central Exchequer (State Bank of Pakistan) was given more freedom to float rupees exchange rate as per market demand and supply. Along with ongoing projects of CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) and Investment from Saudi Arabia, UAE, Malaysia and China in Oil city near Gwadar port will continue to add in country's annual growth rate.

In 2019 Pakistan is seeking its thirteenth bailout since the late 1980s as Pakistan's central bank has only $7 billion left in foreign reserves.[59] Inflation is high since 2018. Total debt and external debt as percent of GDP are rising.[60][61]

Economic indicators of Pakistan (2000–2018)

These are economic indicators of Pakistan from Fiscal Year 2000 to 2018.

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Index List FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018Dec 2018[62]
1GDP at mp (Billion Rupees)[63]6,203.77,126.28,216.29,239.810,637.813,199.714,867.018,276.420,046.522,385.725,168.827,443.029,075.631,962.634,396.538,474.0(Target)
2US Dollars, last day average exchange rates[64]58.1722 (30 Jun)59.6921 (30 Jun)60.2138 (30 Jun)60.4060 (30 Jun)68.2808 (30 Jun)81.3896 (30 Jun)85.4634 (30 Jun)85.9894 (30 Jun)94.627 (30 Jun)99.1141 (30 Jun)98.8088 (30 Jun)101.7895 (30 Jun)104.7619 (30 Jun)104.8861 (30 Jun)121.5405 (30 Jun)138.7921

(31 Dec)

3 Nominal GDP (billion US dollars)106.6{{Increase}} 119.4{{Increase}} 136.5{{Increase}} 153.0{{Increase}} 155.8{{Increase}} 162.2{{Increase}} 174.0{{Increase}} 212.5{{Decrease}} 211.8{{Increase}} 225.9{{Increase}} 254.7{{Increase}} 269.6{{Increase}} 277.5{{Increase}} 304.7{{Decrease}} 283.0{{Decrease}} 277.2
4GDP at bp (Billion Rupees)[65]6,797.97,309.17,715.88,143.08,549.18,580.08,801.49,120.39,470.39,819.110,217.110,631.611,116.811,714.112,326.5
5 Real GDP growth rate
 [66]		{{Increase}} 7.70%{{Decrease}} 7.52%{{Decrease}} 5.56%{{Decrease}} 5.54%{{Decrease}} 4.99%{{Decrease}} 0.36%{{Increase}} 2.58%{{Increase}} 3.62%{{Increase}} 3.84%{{Decrease}} 3.68%{{Increase}} 4.05%{{Increase}} 4.06%{{Increase}} 4.56%{{Increase}} 5.38%{{Decrease}} 5.22%

Industrial sector

List 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015 2015–2016 2016–2017 2017-2018
6 Industrial sector growth rate
 [73][67]		17.37%{{Decrease}} 6.51%{{Decrease}} 3.63%{{Increase}} 7.73%{{Increase}} 8.47%{{Decrease}} -5.21%{{Increase}} 3.42%{{Increase}} 4.51%{{Decrease}} 2.55%{{Decrease}} 0.75%{{Increase}} 4.53%{{Increase}} 5.18%{{Increase}} 5.69%{{Decrease}} 5.20%{{Decrease}} 5.01%
6A Mining and Quarrying sector growth rate
 [68][67]		21.78%{{Decrease}} -15.83%{{Increase}} 3.60%{{Increase}} 7.35%{{Decrease}} 3.15%{{Decrease}} -2.46%{{Increase}} 2.75%{{Decrease}} -4.42%{{Increase}} 5.16%{{Decrease}} 3.88%{{Decrease}} 1.40%{{Increase}} 4.97%{{Increase}} 6.19%{{Decrease}} -0.38%{{Increase}} 3.89%
6B Manufacturing sector growth rate
 [68][67]		16.38%{{Decrease}} 16.03%{{Decrease}} 9.39%{{Decrease}} 9.03%{{Decrease}} 6.10%{{Decrease}} -4.18%{{Increase}} 1.37%{{Increase}} 2.50%{{Decrease}} 2.08%{{Increase}} 4.85%{{Increase}} 5.65%{{Decrease}} 3.88%{{Decrease}} 3.69%{{Increase}} 5.82%{{Increase}} 6.24%
6B(i) Large Scale Manufacturing growth rate
 [68][67]		18.83%{{Decrease}} 18.12%{{Decrease}} 9.92%{{Decrease}} 9.58%{{Decrease}} 6.10%{{Decrease}} -6.04%{{Increase}} 0.41%{{Increase}} 1.66%{{Decrease}} 1.13%{{Increase}} 4.46%{{Increase}} 5.46%{{Decrease}} 3.28%{{Decrease}} 2.98%{{Increase}} 5.64%{{Decrease}} 5.01%
6B(ii) Small Scale Manufacturing growth rate
 [68][67]		7.51%{{Steady}} 7.51%{{Increase}} 8.70%{{Decrease}} 8.25%{{Increase}} 8.34%{{Increase}} 8.57%{{Decrease}} 8.47%{{Increase}} 8.51%{{Decrease}} 8.35%{{Decrease}} 8.28%{{Increase}} 8.29%{{Decrease}} 8.21%{{Decrease}} 8.19%{{Decrease}} 8.15%{{Increase}} 8.17%
6C Slaughtering sector growth rate
 [68][67]		3.94%{{Increase}} 4.00%{{Increase}} 4.05%{{Decrease}} 3.16%{{Increase}} 3.26%{{Increase}} 3.82%{{Decrease}} 3.16%{{Increase}} 3.67%{{Decrease}} 3.53%{{Increase}} 3.63%{{Decrease}} 3.38%{{Decrease}} 3.34%{{Increase}} 3.61%{{Decrease}} 3.55%{{Decrease}} 3.51%

Agricultural sector

Index List 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015 2015–2016 2016–20172017-2018
7 Agriculture sector growth rate
 [69][70]		2.85%{{Increase}} 7.02%{{Decrease}} 1.27%{{Increase}} 3.42%{{Decrease}} 1.81%{{Increase}} 3.50%{{Decrease}} 0.23%{{Increase}} 1.96%{{Increase}} 3.62%{{Decrease}} 2.68%{{Decrease}} 2.50%{{Decrease}} 2.13%{{Decrease}} 0.15%{{Increase}} 2.18%{{Increase}} 3.70%
7(a) Wheat production (million tons)
 [6][70]		19.5{{Increase}} 21.6{{Decrease}} 21.3{{Increase}} 23.3{{Decrease}} 20.9{{Increase}} 24.0{{Decrease}} 23.3{{Increase}} 25.2{{Decrease}} 23.5{{Increase}} 24.2{{Increase}} 26.0{{Decrease}} 25.1{{Increase}} 25.6{{Increase}} 26.7{{Decrease}} 25.5
7(b) Rice production (million tons)
 [6][70]		4.8{{Increase}} 5.0{{Increase}} 5.5{{Decrease}} 5.4{{Increase}} 5.6{{Increase}} 6.9{{Steady}} 6.9{{Decrease}} 4.8{{Increase}} 6.2{{Decrease}} 5.6{{Increase}} 6.8{{Increase}} 7.0{{Decrease}} 6.8{{Steady}} 6.8{{Increase}} 7.4
7(c) Sugarcane production (million tons)
 [6][70]		53.4{{Decrease}} 47.2{{Decrease}} 44.7{{Increase}} 54.7{{Increase}} 63.9{{Decrease}} 50.0{{Decrease}} 49.4{{Increase}} 55.3{{Increase}} 58.4{{Increase}} 63.8{{Increase}} 67.5{{Decrease}} 62.8{{Increase}} 65.5{{Increase}} 73.4{{Increase}} 82.1
7(d) Cotton production (million bales)
 [6][70]		10.0{{Increase}} 14.3{{Decrease}} 13.0{{Decrease}} 12.9{{Decrease}} 11.7{{Increase}} 11.8{{Increase}} 12.9{{Decrease}} 11.5{{Increase}} 13.6{{Decrease}} 13.0{{Decrease}} 12.8{{Increase}} 14.0{{Decrease}} 9.9{{Increase}} 10.7{{Increase}} 11.9

Commodity producing sector growth rate

Index List 2000s 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015 2015–2016 2016–20172017-2018
8 Commodity producing sector growth rate
 [66]		3.02%{{Increase}} 9.23%{{Decrease}} 6.78%{{Decrease}} 2.38%{{Increase}} 5.48%{{Decrease}} 5.05%{{Decrease|-0.88%}} -0.88%{{Increase}} 1.76%{{Increase}} 3.21%{{Decrease}} 3.09%{{Decrease}} 1.73%{{Increase}} 3.49%{{Increase}} 3.63%{{Decrease}} 2.92%{{Increase}} 3.79%{{Increase}}4.84%

Service sector

Index List 2000s 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015 2015–2016 2016–20172017-2018
9 Service sector growth rate
 [66]		4.79%{{Increase}} 6.45%{{Increase}} 8.14%{{Increase}} 8.20%{{Decrease}} 5.58%{{Decrease}} 4.94%{{Decrease}} 1.33%{{Increase}} 3.21%{{Increase}} 3.94%{{Increase}} 4.40%{{Increase}} 5.13%{{Decrease}} 4.46%{{Decrease}} 4.36%{{Increase}} 5.72%{{Increase}} 6.52%{{Decrease}} 6.43%

