“Eddie Slovik”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Although over 21,000 American soldiers were given varying sentences for desertion during World War II, including forty-nine death sentences, Slovik's death sentence was the only one that was carried out.^[1]^[3]^[5]

During World War II, 1.7 million courts-martial were held, representing one third of all criminal cases tried in the United States during the same period. Most of the cases were minor, as were the sentences.^[2] Nevertheless, a clemency board, appointed by the Secretary of War in the summer of 1945, reviewed all general courts-martial where the accused was still in confinement,^[2]^[4] and remitted or reduced the sentence in 85 percent of the 27,000 serious cases reviewed.^[2] The death penalty was rarely imposed, and those cases were for rapes or murders. Slovik was the only soldier executed who had been convicted of a "purely military" offense.^[2]

Early life and education

Slovik was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1920 to a Polish-American family, the son of Anna and Josef Slowikowski.^[5]^[6] As a minor, he was a troublemaker and had contact with the police frequently. Slovik was first arrested at 12 years old when he and some friends broke into a foundry to steal brass.^[7] Between 1932 and 1937, he was arrested several times for offenses which included petty theft, breaking and entering, and disturbing the peace. In October 1937 he was sent to prison, but was paroled in September 1938. After stealing and crashing a car with two friends while drunk, he was sent back to prison in January 1939.

Career

In April 1942, Slovik was paroled once more. He then obtained a job at Montella Plumbing and Heating in Dearborn, Michigan. While working there, he met the woman who became his wife, Antoinette Wisniewski. She was working as a bookkeeper for Montella Plumbing's owner, James Montella. They married on November 7, 1942 and lived with her parents. Slovik's criminal record made him classified as morally unfit for duty in the U.S. military (4-F), but, shortly after the couple's first wedding anniversary, Slovik was reclassified as fit for duty (1-A) and subsequently drafted by the Army.

Slovik arrived at Camp Wolters in Texas for basic military training on January 24, 1944. In August, he was dispatched to join the fighting in France. Arriving on August 20, he was one of twelve replacements assigned to Company G of the 109th Infantry Regiment, U.S. 28th Infantry Division.

Desertion

While en route to his assigned unit, Slovik and Private John Tankey, a friend he met during basic training, took cover during an artillery attack and became separated from their replacement detachment. This was the point at which Slovik later stated he found he "wasn't cut out for combat." The next morning, Slovik and Tankey found a Canadian military police unit and remained with them for the next six weeks. Tankey wrote to their regiment to explain their absence before he and Slovik reported to their unit for duty on October 7, 1944. The U.S. Army's rapid advance through France in the early fall of 1944 had caused many replacement soldiers to have trouble finding their assigned units, and so no charges were filed against either soldier.

The following day, October 8, Slovik informed his company commander, Captain Ralph Grotte, that he was "too scared" to serve in a front-line rifle company and asked to be reassigned to a rear area unit. He then told Grotte that he would run away if he were assigned to a rifle unit, and asked his captain if that would constitute desertion. Grotte confirmed that it would, refused Slovik's request for reassignment, and sent him to a rifle platoon.^[8]

The next day, October 9, Slovik deserted from his unit. John Tankey caught up with him and attempted to persuade him to stay, but Slovik's only comment was that his "mind was made up". Slovik walked several miles to the rear and approached an enlisted cook at a headquarters detachment, presenting him with a note which stated:

The cook took Slovik to an MP, then his company commander, who read the note and urged Slovik to destroy it before he was taken into custody. Slovik refused. He was brought before Lieutenant Colonel Ross Henbest, who again offered him the opportunity to tear up the note, return to his unit, and face no further charges. Slovik again refused. Henbest instructed Slovik to write another note on the back of the first one stating that he fully understood the legal consequences of deliberately incriminating himself, and that it would be used as evidence against him in a court martial.

Slovik was taken into custody and confined to the division stockade. The division's judge advocate general, Lt. Col. Henry Sommer, offered Slovik a third and final opportunity to rejoin his unit in exchange for the charges against him being dropped. He also offered to transfer Slovik to a different infantry regiment in the division where no one would know of his past and he could start with a "clean slate". Slovik, still convinced that he would face only jail time (which he had already experienced and considered far more tolerable than combat) declined these offers, saying, "I've made up my mind. I'll take my court martial."

