| 词条 | Eleanor Rosch |
| 释义 |
|name = Eleanor H. Rosch, Ph.D. |birth_name = Eleanor Rosch |birth_date = 1938 |image = Eleanor Rosch.jpg |caption = |fields = cognitive science, psychology, philosophy |alma_mater = Harvard (Ph.D.) |institutions = University of California, Berkeley }} Eleanor Rosch (once known as Eleanor Rosch Heider;[1] born 1938[2]) is a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley,[3] specializing in cognitive psychology and primarily known for her work on categorization, in particular her prototype theory, which has profoundly influenced the field of cognitive psychology. Throughout her work Rosch has conducted extensive research focusing on a range of topics, including semantic categorization, mental representation of concepts, and linguistics.[4] Her research interests include cognition, concepts, causality, thinking, memory, and cross-cultural, Eastern, and religious psychology. Her more recent work in the psychology of religion has sought to show the implications of Buddhism and contemplative aspects of Western religions for modern psychology. Early life and educationRosch was born in New York City, the daughter of an English teacher from England and a mother who was a Russian refugee.[5] She completed an undergraduate philosophy thesis at Reed College on Wittgenstein, whom she said "cured her of studying philosophy."{{cn|date=January 2019}} After school, she served as a social worker in Portland for several years, returning later to Harvard to study clinical psychology at the then-Department of Social Relations. Rosch delivered a paradigm-changing[6] doctoral thesis at Harvard about category formation. ResearchFrom field experiments Rosch conducted (alongside her then-husband Karl Heider) in the 1970s with the Dani people of Papua New Guinea, she concluded that when categorizing an everyday object or experience, people rely less on abstract definitions of categories than on a comparison of the given object or experience with what they deem to be the object or experience best representing a category ("prototype").{{cn|date=January 2019}} Although the Dani lack words for all the English colors (their language contained only two color terms dividing all colors into either the "light, bright" category or the "dark, cool" category), Rosch showed that they could still categorize objects by colors for which they had no words. She argued that basic objects have a psychological import that transcends cultural differences and shapes how such objects are mentally represented. She concluded that people in different cultures tend to categorize objects by using prototypes, although the prototypes of particular categories may vary.[1] Rosch contributed to multiple scholarly works of taxonomic analysis of objects based on these prototype ("chair") and subordinate terms ("tall black leather chair"). She inferred that overuse of subordinate terms could be attributed to the attitude of snobbery and elitism.[7] Her work has been often referenced by that of computer vision and deep learning research Aude Oliva, who has built upon Rosch's object classifications to teach computers to recognize basic scenes instantly interpreted by humans.{{cn|date=January 2019}} PublicationsBooks
Book chapters
PapersCategorization and prototype theory
Psychology of religion
Awards and recognitionRosch is a Fellow of the Cognitive Science Society.[8] She has mediated several discussions with the Dalai Lama. See also
References1. ^1 "Natural Categories", Cognitive Psychology, Vol.4, No.3, (May 1973), p. 328. 2. ^Eleanor Rosch - School of Information Science - Hall of Fame 3. ^[https://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/eleanor-rosch Eleanor Rosch, MIT Press website] 4. ^{{cite journal|last=Rosch|first=Eleanor|title=Cognitive representations of Semantic Categories|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: General|date=September 1975|volume=104|issue=3|pages=192–233|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.192}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwp.jku.at/born/mpwfst/02/www.dialogonleadership.org/Roschx1999.html|title=Dialog on Leadership: Professor Eleanor Rosch Interview|website=www.iwp.jku.at|access-date=2018-11-13}} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Levitin |first=Daniel |date=2006 |title=This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession |url={{Google books|_B3CEBJhhBQC|page=87|plainurl=yes}} |location=New York |publisher=Dutton |page=141 |isbn=9780525949695 |access-date=2015-08-13 }} 7. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Cognition and Categorization|last=Rosch|first=Eleanor|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum|year=1978|isbn=|location=Hillsdale, NJ|pages=1–25}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/fellows/|title=Fellows {{!}} Cognitive Science Society|website=www.cognitivesciencesociety.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-13}} External links
10 : American psychologists|American women psychologists|Cognitive scientists|Women cognitive scientists|Cognitive psychologists|Reed College alumni|University of California, Berkeley faculty|1938 births|Living people|Harvard University alumni |
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