Per capita income

Index List 2000s 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015 2015–2016 2016–20172017-2018
10 Per capita income (US dollars)
 [71]		746.0{{Decrease}} 663.2{{Increase}} 724.1{{Increase}} 897.4{{Increase}} 979.9{{Increase}} 1053.2{{Decrease}} 1026.1{{Increase}} 1072.4{{Increase}} 1274.1{{Increase}} 1320.5{{Increase}} 1333.7{{Increase}} 1388.8{{Increase}} 1514.0{{Increase}} 1530.8{{Increase}} 1632.1{{Increase}}1640.5

Inflation

Index List 2000s 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015 2015–2016 2016–20172017-2018
11 Consumer price index growth rate
 [71]		7.3%{{DecreasePositive}} 4.7%{{IncreaseNegative}} 9.3%{{DecreasePositive}} 7.9%{{DecreasePositive}} 7.8%{{IncreaseNegative}} 12.0%{{IncreaseNegative}} 24.6%{{DecreasePositive}} 10.1%{{IncreaseNegative}} 13.7%{{DecreasePositive}} 11.0%{{DecreasePositive}} 7.4%{{IncreaseNegative}} 8.6%{{DecreasePositive}} 4.5%{{DecreasePositive}} 2.9%{{IncreaseNegative}} 4.2%{{DecreasePositive}} 3.8%

Government revenues and expenditures

Index List FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017FY 2018FY2019Jul-Dec
12Government total revenues (billion rupees)
 [72][73][74][75][76][77]		794.1{{Increase}} 900.0{{Increase}} 1076.6{{Increase}} 1298.0{{Increase}} 1499.4{{Increase}} 1850.9{{Increase}} 2077.8{{Increase}} 2252.9{{Increase}} 2566.5{{Increase}} 2982.4{{Increase}} 3637.3{{Increase}} 3931.0{{Increase}} 4447.0{{Increase}} 4936.7{{Increase}}5228.02327.1
12-a Total tax revenue (billion rupees)
 [72][73][74][75][76]		550.1{{Increase}} 632.6{{Increase}} 753.0{{Increase}} 919.3{{Increase}} 1065.2{{Increase}} 1316.7{{Increase}} 1472.5{{Increase}} 1699.3{{Increase}} 2052.9{{Increase}} 2199.2{{Increase}} 2564.5{{Increase}} 3017.6{{Increase}} 3660.4{{Increase}} 3969.2{{Increase}}4467.22082.5
12-a-iFBR tax collection (billion rupees)
 [78]		----{{Increase}}1008.1{{Increase}}1161.2{{Increase}}1327.4{{Increase}}1558.0{{Increase}}1882.7{{Increase}}1946.4{{Increase}}2254.5{{Increase}}2590.0{{Increase}}3112.5{{Increase}}3367.9{{Increase}}3842.11795.4
13 Government total expenditures (billion rupees)
 [72][73][74][75][76][77]		923.6{{IncreaseNegative}} 1117.0{{IncreaseNegative}} 1401.8{{IncreaseNegative}} 1675.5{{IncreaseNegative}} 2276.5{{IncreaseNegative}} 2531.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 3007.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 3447.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 3936.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 4816.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 5026.0{{IncreaseNegative}} 5387.8{{IncreaseNegative}} 5796.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 6800.5{{IncreaseNegative}}7488.43357.0
14 Fiscal deficit (billion rupees)
 [72][73][74][75][76]		129.5217.0325.2377.5777.2680.4929.41194.41369.71833.91388.71456.71349.31863.82260.41029.9
15 Total revenues as % of GDP
 [6]		14.3%{{Decrease}} 13.8%{{Decrease}} 13.1%{{Increase}} 14.0%{{Increase}} 14.1%{{Decrease}} 14.0%{{Steady}} 14.0%{{Decrease}} 12.3%{{Increase}} 12.8%{{Increase}} 13.3%{{Increase}} 14.5%{{Decrease}} 14.3%{{Increase}} 15.3%{{Increase}} 15.5%{{Decrease}}15.2%
16 Tax revenue as % of GDP
 [72][73][74][75]		11.0{{Decrease}} 10.1%{{Decrease}} 9.8%{{Decrease}} 9.6%{{Increase}} 9.9%{{Decrease}} 9.1%{{Increase}} 9.9%{{Decrease}} 9.3%{{Increase}} 10.2%{{Decrease}} 9.8%{{Increase}} 10.2%{{Increase}} 11.0%{{Increase}} 12.6%{{Decrease}} 12.4%{{Increase}}13.0%
17 Total expenditures as % of GDP
 [6]		16.7%{{IncreaseNegative}} 17.2%{{DecreasePositive}} 17.1%{{IncreaseNegative}} 18.1%{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.4%{{Decreasepositive}} 19.2%{{IncreaseNegative}} 20.2%{{DecreasePositive}} 18.9%{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.4%{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.5%{{DecreasePositive}} 20.0%{{DecreasePositive}} 19.6%{{IncreaseNegative}} 19.9%{{IncreaseNegative}} 21.3%{{IncreaseNegative}}21.8%
18 Fiscal Deficit as % of GDP
 [79][80]		2.4%{{IncreaseNegative}} 3.3%{{IncreaseNegative}} 4.0%{{IncreaseNegative}} 4.1%{{IncreaseNegative}} 7.3%{{Decreasepositive}} 5.2%{{IncreaseNegative}} 6.2%{{IncreaseNegative}} 6.5%{{IncreaseNegative}} 8.8%{{Decreasepositive}} 8.2%{{DecreasePositive}} 5.5%{{DecreasePositive}} 5.3%{{DecreasePositive}} 4.6%{{IncreaseNegative}} 5.8%{{IncreaseNegative}} 6.6%

Current account

Amounts in Million US Dollars [81][82]
IndexListFY 2003FY 2004FY 2005FY 2006FY 2007FY 2008FY 2009FY 2010FY 2011FY 2012FY 2013FY 2014FY 2015FY 2016FY 2017FY 2018FY 2019Jul-Dec
19Credit20,57022,00327,00631,76133,01637,24735,35738,13547,70348,24350,19751,15352,92051,33651,86754,43027,042
20Debit16,50020,19228,54036,75139,89451,12144,61742,08147,48952,90152,69354,28355,62956,20364,48873,41935,025
30Net{{Increase}} 4,070{{Increase}} 1,811{{IncreaseNegative}} -1,534{{IncreaseNegative}} -4,990{{IncreaseNegative}} -6,878{{IncreaseNegative}} -13,874{{DecreasePositive}} -9,261{{DecreasePositive}} -3,946{{Increase}} 214{{IncreaseNegative}} -4,658{{DecreasePositive}}-2,496{{IncreaseNegative}} -3,130{{DecreasePositive}} -2,709{{IncreaseNegative}} -4,867{{IncreaseNegative}} -12,621{{IncreaseNegative}} -18,989 -7,983

Government debt and liabilities

  • Total Public Debt = Gross Public Debt + External Liabilities
  • Gross Public Debt = Government (Federal+Provincial) Domestic Debt + Government (Federal+Provincial) External Debt + Debt from IMF
  • Total Debt of Government / Net Public Debt = Gross Public Debt - Government Deposits in the Banking System. (introduced in June 2017)
  • Public External Debt = Government External Debt + Debt from IMF (Foreign Exchange Liabilities are not included)
  • Total External Debt = Public External Debt + Public Sector Enterprises + Banks + Private Sector + Debt Liabilities to Direct Investors
Index List Jun 2005 Jun 2006 Jun 2007 Jun 2008 Jun 2009 Jun 2010 Jun 2011 Jun 2012 Jun 2013 Jun 2014 Jun 2015 Jun 2016 Jun 2017 Jun 2018 Dec 2018
19Total Public Debt (Billion Rupees)
 [83][84]		----7835.5{{IncreaseNegative}} 9,232.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 10,990.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 12,924.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 14,574.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 16,315.5{{IncreaseNegative}} 17,757.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 20,053.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 21,785.5{{IncreaseNegative}} 25,574.1{{IncreaseNegative}} 28,425.9
19(a)Total Public Debt as % of GDP
 [83][84]		----59.4%{{IncreaseNegative}} 62.1%{{DecreasePositive}} 60.1%{{IncreaseNegative}} 64.5%{{IncreaseNegative}} 65.1%{{DecreasePositive}} 64.8%{{DecreasePositive}} 64.7%{{IncreaseNegative}} 69.0%{{DecreasePositive}} 68.2%{{IncreaseNegative}} 74.4%{{DecreasePositive}} 73.9%
20Gross Public Debt (Billion Rupees)
 [83][84]		----7,731.1{{IncreaseNegative}} 9,010.4{{IncreaseNegative}} 10,770.8{{IncreaseNegative}} 12,696.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 14,291.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 15,991.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 17,380.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 19,676.6{{IncreaseNegative}} 21,408.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 24,952.9{{IncreaseNegative}} 27,455.9
20(a)Gross Public Debt as % of GDP
 [83][84]		----58.6%{{IncreaseNegative}} 60.6%{{DecreasePositive}} 58.9%{{IncreaseNegative}} 63.3%{{IncreaseNegative}} 63.9%{{DecreasePositive}} 63.5%{{DecreasePositive}} 63.3%{{IncreaseNegative}} 67.7%{{DecreasePositive}} 67.0%{{IncreaseNegative}} 72.5%{{DecreasePositive}} 71.4%
21 Total Debt Of Government / Net Public Debt ( Billion Rupees)
 [83][84]		----7,204.9{{IncreaseNegative}} 8,410.8{{IncreaseNegative}} 9,927.6{{IncreaseNegative}} 11,890.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 13,457.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 14,623.9{{IncreaseNegative}} 15,986.0{{IncreaseNegative}} 17,823.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 19,635.4{{IncreaseNegative}} 23,024.0{{IncreaseNegative}} 25,238.2
21(a) Total Debt Of Government / Net Public Debt as % of GDP
 [83][84]		----54.6%{{IncreaseNegative}} 56.6%{{DecreasePositive}} 54.3%{{IncreaseNegative}} 59.3%{{IncreaseNegative}} 60.1%{{DecreasePositive}} 58.1%{{IncreaseNegative}} 58.3%{{IncreaseNegative}} 61.3%{{IncreaseNegative}} 61.4%{{IncreaseNegative}} 66.9%{{DecreasePositive}} 65.6%
22 Public External Debt (Billion US $)
 [85][86]		{{IncreaseNegative}} 34.0{{IncreaseNegative}} 35.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 38.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 40.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 46.4{{IncreaseNegative}} 49.8{{IncreaseNegative}} 55.3{{DecreasePositive}} 53.5{{DecreasePositive}} 48.1{{IncreaseNegative}} 51.3{{DecreasePositive}} 50.9{{IncreaseNegative}} 57.7{{IncreaseNegative}} 62.5{{IncreaseNegative}} 70.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 71.5
22(a) Public External Debt as % of GDP
 [85][86]		{{DecreasePositive}} 29.6%{{DecreasePositive}} 26.9%{{DecreasePositive}} 25.4%{{IncreaseNegative}} 26.1%{{IncreaseNegative}} 28.6%{{IncreaseNegative}} 28.7%{{DecreasePositive}} 26.0%{{DecreasePositive}} 25.2%{{DecreasePositive}} 21.4%{{DecreasePositive}} 20.2%{{DecreasePositive}} 18.9%{{IncreaseNegative}} 20.8%{{DecreasePositive}} 20.5%{{IncreaseNegative}} 24.8%{{IncreaseNegative}} 25.8%
23 Total External Debt (Billion US $) [85][86]{{IncreaseNegative}} 35.4{{IncreaseNegative}} 37.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 40.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 46.1{{IncreaseNegative}} 52.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 61.6{{IncreaseNegative}} 66.3{{DecreasePositive}} 65.5{{DecreasePositive}} 60.9{{IncreaseNegative}} 65.3{{DecreasePositive}} 65.2{{IncreaseNegative}} 73.9{{IncreaseNegative}} 83.5{{IncreaseNegative}} 95.3{{IncreaseNegative}} 99.1