Court martial

The 28th Infantry Division was scheduled to begin an attack in the Hurtgen Forest. The coming attack was common knowledge in the unit, and casualty rates were expected to be high, as the prolonged combat in the area had been unusually grueling. The Germans were determined to hold terrain, and weather greatly reduced the usual American advantages in armor and air support. A small minority of soldiers (less than 0.5%) indicated they preferred to be imprisoned rather than remain in combat, and the rates of desertion and other crimes had begun to rise.

Slovik was charged with desertion to avoid hazardous duty and tried by court martial on November 11, 1944. Slovik had to be tried by a court martial composed of staff officers from other U.S. Army divisions, because all combat officers from the 28th Infantry Division were fighting on the front lines.^[2] The prosecutor, Captain John Green, presented witnesses to whom Slovik had stated his intention to "run away". According to his defense counsel, Captain Edward Woods, Slovik had elected not to testify. At the end of the day, the nine officers of the court found Slovik guilty and sentenced him to death. The sentence was reviewed and approved by the division commander, Major General Norman Cota. General Cota's stated attitude was "Given the situation as I knew it in November, 1944, I thought it was my duty to this country to approve that sentence. If I hadn't approved it--if I had let Slovik accomplish his purpose--I don't know how I could have gone up to the line and looked a good soldier in the face."^[2]

On December 9, Slovik wrote a letter to the Supreme Allied commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, pleading for clemency.^[10] However, desertion had become a systemic problem in France, and the surprise German offensive through the Ardennes began on December 16 with severe U.S. casualties, bypassing and surrounding many units, and straining the morale of the infantry to the greatest extent yet seen during the war.

Eisenhower confirmed the execution order on December 23, noting that it was necessary to discourage further desertions. The sentence came as a shock to Slovik, who had been expecting a dishonorable discharge and a prison term, the same punishment he had seen meted out to other deserters from the division while he was confined to the stockade. As he was an ex-convict, a dishonorable discharge would have made little further impact on his civilian life as a common laborer, and military prison terms for discipline offenses were widely expected to be commuted once the war was over.

Execution

The execution by firing squad was carried out at 10:04 a.m. on January 31, 1945, near the village of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The unrepentant Slovik said to the soldiers whose duty it was to prepare him for the firing squad before they led him to the place of execution: “They're not shooting me for deserting the United States Army, thousands of guys have done that. They just need to make an example out of somebody and I'm it because I'm an ex-con. I used to steal things when I was a kid, and that's what they are shooting me for. They're shooting me for the bread and chewing gum I stole when I was 12 years old.”

As required by military custom, Slovik's uniform was stripped of all military identifying insignia, buttons or any other accoutrements and wrapped with a GI blanket over his shoulders to protect him against the cold, he was led into the courtyard of a house chosen for the execution because of its high masonry wall to deflect errant bullets and to discourage the local French civilians from witnessing the solemn proceedings. Soldiers stood him against a six inch by six inch post. He was then strapped to the post with web belts, with one wrapped around and under his arms and hung on a spike on the back side of the post to prevent his body from slumping following the volley, and the others securing his knees and ankles. Just before a soldier placed a black hood over his head, the attending chaplain, Father Carl Patrick Cummings, said to Slovik, "Eddie, when you get up there, say a little prayer for me." Slovik replied with his last words: "Okay, Father. I'll pray that you don't follow me too soon." ^[10]

Twelve hand-picked soldiers were detailed for the firing squad from the 109th Regiment. The weapons used were standard issue M1 Garand rifles with just one round loaded in eleven rifles and one rifle loaded with a blank round.^[11] On the command of "Fire", Slovik was hit by eleven bullets, at least four of them being fatal. The wounds ranged from high in the neck region out to the left shoulder, over the left chest, and under the heart. One bullet was in the left upper arm. An Army physician quickly determined Slovik had not been immediately killed. As the firing squad's rifles were being reloaded to fire another volley, Slovik expired. He was 24 years old. The entire execution took 15 minutes.^[12]

