1. Belgium and the Netherlands

2. United States

3. References

Purple is a common term in politics for governments or other political entities consisting of parties that have red and blue as their political colours. It is of particular note in two areas: in the politics of the Netherlands and Belgium and in the politics of the United States.

Belgium and the Netherlands

"Purple" ({{lang-nl|Paars}}) is the nickname of a government coalition of social democrats and liberals, excluding Christian democrats. It is derived from the combination of the colour of the social democrats (red) and liberals (blue).

Both the Netherlands and Belgium have had such governments. In the Netherlands the two cabinets of Prime Minister Wim Kok (Kok I and Kok II, 1994–2002) were composed of social democrats (the Labour Party, PvdA), conservative liberals (People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, VVD) and progressive liberals (Democrats 66).

In the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation the possibilities for a Purple-plus cabinet (the original "purple" coalition of PvdA, VVD, D66 plus GreenLeft) was investigated.^[1][2][3] Since 5 November 2012, following the 2012 Dutch general election, the VVD has been the senior partner in the second Rutte cabinet, a grand coalition Purple government with the PvdA.

In October 2013 the Second Rutte cabinet (VVD and PvdA), which has no majority in the Senate, reached a budgetary agreement with D66 and the smaller Christian parties Christian Union (CU) and the Reformed Political Party (SGP). This occasional coalition is nicknamed "purple plus the Bible" (Paars met de Bijbel) as it includes the purple parties VVD, PvdA and D66 plus the Bible-minded parties CU and SGP. The term "purple plus the Bible" had already been used in February that year, when the same parties reached an agreement on modernising the housing market. Secretary of Financial Affairs, Jeroen Dijsselbloem (PvdA) now calls D66, CU and SGP his "most beloved opposition parties".^[4] The three parties are very influential on the policy of the Second Rutte cabinet, because without the support of the three parties, new parliamentary elections are inevitable.

In the municipal elections of 19 March 2014 D66, CU and SGP did well. D66 for instance, became the biggest party in Amsterdam and The Hague, beating the PvdA. The CU became the biggest party in Zwolle, hometown of CU-leader Arie Slob. All three parties were rewarded for their so-called "constructive co-operation" with the cabinet. However, the coalition parties VVD and PvdA lost a lot of seats (PvdA lost its majority in Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, Groningen etc. and the VVD did equally bad).

In Belgian politics, the term is used as a term for the two federal governments of Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt, from 1999 to 2008. These cabinets consisted of the Flemish and Francophone social-democratic parties (SP.A and PS) and the Flemish and Francophone liberal parties (Flemish Liberals and Democrats and the Liberal Reformist Party, which later became Open VLD and the Reformist Movement). The first government also included the Flemish and Francophone green parties Agalev and Ecolo.

United States

In the United States, a purple state is one where popular support for the Republican Party (red) and Democratic Party (blue) is approximately equal; such states, in elections for the President of the United States, are termed "swing states" and are highly targeted on account of the Electoral College system of electing the President of the United States.{{cn|date=July 2018}} Purple states can also appear with the control of different branches. For example, a Democrat governor with Republican controlled state legislature, or a Republican governor with Democrat controlled state legislature.{{cn|date=July 2018}}

References

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• Draft:Donagh PB Gordon
• Draft:Donald A. Byers
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• Draft:Donald Ash
• Draft:Donald B. Anderson
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• Draft:Donald Britton (musician)
• Draft:Donald Britton OAM
• Draft:Donald Brodkey
• Draft:Donald B. Simmons, III
• Draft:Donald C. Hambrick
• Draft:Donald "C-Note" Hooker
• Draft:Donald Curran