Pakistan External Debt Servicing (Principal + Interest)[87]

Index List FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018FY 2019Jul-Dec
24 Principal (Million US $)4115191617181593186728373140245832945046565934993076443933222323
25Interest (Million US $)91686790610911248115910151074101993390911721346162523161378
26Total (Million US $)5030278326242684311539964155353143125978656746714422606456383701

Foreign exchange reserves

Index List 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015 2015–2016 2016–20172017-2018
24 Foreign exchange reserves SBP + Scheduled Banks (Billion US Dollars)
 [88][89][90][91][92]		13.2{{Increase}} 13.3{{Increase}} 14.6{{Increase}} 18.9{{Decrease}} 13.4{{Increase}} 14.0{{Increase}} 18.0{{Increase}} 21.0{{Decrease}} 16.5{{Decrease}} 11.0{{Increase}} 14.1{{Increase}} 18.7{{Increase}} 23.1{{Decrease}} 21.4{{Decrease}} 16.4

Foreign direct investment

Index List FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018FY2019Jul-Feb
25 Foreign direct investment (Million US Dollars)
 [93][94]		949.4{{Increase}} 1524.0{{Increase}} 3521.0{{Increase}} 5139.6{{Increase}} 5410.2{{Decrease}} 3719.9{{Decrease}} 2150.8{{Decrease}} 1634.8{{Decrease}} 820.6{{Increase}} 1456.5{{Increase}} 1698.6{{Decrease}} 987.9{{Increase}} 2305.3{{Increase}} 2746.8{{Increase}} 3092.01619.7

PSE 100 index growth rate

Index List 2000s 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2015 2015–2016 2016–20172017-2018
26 PSE 100 index growth rate
 [6][95]		27.2%{{Increase}} 55.2%{{Decrease}} 41.1%{{Decrease}} 34.1%{{Increase}} 37.9%{{Decrease}} -10.8%{{Decrease}} -41.7%{{Increase}} 35.7%{{Decrease}} 28.5%{{Decrease}} 10.4%{{Increase}} 52.2%{{Decrease}} 41.2%{{Decrease}} 16.0%{{Decrease}} 9.9%{{Increase}} 27.5{{Decrease}}-7.1%

Foreign trade

Note : This is the merchandised trade data (export and import) as released by the SBP.This may differ from the data compiled by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.

Index List FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018FY 2019 Jul-Feb
27 USD to PKR exchange rates
 [96]		57.5745{{IncreaseNegative}} 59.3576{{IncreaseNegative}} 59.8566{{IncreaseNegative}} 60.6342{{IncreaseNegative}} 62.5465{{IncreaseNegative}} 78.4983{{IncreaseNegative}} 83.8017{{IncreaseNegative}} 85.5017{{IncreaseNegative}} 89.2359{{IncreaseNegative}} 96.7272{{IncreaseNegative}} 102.8591{{DecreasePositive}} 101.2947{{IncreaseNegative}} 104.2351{{IncreaseNegative}} 104.6971{{IncreaseNegative}} 109.8444{{IncreaseNegative}} 131.4663
28 Exports of Pakistan (billion US dollars)
 [97][98]		12.396{{Increase}} 14.401{{Increase}} 16.553{{Increase}} 17.278{{Increase}} 20.427{{Decrease}} 19.121{{Increase}} 19.673{{Increase}} 25.354{{Decrease}} 24.718{{Increase}} 24.802{{Increase}} 25.078{{Decrease}} 24.089{{Decrease}} 21.972{{Increase}} 22.003{{Increase}} 24.82415.975
29(a) Exports growth rate
 [97]		13.8%{{Increase}} 16.2%{{Decrease}} 13.8%{{Decrease}} 4.5%{{Increase}} 18.0%{{Decrease}} -6.4%{{Increase}} 2.9%{{Increase}} 28.9%{{Decrease}} -2.6%{{Increase}} 0.3%{{Increase}} 1.1%{{Decrease}} -3.9%{{Decrease}} -8.8%{{Increase}} 0.1%{{Increase}} 12.8%
30 Imports of Pakistan (billion US dollars)
 [97][98]		13.604{{Increase}} 18.753{{Increase}} 24.994{{Increase}} 26.989{{Increase}} 35.397{{Decrease}} 31.747{{Decrease}} 31.132{{Increase}} 35.796{{Increase}} 40.371{{Decrease}} 40.157{{Increase}} 41.668{{Decrease}} 41.357{{Decrease}} 41.255{{Increase}} 48.683{{Increase}} 56.00235.257
31(a) Imports growth rate
 [97]		20.0%{{Increase}} 37.8%{{Decrease}} 31.6%{{Decrease}} 8.0%{{Increase}} 31.2%{{Decrease}} -10.3%{{Increase}} -1.7%{{Increase}} 15.0%{{Increase}} 12.8%{{Decrease}} -0.5%{{Increase}} 3.8%{{Decrease}} -0.7%{{Increase}} -0.2%{{Increase}} 18.0%{{Increase}} 15.0%
32 Trade deficit (billion US dollars)
 [97][98]		1.208{{IncreaseNegative}} 4.352{{IncreaseNegative}} 8.441{{IncreaseNegative}} 9.711{{IncreaseNegative}} 14.970{{DecreasePositive}} 12.627{{DecreasePositive}} 11.452{{DecreasePositive}} 10.427{{IncreaseNegative}} 15.652{{DecreasePositive}} 15.355{{IncreaseNegative}} 16.590{{IncreaseNegative}} 17.267{{IncreaseNegative}} 19.283{{IncreaseNegative}} 26.680{{IncreaseNegative}} 31.17819.282
33 Trade deficit as % of GDP
 [6][99][4]		1.2%{{IncreaseNegative}} 4.0%{{IncreaseNegative}} 6.5%{{DecreasePositive}} 6.2%{{IncreaseNegative}} 8.8%{{DecreasePositive}} 7.5%{{DecreasePositive}} 6.5%{{DecreasePositive}} 4.9%{{IncreaseNegative}} 7.0%{{DecreasePositive}} 6.6%{{IncreaseNegative}} 6.8%{{DecreasePositive}} 6.3%{{IncreaseNegative}} 6.6%{{IncreaseNegative}} 8.7%{{IncreaseNegative}} 11.0%

Workers' remittances

Index List FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018FY 2019 Jul-Feb
34 Workers' remittances (billion US dollars )
 [100][101][82]		––4.6{{Increase}} 5.4{{Increase}} 6.4{{Increase}} 7.8{{Increase}} 8.9{{Increase}} 11.2{{Increase}} 13.1{{Increase}} 13.9{{Increase}} 15.8{{Increase}} 18.7{{Increase}} 19.9{{Decrease}} 19.3{{Increase}} 19.614.4
35 Workers' remittances growth rate
 [6]		-8.6%{{Decrease}} 7.7%{{Increase}} 10.4%{{Increase}} 19.4%{{Decrease}} 17.4%{{Increase}} 21.1%{{Decrease}} 14.0%{{Increase}} 25.8%{{Decrease}} 17.7%{{Decrease}} 5.6%{{Increase}} 13.7%{{Increase}} 18.2%{{Decrease}} 6.4%{{Decrease|-3.0%}} -3.0%{{Increase}} 1.4%