Burial

Slovik was buried in Plot E of Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial in Fère-en-Tardenois, alongside 95 American soldiers executed for rape or murder. Their grave markers are hidden from view by shrubbery and bear sequential numbers instead of names, making it impossible to identify them individually without knowing the key. Antoinette Slovik petitioned the Army for her husband's remains and his pension until her death in 1979.^[13]

Slovik's case was taken up in 1981 by former Macomb County Commissioner Bernard V. Calka, a Polish-American World War II veteran, who continued to petition the Army to return Slovik's remains to the United States. In 1987, he persuaded President Ronald Reagan to order their return.^[14] In 1987, Calka raised $5,000 to pay for the exhumation of Slovik's remains from Row 3, Grave 65 of Plot E and their transfer to Detroit's Woodmere Cemetery, where Slovik was reburied next to his wife.^[14]

Antoinette Slovik and others petitioned seven US presidents (Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter) for a pardon, but none were granted.

Analysis

In militaries around the world, courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny.

In France during World War I from 1917 to 1918, the United States Army executed 35 of its own soldiers, but all were convicted of rape and/or unprovoked murder of civilians and not for military offenses.^[15] During World War II in all theaters of the war, the United States military executed 102 of its own soldiers for rape and/or unprovoked murder of civilians, but only Slovik was executed for the military offense of desertion.^[2]^[16]

Colonel Robert C. Bard of the judge advocate general's office noted that of the 2,864 army personnel tried for desertion for the period January 1942 through June 1948, 49 were convicted and sentenced to death, with 48 of those sentences commuted by higher authority. One of the members of the tribunal came to believe that Slovik's execution was an injustice in light of all the circumstances, and was an example of disparate treatment from a flawed process.^[9]

In popular culture

In 1960, Frank Sinatra announced his plan to produce a movie titled The Execution of Private Slovik, to be written by blacklisted Hollywood 10 screenwriter Albert Maltz. This announcement provoked great outrage, and Sinatra was accused of being a Communist sympathizer. As Sinatra was campaigning for John F. Kennedy for President, the Kennedy camp became concerned, and ultimately persuaded Sinatra to cancel the project.^[17]

However, Slovik's execution was the basis for a 1954 book by William Bradford Huie. In 1974, the book was adapted for a TV movie starring Martin Sheen and also called The Execution of Private Slovik. The military service record of Slovik, which is now a public archival record available from the Military Personnel Records Center, provides a detailed account of the actual execution of Slovik which took place in 1945 and it was upon this that most of the film was based. Some dramatic license occurs, including during the execution. There is no evidence, for example, that the priest attending Slovik's execution shouted "Give it another volley if you like it so much" after the doctor indicated Slovik was still alive.^[18]

The 1963 war film The Victors includes a scene featuring the execution of a deserter that closely resembles Slovik's desertion and execution.^[19]

Kurt Vonnegut mentions Slovik's execution in his novel Slaughterhouse-Five. Vonnegut also wrote a companion libretto to Igor Stravinsky's L'Histoire du soldat (A Soldier's Tale), which tells Slovik's story.

Slovik also appears in Nick Arvin's 2005 novel Articles of War, in which the fictional protagonist, Private George (Heck) Tilson, is one of the members of Slovik's firing squad.