In 2016, the Atlantic Media Company (AMC) of the United States has ranked Pakistan as a relatively stronger economy in the South Asian markets and expected that it will grow rapidly during days ahead. AMC said that during the period January–July this year, Indian 100 point index was 6.67% while Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) had achieved 100 point index of 17 percent.[103]

Stock market

{{Main|Karachi Stock Exchange|Lahore Stock Exchange|Islamabad Stock Exchange|Sialkot Trading Floor}}

In the first four years of the twenty-first century, Pakistan's KSE 100 Index was the best-performing stock market index in the world as declared by the international magazine "Business Week".[104]{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Pakistan was valued at $5,937 million in 2005 by the World Bank.[105] But in 2008, after the General Elections, uncertain political environment, rising militancy along western borders of the country, and mounting inflation and current account deficits resulted in the steep decline of the Karachi Stock Exchange. As a result, the corporate sector of Pakistan has declined dramatically in recent times. However, the market bounced back strongly in 2009 and the trend continues in 2011. By 2014 the stock market burst into uncharted territories as the benchmark KSE 100 Index rose 907 points (3.1%) and shot past the 30,000-point barrier to close at a new record high, this came days after Moody's announced that it was upgrading the outlook of 5 major Pakistani banks from Negative to Stable, resulting in heavy buying in the banking sector. The rally was supported by heavy buying in the oil and gas and cement sectors.[106] On 11 January 2016, aimed to help reduce market fragmentation and create a strong case for attracting strategic partnerships necessary for providing technological expertise all the three stock exchanges including Karachi Stock Exchange, Lahore Stock Exchange and Islamabad Stock Exchange were inducted into a unified Pakistan Stock Exchange.[107]

In May 2017 American provider of stock market indexes and analysis tools, MSCI has confirmed that the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) has been reclassified from Frontier Markets to Emerging Markets in its semi-annual index review.[108] Euphoria over the stock exchange's reclassification as an emerging market propelled the PSE-100 Index past another milestone when the Index recorded an increase of 636.96 points, or 1.23%, to end at 52,387.87.[109] In the fiscal year 2018, the stock market showed a negative growth of 7.1% over the last fiscal year and stood at 47000 points at average.[71]

Middle class

{{See also|Labour force of Pakistan}}{{as of|2017}}, according to Wall Street Journal, citing estimates largely based on income and the purchase of consumption goods, had suggested that as many as 42% of Pakistan's population may now belong to the upper and middle classes. If these numbers are correct, or even indicative in any broad sense, then 87 million Pakistanis belong to the middle and upper classes, a population size which is larger than that of Germany.[110] Official figures also show that the proportion of households that own a motorcycle and washing machines has grown impressively over the past 15 years.[111] Furthermore, the IBA-SBP Consumer Confidence Index recorded its highest-ever level of 174.9 points in January 2017, showing an increase of 17 points from July 2016.

Separately, consumer financing posted an increase of Rs37.6 billion during first half of the current fiscal year of 2017. Auto finance continued to be the dominated segment, while personal loans showed a pickup as well. "The net credit off-take of Rs13.7 billion of personal loans witnessed in first half of the fiscal year 2017 is the highest half-year figure in about a decade," the report stated.[110]

Poverty alleviation expenditures

{{Main|Poverty in Pakistan}}

Pakistan government spent over 1 trillion Rupees (about $16.7 billion) on poverty alleviation programmes during the past four years, cutting poverty from 35% in 2000–01 to 29.3% in 2013 and 17% in 2015.[113] Rural poverty remains a pressing issue, as development there has been far slower than in the major urban areas.

Employment

The high population growth in the past few decades has ensured that a very large number of young people are now entering the labor market. Even though it is among the six most populous Asian nations. In the past, excessive red tape made firing from jobs, and consequently hiring, difficult.[114] Significant progress in taxation and business reforms has ensured that many firms now are not compelled to operate in the underground economy.[115]

"In 2016 government took a remarkable initiative by announcing the Prime Minister's Youth Program to combat unemployment in the country. This program has a broad canvas of schemes enabling youth and poor segment of society to get better employment opportunities, economic empowerment, acquiring skills needed for gainful employment, access to IT and imparting on-the-job training for young graduates to improve the probability of getting a productive job. Prime Minister’s Youth Program includes six schemes which are Prime Minister’s Youth Business Loan Scheme, Prime Minister’s Interest Free Loan Scheme, Prime Minister’s Youth Skill Development Program, Prime Minister’s Program for Provision of Laptops to Talented Students, Prime Minister’s Fee Reimbursement Scheme,Prime Minister’s Youth Training Scheme".[116]

Government sector is also contributing in employment and according to estimate 4.5 million people are employed by federal, provincial and local governments in different sectors from Armed forces to education and health.[117]

Tourism

{{Main|Tourism in Pakistan}}Tourism in Pakistan has been stated as being the tourism industry's "next big thing". Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes, has attracted 90 million tourists to the country, almost double to that of a decade ago. Due to threat of terrorism the number of foreigner tourists has gradually declined and the shock of 2013 Nanga Parbat tourist shooting has terribly adversely effected the tourism industry.[118] {{as of|2016}} tourism has begun to recover in Pakistan, albeit gradually.[119]

Revenue

Although the country is a Federation with constitutional division of taxation powers between the Federal Government and the four provinces, the revenue department of the Federal Government, the Federal board of Revenue, collects almost 95% of the entire national revenue.

The Federal Board of Revenue collected 3.370 trillion rupees in taxes against the target of 3.621 trillion rupees in the fiscal year 2016–2017. FBR achieved 8% growth in revenues over the previous fiscal year's collection of Rs3.114 trillion.[120]

Currency system

{{Main|Pakistani rupee}}

Rupee

The basic unit of currency is the Rupee, ISO code PKR and abbreviated Rs, which is divided into 100 paisas. Currently the newly printed 5,000 rupee note is the largest denomination in circulation. Recently the SBP has introduced all new design notes of Rs. 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000.

The Pakistani Rupee was pegged to the Pound sterling until 1982, when the government of General Zia-ul-Haq, changed it to managed float. As a result, the rupee devalued by 38.5% between 1982/83 many of the industries built by his predecessor suffered with a huge surge in import costs. After years of appreciation under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and despite huge increases in foreign aid the Rupee depreciated.

Foreign exchange rate

The Pakistani rupee depreciated against the US dollar until around the start of the 21st century, when Pakistan's large current-account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up versus the dollar. Pakistan's central bank then stabilised by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, in order to preserve the country's export competitiveness

Foreign exchange reserves

Pakistan maintains foreign reserves with State Bank of Pakistan. The currency of the reserves was solely US dollar incurring speculated losses after the dollar prices fell during 2005, forcing the then Governor SBP Ishrat Hussain to step down. In the same year the SBP issued an official statement proclaiming diversification of reserves in currencies including Euro and Yen, withholding ratio of diversification.

Following the international credit crisis and spikes in crude oil prices, Pakistan's economy could not withstand the pressure and on 11 October 2008, State Bank of Pakistan reported that the country's foreign exchange reserves had gone down by $571.9 million to $7749.7 million.[121] The foreign exchange reserves had declined more by $10 billion to a level of $6.59 billion.

in June 2013 Pakistan was on the brink of default on its financial commitments. Country's Forex reserves were at an historic low covering only two weeks' worth of imports.

Today in November 2017 Pakistan's Foreign exchange reserves are at a comfortable level (20 billion dollars), sufficient to cover about 3 months of imports.

Structure of economy

Agriculture accounted for about 53% of GDP in 1947. While per-capita agricultural output has grown since then, it has been outpaced by the growth of the non-agricultural sectors, and the share of agriculture has dropped to roughly one-fifth of Pakistan's economy. In recent years, the country has seen rapid growth in industries (such as apparel, textiles, and cement) and services (such as telecommunications, transportation, advertising, and finance).

Major sectors

{{See also|List of Pakistani companies}}

Agriculture

{{Main|Agriculture in Pakistan}}

The most important crops are wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and rice, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat. In 2017, Pakistan produced 26,674,000 tonnes of wheat, more than all of Africa and nearly as much as all of South America, according to the USDA.[122] Pakistan has also cut the use of dangerous pesticides dramatically.[123]

Pakistan is a net food exporter, except in occasional years when its harvest is adversely affected by droughts. Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits (especially Oranges and Mangoes), and vegetables and imports vegetable oil, wheat, pulses and consumer foods. The country is Asia's largest camel market, second-largest apricot and ghee market and third-largest cotton, onion and milk market. The economic importance of agriculture has declined since independence, when its share of GDP was around 53%. Following the poor harvest of 1993, the government introduced agriculture assistance policies, including increased support prices for many agricultural commodities and expanded availability of agricultural credit. From 1993 to 1997, real growth in the agricultural sector averaged 5.7% but has since declined to about 4%. Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and oil seed production, play a central role in the government's economic reform package.

Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, dependent on this sector. It contributes about 18.9% percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and accounts for 42.3% of employed labor force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.[70] During 2017-18, agriculture sector recorded a remarkable growth of 3.70 percent and surpassed its targeted growth of 3.5 percent and last year's growth of 2.18 percent. All the major crops showed a positive trend in their production except maize.[124] Sugarcane and rice production surpassed their historic level with 82.1 and 7.4 million tons respectively. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs. 7,764,218 million for the year 2018 thus registering the growth of 6.1% over the last year.[63]

Pakistan's Top commodities productions in 2017 and provisionally in 2018 are :[125]

Commodity Value2016-20172017-2018(P)
Wheat Tonnes26,674,000{{Decrease}} 25,492,000
Cotton Bales10,671,000{{Increase}} 11,935,000
Rice Tonnes6,849,000{{Increase}} 7,442,000
Sugarcane Tonnes75,482,000{{Increase}} 82,102,000
Maize Tonnes6,134,000{{Decrease}} 5,702,000

Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land and water. About 25% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Pakistan irrigates three times more acres than Russia. Pakistan agriculture also benefits from year round warmth. Agriculture accounts for about 18.9% of GDP and employs about 42.3% of the labour force. Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited is the largest financial institution geared towards the development of agriculture sector through provision of financial services and technical expertise.

Mining

{{Main|Mining in Pakistan}}

Pakistan is endowed with significant mineral resources and is emerging as a very promising area for prospecting/exploration for mineral deposits. Based on available information, the country's more than 6,00,000 km² of outcrops area demonstrates varied geological potential for metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits. In the wake of 18th amendment to the constitution all the provinces are free to exploit and explore the mineral resources which are in their jurisdiction.

Mining and quarrying contributes 13.19% in industrial sector and its share in GDP is 2.8%. Pakistan mining and quarrying sector grew by 3.04% in 2018 against the negative growth of -0.38% last year.

In the recent past, exploration by government agencies as well as by multinational mining companies presents ample evidence of the occurrences of sizeable minerals deposits. Recent discoveries of a thick oxidised zone underlain by sulphide zones in the shield area of the Punjab province, covered by thick alluvial cover have opened new vistas for metallic minerals exploration. Pakistan has a large base for industrial minerals. The discovery of coal deposits having over 175 billion tones of reserves at Thar in the Sindh province has given an impetus to develop it as an alternative source of energy. There is vast potential for precious and dimension stones.

Extraction of principal minerals in the last 4 fiscal years is given in the table below :-[126]

Minerals Unit of quantity 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-20172017-2018
Coal
 		 Metric Ton
 		3,406,851{{increase}}3,749,312{{increase}}3,953,992{{increase}}4,469,938
Natural Gas
 		 MMCFT
 		1,465,759{{increase}}1,481,550{{decrease}}1,471,854{{decrease}}1,458,933
Crude Oil
 		 JSB
 		34,490,000{{decrease}}31,652,000{{increase}}32,269,000{{increase}}32,558,000
Chromite
 		 Metric Ton
 		100,516{{decrease}}69,333{{increase}}105,238{{decrease}}97,420
Magnesite
 		 Metric Ton
 		4,611{{increase}}35,228{{decrease}}19,656{{increase}}23,596
Dolomite
 		 Metric Ton
 		223,117{{increase}}666,755{{decrease}}301,124{{increase}}488,825
Gypsum
 		 Metric Ton
 		1,417,007{{increase}}1,871,716{{increase}}2,079,629{{increase}}2,489,451
Lime stone
 		 Metric Ton
 		39,819,401{{increase}}48,296,551{{increase}}52,144,064{{increase}}70,792,933
Rock Salt
 		 Metric Ton
 		2,136,361{{increase}}3,552,984{{decrease}}3,534,075{{increase}}3,590,511
Sulphur
 		 Metric Ton
 		19,730{{decrease}}14,869{{increase}}23,740{{decrease}}22,040
Barytes
 		 Metric Ton
 		118,568{{increase}}157,858{{decrease}}91,711{{decrease}}88,847
Soap Stone
 		 Metric Ton
 		100,724{{increase}}125,985{{decrease}}152,279{{decrease}}141,504
Marble
 		 Metric Ton
 		2,520,170{{increase}}4,747113{{increase}}4,904,141{{increase}}8,812,892
Bauxite
 		 Metric Ton
 		24,689{{increase}}57,024{{increase}}75,375{{increase}}146,045
Quartz
 		 Metric Ton
 		38,117{{increase}}90,588{{increase}}98,909{{increase}}126,324

Industry

{{Main|Industry of Pakistan}}

Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20.9% of GDP. In 2018 it recorded a growth of 5.80% as compared to the growth of 5.43% last year. Manufacturing is the most vibrant sub sector of the industrial sector having 64.8% contribution in the industrial sector and in GDP it accounts for 13.6%. Manufacturing sub-sector is further divided in three components including large-scale manufacturing (LSM) with the share of 79.6% percent in manufacturing sector, small scale manufacturing share is 13.8 percent in manufacturing sector, while slaughtering contributes 6.5 percent in the manufacturing.[127] Major sectors in industries include cement, fertiliser, edible oil, sugar, steel, tobacco, chemicals, machinery, food processing and medical instruments, primarily surgical.[128][129][130] Pakistan is one of the largest manufacturers and exporters of surgical instruments.[131][132]

The government is privatizing large-scale industrial units, and the public sector accounts for a shrinking proportion of industrial output, while growth in overall industrial output (including the private sector) has accelerated. Government policies aim to diversify the country's industrial base and bolster export industries. Large Scale Manufacturing is the fastest-growing sector in Pakistani economy.[133] Major Industries include textiles, fertiliser, cement, oil refineries, dairy products, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, paper products and shrimp.

In Pakistan SMEs have a significant contribution in the total GDP of Pakistan, according to SMEDA and Economic survey reports, the share in the annual GDP is 40% likewise SMEs generating significant employment opportunities for skilled workers and entrepreneurs. Small and medium scale firms represent nearly 90% of all the enterprises in Pakistan and employ 80% of the non-agricultural labor force. These figures indicate the potential and further growth in this sector.[114]

Pakistan's largest corporation are mostly involved in utilities like oil, gas and telecommunication:

Rank[134]NameHeadquartersRevenue
(Mil. $)
{{0}}1.Pakistan State OilKarachi 13,094[135]
{{0}}2.Pak-Arab RefineryQasba Gujrat 3,000
{{0}}3.Sui Northern Gas Pipelines LimitedLahore 2,520
{{0}}4.Shell PakistanKarachi 2,380
{{0}}5.Oil and Gas Development CompanyIslamabad 2,230
{{0}}6.National RefineryKarachi 1,970
{{0}}7.Hub Power CompanyHub, Balochistan 1,970
{{0}}8.K-ElectricKarachi 1,951[136]
{{0}}9.Attock RefineryRawalpindi 1,740
{{0}}10.Attock PetroleumRawalpindi 1,740
{{0}}11.Pakistan Telecommunication CompanyIslamabad 1,326
{{0}}12.Engro CorporationKarachi 1,012[137]
{{0}}13.Fauji Fertilizer Company LimitedRawalpindi 754

Construction material

In 1947, Pakistan had inherited four cement plants with a total capacity of 0.5 million tons. Some expansion took place in 1956–66 but could not keep pace with the economic development and the country had to resort to imports of cement in 1976–77 and continued to do so until 1994–95. The cement sector consisting of 27 plants is contributing above Rs 30 billion to the national exchequer in the form of taxes. However, by 2013, Pakistan's cement is fast-growing mainly because of demand from Afghanistan and countries boosting real estate sector, In 2013 Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement.[138] Pakistan has installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons of cement and 42,636,428 metric tons of clinker. In the 2012–2013 cement industry in Pakistan became the most profitable sector of economy.[139]

Information communication technology industry

{{main|Information technology in Pakistan}}

The information communication technology (ICT) industry grossed over $4.8 billion in 2013. It is expected to exceed the $13 billion mark by 2018.[140] A marked increase in software export figures are an indication of this booming industry's potential. The total number of IT companies increased to 1306 and the total estimated size of IT industry is $2.8 billion. In 2007, Pakistan was for the first time featured in the Global Services Location Index by A.T. Kearney and was rated as the 30th best location for offshoring.[141] By 2009, Pakistan had improved its rank by ten places to reach 20th.[142] According to Pakistan Startup report, there are about 1 million freelancers working from Pakistan mainly via Elance, Upwork, Fiverr, Guru, and freelancer – world's famous online marketplaces that count Pakistan among top 5 freelancing nations. An annual report that updated by State bank of Pakistan shows Pakistan cross 1 Billion($) IT Export which is a good achievement of Pakistan IT Industry. Also, an official said that Pakistan Freelance community generate 1 billion($) revenue this year. Overall Pakistan makes 2 Billion($) IT export worldwide.[143]

Defence industry

{{main|Defence industry of Pakistan}}

The defence industry of Pakistan, under the Ministry of Defence Production, was created in September 1951 to promote and coordinate the patchwork of military production facilities that have developed since independence.It is currently actively participating in many joint production projects such as Al Khalid 2, advance trainer aircraft, combat aircraft, navy ships and submarines. Pakistan is manufacturing and selling weapons to over 40 countries, bringing in $20 million annually.The country's arms imports increased by 119 percent between the 2004–2008 and 2009–13, with China providing 54pc and the USA 27pc of Pakistan's imports.