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=103 |last1=Simmons |first1=Zena |date=August 25, 1999 |title=The Execution of Pvt. Eddie Slovik |newspaper=The Detroit News |accessdate=April 18, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite book |url=http://warchronicle.com/MilitaryJustice/historiantales/ExecutionPvtSlovik.htm |title=The Execution of Private Slovik |journal=The Army Lawyer: A History of the Judge Advocate General's Corps, 1775-1975 (reprint of the US Army Edition) |place=Honolulu |publisher=University Press of the Pacific |isbn=978-0-89941-845-2 |accessdate=April 20, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725214525/http://warchronicle.com/MilitaryJustice/historiantales/ExecutionPvtSlovik.htm |archivedate=July 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/01/31/1945-private-eddie-slovik-desertion/ |author=ExecutedToday.com |title=1945: Private Eddie Slovik, the last American shot for desertion |publisher=executedtoday.com|date=January 31, 2009 |accessdate=October 6, 2012}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19451228&id=9kUaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MCMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4558,4602232|title=Courts of Appeal, Army Style|date=December 23, 1945|accessdate=April 20, 2011|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal}}
5. ^Huie, William Bradford. "The Execution of Private Slovik". City: Westholme Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1-59416-003-1}}
6. ^{{cite journal|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600896|title=Slovik, Eddie : American National Biography Online - oi|volume=1|publisher=|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600896|year=2013|last1=Lach|first1=Jr}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.28-110-k.org/sad_story_of_private_eddie_slovi.html |title=The Sad Story of Private Eddie Slovik |author=Ent, Uzal W |accessdate=July 13, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107011405/http://www.28-110-k.org/sad_story_of_private_eddie_slovi.html |archivedate=January 7, 2010 }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitpolonia.org/articles/eslovik.htm|title=Pvt. Eddie D. Slovik|date=November 1, 2007|publisher=West Side Detroit Polish American Historical Society|accessdate=October 25, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027054007/http://detroitpolonia.org/articles/eslovik.htm|archivedate=October 27, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
9. ^¹²{{cite journal |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/node/55767 |journal=American Heritage Magazine |date=September–October 1987 |volume=38 |issue=6 |title=The Example Of Private Slovik |first1=Benedict B. |last1=Kimmelman |accessdate=October 5, 2012}}
10. ^¹{{cite web|last1=Gibbons-Neff|first1=Thomas|title=Why Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl will never face an Army firing squad|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/12/16/why-sgt-bowe-bergdahl-will-never-face-an-army-firing-squad/|newspaper=The Washington Post, washingtonpost.com|accessdate=December 17, 2015}}
11. ^Huie, page 141.
12. ^{{cite book|last=Huie|first=William|title=The Execution of Private Slovik|year=1954|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|location=Boston|isbn=978-1594160035}}
13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/08/archives/antoinette-slovik-widow-of-a-gi-shot-by-army-for-desertion-in-1945.html|title=Antoinette Slovik, Widow of a G.I. Shot by Army for Desertion in 1945|last=Fraser|first=C. Gerald|date=1979-09-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-12|edition= New York |page=36|issn=0362-4331}}
14. ^¹{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GkgVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5161,2687679&dq=calka+slovik+president |title=Body of executed soldier interred next to his wife |date=July 12, 1987 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=April 21, 2011}}
15. ^{{cite book|last=Drimmer |first=Frederick |authorlink=Frederick Drimmer |title=Until You Are Dead: The Book of Executions in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8LyAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=October 20, 2010 |date=July 1, 1992 |publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation |page=378 |quote=According to United States Army records, thirty-five soldiers were executed for murder, mutiny, and rape in World War I. |authormask= |trans-title=|origyear= |oclc= |doi= |bibcode= |id= |laysummary= |laydate=}}
16. ^{{cite book |title=The Good Soldier on Trial: A Sociological Study of Misconduct by the US Military Pertaining to Operation Iron Triangle, Iraq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5e79VIm5DgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |last=Mestrovic |first=Stjepan G |publisher=Algora Publishing |page=53 |year=2009 |accessdate=July 6, 2013 |isbn= 978-0-87586-741-0}}
17. ^{{cite book |title=His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra |first1=Kitty |last1=Kelley |location=New York |publisher=Bantam Books |pages=296–301 |isbn=978-0-553-26515-6|year=1987 }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071477/trivia?tab=qt&ref_=tt_trv_qu|title=The Execution of Private Slovik|date=March 13, 1974|publisher=|via=IMDB}}
19. ^{{cite news|last1=Crowther|first1=Bosley|authorlink1=Bosley Crowther|title=Screen: The Grim Message of War:Foreman's 'The Victors' at Two Theaters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501E6DA1F30EF3BBC4851DFB4678388679EDE|website=New York Times|publisher=nytimes.com|accessdate=May 15, 2017|date=December 20, 1963}}