Textiles

{{main|Textile industry in Pakistan}}

Most of the Textile Industry is established in Punjab. Before 1990, the situation was different; most of the industry was in Karachi. Textile industry in Pakistan is traditional and conservative, producing and exporting most of low cost raw articles e.g. Raw Cotton, Yarn, fabric etc. Share of finished goods and branded articles is nominal. Pakistan has a potential to quadruple its textile production and export, due to emerging Chinese markets and with its existing infrastructure. 10% of United States imports regarding clothing and other form of textiles is covered by Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Other

{{as of|2010}}, Pakistan is one of the largest users of CNG (compressed natural gas) in the world. Presently, more than 3,000 CNG stations are operating in the country in 99 cities and towns, and 1000 more would be set up in the next two years. It has provided employment to over 50,000 people in Pakistan, but the CNG industry is struggling to survive the 2013 energy crisis.[144][145]

Services

Pakistan's service sector accounts for about 60.2% of GDP.[146] Transport, storage, communications, finance, and insurance account for 24% of this sector, and wholesale and retail trade about 30%. Pakistan is trying to promote the information industry and other modern service industries through incentives such as long-term tax holidays.

Telecommunication

{{Main|Telecommunications in Pakistan}}

After the deregulation of the telecommunication industry, the sector has seen an exponential growth. Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd has emerged as a successful Forbes 2000 conglomerate with over US $1 billion in sales in 2005. The mobile telephone market has exploded many-fold since 2003 to reach a subscriber base of 140 million users in July 2017, one of the highest mobile teledensities in the entire world.[147] In addition, there are over 6 million landlines in the country with 100% fibre-optic network and coverage via WLL in even the remotest areas.[148] As a result, Pakistan won the prestigious Government Leadership award of GSM Association in 2006.[149]

The World Bank estimates that it takes about 3 days to get a phone connection in Pakistan.[150]

In Pakistan, the following are the top mobile phone operators:
  1. Jazz Pakistan (Parent: VEON, Netherland)
  2. Ufone (Parent: PTCL (Etisalat), Pakistan/UAE)
  3. Telenor (Parent: Telenor, Norway)
  4. Zong (Parent: China Mobile, China)

By March 2009, Pakistan had 91 million mobile subscribers – 25 million more subscribers than reported in the same period in 2008. In addition to the 3.1 million fixed lines, while as many as 2.4 million are using Wireless Local Loop connections. Sony Ericsson, Nokia and Motorola along with Samsung and LG remain the most popular brands among customers.[151]

Since liberalisation, over the past four years,{{when|date=July 2016}} the Pakistani telecom sector has attracted more than $9 billion in foreign investments.[152] During 2007–08, the Pakistani communication sector alone received $1.62 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – about 30% of the country's total foreign direct investment.

Present growth of state-of-the-art infrastructures in the telecoms sector during the last four years has been the result of the PTA's vision and implementation of the deregulation policy. Paging and mobile (cellular) telephones were adopted early and freely. Cellular phones and the Internet were adopted through a rather laissez-faire policy with a proliferation of private service providers that led to the fast adoption. With a rapid increase in the number of Internet users and ISPs, and a large English-speaking population, Pakistani society has seen an unparalleled revolution in communications.

According to the PC World,[153] a total of 6.37 billion text messages were sent through Acision messaging systems across Asia Pacific over the 2008/2009 Christmas and New Year period. Pakistan was amongst the top five ranker with one of the highest SMS traffic with 763 million messages.

On 14 August 2010, Pakistan became the first country in the world to experience EVDO's RevB 3G technology that offers maximum speeds of 9.3 Mbit/s.

3G and 4G was simultaneously launched in Pakistan on 23 April 2014 through a SMRA Auction. Three out of Five Companies got a 3G licence i.e. Ufone, Mobilink and Telenor while China Mobile's Zong got 3G as well as a 4G licence. Whereas fifth company, Warid Pakistan did not participate in the auction procedure, But they launched 4G LTE services on their existing 2G 1800 MHz spectrum due to Technology neutral terms and became world's first Telecom Company to transform directly from 2G to 4G. With that Pakistan joined the 3G and 4G world.

In December 2017, 3G and 4G subscribers in Pakistan reached to 46 millions.[147]

Pakistan is ranked 4th in terms of broadband Internet growth in the world, as the subscriber base of broadband Internet has been increasing rapidly. The rankings are released by Point Topic Global broadband analysis, a global research centre.[154]

  • Pakistan has more than 20 million Internet users in 2009.[155] The country is said to have a potential to absorb up to 50 million mobile phone Internet users in the next 5 years thus a potential of nearly 1 million connections per month.
  • Almost all of the main government departments, organisations and institutions have their own websites.
  • The use of search engines and instant messaging services is also booming. Pakistanis are some of the most ardent chatters on the Internet, communicating with users all over the world. Recent years have seen a huge increase in the use of online marriage services, for example, leading to a major re-alignment of the tradition of arranged marriages.
  • Biometric reverification of SIMs in 2015 had an adverse impact on the cellular subscriber base when subscribers count dropped from 139.9 million to 114.6 million. However, the industry has survived through the tough period and continues to regain subscribers at a fast pace.

According to the report released by PTA for the FY 2017-18 :-[156]

  • Total teledensity of Pakistan reached at 74.4%.
  • Telecom revenues were reached to Rs. 488.8 billion.
  • Total contribution of telecom sector to the national exchequre was RS. 147.2 billion.
  • Investment came to the telecom sector was US$ 670.3 million.
{{as of|2018|June|df=|lc=|since=}} there were four cell phone companies including PMCL(Jazz), Telenor, Ufone and Zong operating in the country with nearly 150.2 million mobile phone subscribers.[157]Pakistan Telecommunication Authority released the figures in June 2018 that Broadband subscribers in the country reached to approximately 56.1 millions thus gaining the growth of over 18 fold since 2006.[157]

Transportation

{{Main|Transportation in Pakistan}}{{See also|Pakistan Railways|List of airlines of Pakistan}}

Pakistan International Airlines, the flagship airline of Pakistan's civil aviation industry, has turnover exceeding $25 billion in 2015.[158] The government announced a new shipping policy in 2006 permitting banks and financial institutions to mortgage ships.[159] Private sector airlines in Pakistan include Airblue, which serves the main cities within Pakistan in addition to destinations in the Persian Gulf and Manchester in the United Kingdom. The other private carrier is Shaheen Air International whose network covers the main cities of Pakistan and the Persian Gulf.

A massive rehabilitation plan worth $1 billion over five years for Pakistan Railways has been announced by the government in 2005.[160]

A new rail link trial has been established from Islamabad to Istanbul, via the Iranian cities of Zahedan, Kerman and Tehran. It is expected to promote trade, tourism, especially for exports destined for Europe (as Turkey is part of Europe and Asia).[161][162]

Finance

{{main|Banking in Pakistan|Insurance in Pakistan}}{{See also|List of banks in Pakistan}}

Pakistan has a large and diverse banking system. In 1974, a nationalization program led to the creation of six government-owned banks.[163] A privatization program in the 1990s lead to the entry of foreign-owned and local banks into the industry.[163] As of 2010, there were five public-owned commercial banks in Pakistan, as well as 25 domestic private banks, six multi-national banks and four specialized banks.[163]

Since 2000 Pakistani banks have begun aggressive marketing of consumer finance to the emerging middle class, allowing for a consumption boom (more than a 7-month waiting list for certain car models) as well as a construction bonanza. Pakistan's banking sector remained remarkably strong and resilient during the world financial crisis in 2008–09, a feature which has served to attract a substantial amount of FDI in the sector. Stress tests conducted on June 2008 data indicate that the large banks are relatively robust, with the medium and small-sized banks positioning themselves in niche markets.

The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.807,807 million in 2012 thus registering over 510% growth since 2000.[164]

An article published in Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich in London with his Pakistani colleague Abdul Jalil presents strong econometric evidence that financial development fosters economic growth in Pakistan.[165]

Housing

{{main|Housing in Pakistan}}

The property sector has expanded twenty-threefold since 2001, particularly in metropolises like Lahore.[166] Nevertheless, the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry estimated in late 2006 that the overall production of housing units in Pakistan has to be increased to 0.5 million units annually to address 6.1 million backlog of housing in Pakistan for meeting the housing shortfall in next 20 years. The report noted that the present housing stock is also rapidly aging and an estimate suggests that more than 50% of stock is over 50 years old. It is also estimated that 50% of the urban population now lives in slums and squatter settlements. The report said that meeting the backlog in housing, besides replacement of out-lived housing units, is beyond the financial resources of the government. This necessitates putting in place a framework to facilitate financing in the formal private sector and mobilise non-government resources for a market-based housing finance system.[167]

The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.459,829 million in 2012 thus registering over 149% growth since 2006.[164]

Minor sectors

The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.389,545 million in 2005 thus registering over 65% growth since 2000.[168] The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.631,229 million in 2005 thus registering over 78% growth since 2000.[168] The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.1,358,309 million in 2005 thus registering over 96% growth since 2000. The wholesale and retail trade is the largest sub-sector of the services. Its share in the overall services sector is estimated at 31.5 percent. The wholesale and retail trade sector is based on the margins taken by traders on the transaction of commodities traded. In 2012–13, this sector grew at 2.5 percent as compared to 1.7 percent in the previous year.

Energy

{{Main|Electricity sector in Pakistan}}

For years, the matter of balancing Pakistan's supply against the demand for electricity has remained a largely unresolved matter. Pakistan faces a significant challenge in revamping its network responsible for the supply of electricity.

While the government claims credit for overseeing a turnaround in the economy through a comprehensive recovery, it has just failed to oversee a similar improvement in the quality of the network for electricity supply.

Most cities in Pakistan receive substantial sunlight throughout the year, which would suggest good conditions for investment in solar energy. If the rich people in Pakistan are shifted to solar energy that they should be forced to purchase solar panels, the shortfall can be controlled. this will make the economy boost again as before 2007. According to an econometric analysis published in Quality & Quantity by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich and his colleague Muhammad Shahbaz, economic growth in Pakistan leads to electricity consumption but not vice versa.[169]

.[170]

Chemicals and pharmaceuticals

{{main|Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan}}

Foreign trade, remittances, aid, and investment

Investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan soared by 180.6 percent year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 percent to $407.4 million during the first nine months of fiscal year 2006, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) reported on 24 April. During July–March 2005–06, FDI year-on-year increased to $2.224 billion from only $792.6 million and portfolio investment to $407.4 million, whereas it was $108.1 million in the corresponding period last year, according to the latest statistics released by the State Bank.[174]

Pakistan has achieved FDI of almost $8.4 billion in the financial year 06/07, surpassing the government target of $4 billion.[175] Foreign investment had significantly declined by 2010, dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistan's political instability and weak law and order, according to the Bank of Pakistan.[176]

Business regulations have been overhauled along liberal lines, especially since 1999. Most barriers to the flow of capital and international direct investment have been removed. Foreign investors do not face any restrictions on the inflow of capital, and investment of up to 100% of equity participation is allowed in most sectors. Unlimited remittance of profits, dividends, service fees or capital is now the rule. However, doing business has been becoming increasingly difficult over the past decade due to political instability, rising domestic insurgency and insecurity and vehement corruption. This can be confirmed by the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index report degrading its ratings for Pakistan each year since September 2009 when it ranked Pakistan (at 85th) well ahead of neighbours like China (at 89th) and India (at 133rd).[177]

Pakistan is attracting private equity and was the ranked as number 20 in the world based on the amount of private equity entering the nation. Pakistan has been able to attract a portion of the global private equity investments because of economic reforms initiated in 2003 that have provided foreign investors with greater assurances for the stability of the nation and their ability to repatriate invested funds in the future.[178]

Tariffs have been reduced to an average rate of 16%, with a maximum of 25% (except for the car industry). The privatization process, which started in the early 1990s, has gained momentum, with most of the banking system privately owned, and the oil sector targeted to be the next big privatization operation.

The recent improvements in the economy and the business environment have been recognised by international rating agencies such as Moody's and Standard and Poor's (country risk upgrade at the end of 2003).

47.1% increase in Net FDI in 2014–2015 (July–October) as compared to 2013–14 (July–October).[179]

Foreign acquisitions and mergers

With the rapid growth in Pakistan's economy, foreign investors are taking a keen interest in the corporate sector of Pakistan. In recent years, majority stakes in many corporations have been acquired by multinational groups.

  • PICIC by Singapore-based Temasek Holdings for $339 million
  • Union Bank by Standard Chartered Bank for $487 million
  • Prime Commercial Bank by ABN Amro for $228 million
  • PakTel by China Mobile for $460 million
  • PTCL by Etisalat for $1.8 billion
  • Additional 57.6% shares of Lakson Tobacco Company acquired by Philip Morris International for $382 million
  • In 2016, Arçelik acquired Dawlance for $243 million.[180]
  • In 2016, FrieslandCampina acquired 51% stake in Engro Foods for $446.81 million.[181]
  • In 2016, The Abraaj Group sold its 66.4% stake in K-Electric to Shanghai Electric for $1.77 billion.[182]

The foreign exchange receipts from these sales are also helping cover the current account deficit.[183]

Foreign trade

{{Main|Foreign trade of Pakistan}}

Pakistan's external sector continued facing stress during 2016–17. But still Pakistan's merchandise trade exports grew by 0.1 percent during the fiscal year 2016–17. The imports continued to grow at a much faster rate and grew by a large percentage of 18.0 during the FY 2017 as compared to the previous year.[184]

World imports had been stagnant between 2011 and 2014 but registered significant drop since early 2015 because of weak commodity and product prices and weak global economic activity. Economic growth was lacklustre in the OECD

countries which contributed to the slowdown in China. Furthermore, the ratio between real growth in world imports and world real GDP growth substantially declined. This decline in the import content of economic activity triggered a shift in consumption worldwide from traded towards non-traded goods, import substitution, a slowdown in the pace of trade liberalization, and gave currency to protectionist measures. A bulk of Pakistan's exports are directed to the OECD region and China. Historical data suggest strong correlation between Pakistani exports to imports in OECD and China. As per FY 2016 data, more than half of country's exports are shipped to these two destinations i.e. OECD and China. A decline in Pakistan overall exports,thus occurred in this backdrop.[185]

Pakistan's imports are showing rising trend at a relatively faster rate (18.0 percent) due to the increased economic activity as part of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), particularly in the Energy sector. The construction projects under CPEC require heavy machinery that has to be imported. It is also observed that the economy is currently being led both by investments as well as consumption, resulting in relatively higher levels of imports.

The sharp increase in imports may not be a cause for major worry, the imports during the current fiscal year included around $12 billion of capital goods (machinery, metals etc.), which would eventually increase the country's industrial capacity and help exports flourish. The increase in import of machinery will have multiplier effect on the economy as the manufacturing has the highest backward linkage among the major sectors. As the demand for manufacturing grows, it in turn will help in the creation of jobs, investments, and innovations.

Pakistan major exports commodities for the last four fiscal years are listed in the table below:-[186]

CommoditiesFY 2015 (million US $)FY 2016 (million US $)FY 2017 (million US $)FY 2018 (million US $)
Cotton Cloth2486.783{{decrease}} 2,331.587{{decrease}} 2,123.042{{increase}} 2,168.461
Knitwear2264.114{{increase}} 2,309.248{{increase}} 2,334.599{{increase}} 2,612.672
Ready-made Garments2044.018{{increase}} 2,156.033{{increase}} 2,279.450{{increase}} 2,472.052
Bed wear2207.477{{decrease}} 2,126.360{{increase}} 2,156.753{{increase}} 2,343.665
Rice2037.841{{decrease}} 1,852.708 {{decrease}} 1,574.950{{increase}} 1,938.548
Cotton Yarn1818.196{{decrease}} 1,266.127{{decrease}} 1,140.214{{increase}} 1,240.206
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products1249.959{{decrease}} 1,052.316{{increase}} 1,113.300{{increase}} 1,381.636

Pakistan major imports commodities for the last four fiscal years are listed in the table below:-[187]

CommoditiesFY 2015 (million US $)FY 2016 (million US $)FY 2017 (million US $)FY 2018 (million US $)
Petroleum products7,773.620{{DecreasePositive}} 5,098.139 {{IncreaseNegative}} 6,379.880{{IncreaseNegative}} 6,768.246
Petroleum crude4,393.223{{DecreasePositive}} 2,569.696 {{IncreaseNegative}} 2,764.648{{IncreaseNegative}} 4,310.250
Iron and Steel1,813.412{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,094.016 {{DecreasePositive}} 1980.112{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,546.316
Plastic material1,771.758{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,791.303 {{IncreaseNegative}} 1,875.104{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,310.158
Electrical Machinery & Apparatus935.290{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,650.692 {{DecreasePositive}} 1,317.167{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,800.541
Palm oil1,681.170{{DecreasePositive}} 1,600.041 {{IncreaseNegative}} 1,775.118{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,907.138
Power Generating Machinery897.940{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,356.328 {{DecreasePositive}} 1,336.598{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,495.723
Road vehicles1,024.972{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,263.807 {{IncreaseNegative}} 1,774.141{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,182.263
Telecom1,225.078{{DecreasePositive}} 1,201.062 {{DecreasePositive}} 1,023.021{{IncreaseNegative}} 1,396.576
Liquefied natural gas135.232{{IncreaseNegative}} 578.924 {{IncreaseNegative}} 1,270.680{{IncreaseNegative}} 2,035.506

External imbalances

During FY 2017, the increase in imports of capital equipment and fuel significantly put pressure on the external account. A reversal in global oil prices led to

increase in POL imports, accompanied by falling exports, as a result the merchandised trade deficit grew by 39.4 percent to US$26.885 billion in FY 2017. While remittances and Coalition Support Fund inflows both declined slightly over the same period last year, however, the impact was offset by an improvement in the income account, mainly due to lower profit repatriations by oil and gas firms.[185]

Current account – The Current account deficit increased to US$12.4 billion in FY 2017, against US$3.2 billion in FY 2016.[188]

However, the impact of high current deficit on foreign exchange reserves was not severe, as financial inflows were available to the country to partially offset the gap; these inflows helped ensure stability in the exchange rate. Net FDI grew by 12.4 percent and reached US$1.6 billion in the nine-months period, whereas net FPI saw an inflow of US$631 million, against an outflow of US$393 million last year. Encouragingly for the country, the period saw the completion of multiple merger and acquisition deals between local and foreign companies. Moreover, multiple foreign automakers announced their intention to enter the Pakistani market, and some also entered into joint ventures with local conglomerates.This indicates that Pakistan is clearly on foreign investors' radar, and provides a positive outlook for FDI inflows going forward. government's successful issuance of a US$1.0 billion Sukuk in the international capital market, at an extremely low rate of 5.5 percent.

Besides, Pakistan continued to enjoy support from international financial institutions (IFIs) like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, and from bilateral partners like China, in the post-EFF period: net official loan inflows of US$1.1 billion were recorded during the period. As a result, the country's FX reserve amounted to US$20.8 billion by 4 May 2017 sufficient to finance around four month of import payments.[185]

Economic aid

{{Main|Foreign aid to Pakistan}}

Pakistan receives economic aid from several sources as loans and grants. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), etc. provide long-term loans to Pakistan. Pakistan also receives bilateral aid from developed and oil-rich countries.

The Asian Development Bank will provide close to $6 billion development assistance to Pakistan during 2006–9.[189] The World Bank unveiled a lending programme of up to $6.5 billion for Pakistan under a new four-year, 2006–2009, aid strategy showing a significant increase in funding aimed largely at beefing up the country's infrastructure.[190] Japan will provide $500 million annual economic aid to Pakistan.[191] In November 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has approved a loan of 7.6 billion to Pakistan, to help stabilise and rebuild the country's economy. Between the 2008 and 2010 fiscal years, the IMF extended loans to Pakistan totalling 5.2 billion dollars.[192] The government decided in 2011 to cut off ties with the IMF. However the government newly elected in 2013 re-established these ties, and a negotiated a three-year $6.6 billion package which would allow it to deal with on-going debt issues.[193]

The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor is being developed with a contribution of mainly concessionary loans from China under the Belt and Road Initiative. Much like BRI, value of CPEC investments transcends any fiat currency and is only estimated vaguely as it spans over decades of past and future industrial development and global economic influence.

Remittances

The remittances of Pakistanis living abroad has played important role in Pakistan's economy and foreign exchange reserves. The Pakistanis settled in Western Europe and North America are important sources of remittances to Pakistan. Since 1973 the Pakistani workers in the oil rich Arab states have been sources of billions of dollars of remittances.

The 9 million-strong Pakistani diaspora, contributed US$19.3 billion to the economy in FY2017.[194] The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan include UAE, US, Saudi Arabia, GCC countries (including Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman), Australia, Canada, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, UK and EU countries.

Remittances sent home by overseas Pakistani workers have seen a negative growth of 3.0% in the fiscal year 2017 compare to previous year when remittances reached at all-time high of 19.9 billion US dollars. This decline in remittances is mainly due to the adverse economic conditions of Arabian and gulf countries after the fall in oil prices in 2016. However, the recent development activities in the Qatar FIFA World Cup, Dubai Expo, Saudi Arabia's implementation of its Vision 2030 and particularly the recent visit of the P.M to Kuwait should all be helpful in opening new avenues for employment in these countries . Going forward one can expect improvements in the coming years.

Remittances sent home by overseas Pakistanis in the fiscal year 2016/17 are as under:[184]

Country [Million USD]
USA}} 2,443.54
UK}} 2,338.34
Saudi Arabia}} 5,469.77
UAE}} 4,309.88
Gulf Cooperation Council}} 2,324.06
European Union}} 482.59
Norway}} 41.31
Switzerland}} 26.34
Australia}} 204.31
Canada}} 187.22
Japan}} 14.31
Other countries 1,461.91

Government finances

Fiscal budget summary (FY2017/18)[195]
  • Fiscal year: 1 July – 30 June
  • Budget outlay: Rs 5,013.8 billion rupees
  • Revenues collection estimated: 4,713.7 billion rupees
  • Expenditures estimated: 5,103.8 billion rupees
  • Bank borrowing estimated: 390.1 billion rupees

Revenues and taxation

{{Main|Taxation in Pakistan}}

Pakistan has a low tax/GDP ratio, which it is trying to improve. The current tax-to-GDP ratio is 12.6% (2016),[196] which is a little less than its neighbour India 16.6% (2016) [197] while a slight more than Sri Lanka 12.3% (2015).[198] The pace of revenue mobilization has witnessed an upward trajectory since FY 2013. Overall revenues increased to 15.3 percent of GDP in FY 2016, compared to 13.3 percent of GDP recorded in FY 2013. Among those, tax revenues increased from 9.8 percent of GDP in FY 2013 to 12.6 percent of GDP in FY 2016.

Expenditures

Government expenditures were 4,383.6 billion rupees (FY 2016–2017 July to March). Total expenditures witnessed a downward trajectory without compromising the expenditures on development projects and social assistance. Particularly, expenditures under Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) have been raised adequately in order to meet the investment requirements. During FY 2017 the size of federal PSDP has increased to Rs 800 billion from Rs 348.3 billion during FY 2013, showing a cumulative increase of over 129 percent. During first nine months of current fiscal year, the fiscal deficit stood at 3.9 percent of GDP against 3.5 percent of GDP recorded in the same period of FY 2016 on account of higher development expenditures along with various tax incentives to promote investment and economic activity in the country and security related expenditures. On the basis of previous estimates of GDP at Rs 33,509 billion, the fiscal deficit was recorded at 3.7 percent during first nine months of current fiscal year against 3.4 percent registered in the comparable period of FY 2016. Total revenues grew at 6.2 percent to Rs 3,145.5 billion during July–March, FY 2017 against Rs 2,961.9 in the comparable period of FY 2016.[196]

Sovereign bonds

Pakistan is expected to sell a dual-tranche sovereign bond worth $750 million on 23 March 2006 that analysts said should ensure a favourable reception in the bond market. The 10-year tranche would be $500 million and the 30-year portion $250 million. Pricing is expected during New York trading hours on 23 March 2006. The sources said that the 10-year tranche was expected to be priced at around 100125%, while the longer-dated tranche was expected to be sold at around 70.875%, the top end of the indicative yield range of 3.75 to 10.875%.

The bonds, consisting of 10-year and 30-year tranches, had generated $1.5 billion in orders and a total size of as much as $1.25 billion had been anticipated for what is Pakistan's third foray into the international debt market since 2004.[199]

The Government of Pakistan has been raising money from the international debt market from time to time.

The details of amount raised in various issues are as follows:

1999 – $6230 million

2004 – $5000 million @ 6.75%[200]

2005 – $6000 million worth Islamic bonds[199][201]

2007 – $7500 million @ 6.875% worth Euro Bonds which were highly over subscribed[202]

Income distribution

  • Gini Index: 41
  • Household income or consumption by percentage share:
    • lowest 10%: 4.1%
    • highest 10%: 27.7% (1996)
    • middle 10%: 10.4%

See also

{{Portal|Pakistan|Economy of Pakistan|Economics}}By province and administrative unit:
  • Economy of Azad Kashmir
  • Economy of Balochistan, Pakistan
  • Economy of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
  • Economy of Islamabad
  • Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
  • Economy of Punjab, Pakistan
  • Economy of Sindh
  • Economy of Karachi
  • Economy of Lahore
  • Economy of Faisalabad
  • Economy of Rawalpindi
Other
  • 2011 Pakistan federal budget
  • Agriculture in Pakistan
  • Economic effects of 2010 Pakistan floods
  • Economic history of Pakistan
  • Economy of the OIC
  • Industry of Pakistan
  • List of Pakistani Districts by Human Development Index
  • List of Pakistani provinces by gross domestic product
  • List of Pakistanis by net worth
  • List of tariffs in Pakistan
  • Ministry of Commerce (Pakistan)
  • Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)
  • Pakistan Board of Investment
  • Prize Bonds
  • Science and technology in Pakistan
  • Trade Development Authority of Pakistan
  • Trading Corporation of Pakistan

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/pakdebt.pdf|publisher=SBP}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=64&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C556%2C513%2C514%2C518%2C558%2C564%2C524%2C534&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=#cs31|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018|website=www.imf.org}}
3. ^Dawn Newspaper
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Bibliography

  • {{cite book |author=Khan Ashan |year=2014 |title=Economics of Pakistan, 9th edition |location=Pakistan}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|last=Gabol |first=Nasir |title=Privatisation in Pakistan,|year=1990|publisher=Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development|location=Paris, France|isbn=92-64-15310-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95EpvLocMYEC&printsec=frontcover&resnum=3}}
  • Ahmad, Viqar and Rashid Amjad. 1986. The Management of Pakistan's Economy, 1947–82. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
  • Ali, Imran. 1997. ‘Telecommunications Development in Pakistan’, in E.M. Noam (ed.), Telecommunications in Western Asia and the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ali, Imran. 2001a. ‘The Historical Lineages of Poverty and Exclusion in Pakistan’. Paper presented at Conference on Realm, Society and Nation in South Asia. National University of Singapore.
  • Ali, Imran. 2001b. ‘Business and Power in Pakistan’, in A.M. Weiss and S.Z. Gilani (eds), Power and Civil Society in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
  • Ali, Imran. 2002. ‘Past and Present: The Making of the State in Pakistan’, in Imran Ali, S. Mumtaz and J.L. Racine (eds), Pakistan: The Contours of State and Society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
  • Ali, Imran, A. Hussain. 2002. Pakistan National Human Development Report. Islamabad: UNDP.
  • Ali, Imran, S. Mumtaz and J.L. Racine (eds). 2002. Pakistan: The Contours of State and Society. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
  • Amjad, Rashid. 1982. Private Industrial Investment in Pakistan, 1960–70. London: Cambridge University Press.
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External links

{{Commons category}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903152908/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/ Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan]
  • Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan
  • Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan
  • World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Pakistan
  • {{CIA World Factbook link|pk|Pakistan}}
  • Tariffs applied by Pakistan as provided by ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements
{{Pakistan topics}}{{Economy of Pakistan}}{{SAFTA}}{{World Trade Organization}}{{Asia topic|Economy of}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Pakistan}}

2 : Economy of Pakistan|World Trade Organization member economies
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