| 词条 | Elihu Burritt |
| 释义 |
Elihu Burritt (December 8, 1810 – March 6, 1879) was an American diplomat, philanthropist and social activist.[1] He was a prolific lecturer, journalist and writer, who traveled widely in the USA and Europe. Early lifeElihu Burritt was born December 8, 1810, in New Britain, Connecticut. He was a descendant of William and Elizabeth Burritt from Stratford, Connecticut.[2] He first worked as a blacksmith. As an adult he was active as a lecturer in many causes, opposing slavery, working for temperance, and trying to achieve world peace.[3] In the early 1840s Burritt began to tour New England, speaking against war and promoting brotherhood.[4] His sobriquet "Learned Blacksmith" arose from a period when he earned a living as a blacksmith in Worcester, Massachusetts.[5] He founded a weekly paper, the Christian Citizen, in Worcester in 1844.[3] By this time, Burritt had emerged at the head of a group of radical pacifists within the American Peace Society, and took on George Cone Beckwith, who supported a gradualist attitude on multiple fronts. There was a confrontation in 1845. Burritt was given the chance to take over as editor of The Advocate of Peace, the organ of the American Peace Society, but Beckwith employed delaying tactics. When Burritt came into post at the beginning of 1846, he renamed the publication as The Advocate of Peace and Universal Brotherhood. But when Beckwith had mustered enough support, in May, the decision was reversed. The infighting cost the Society its President, Samuel Elliott Coues, who resigned.[3][6] Move to EnglandIn the summer of 1846, the disillusioned Burritt left the cautious Beckwith, and went to England. He stayed initially with Joseph Sturge. Setting off in July on a walking tour, he went to Worcester, the namesake town, to speak.[3][7] He travelled widely around a new home in Harborne, then a rural village, largely on foot.[8] He was sympathetic to the industrial and political culture of Birmingham, and became a friend of many of its leading citizens, so that what he wrote about it was largely positive.[3] During his time in Birmingham he lived in a house which he named New Britain Villas. It was later home to Edward Chitham, who also wrote a book on the Black Country.[9] Burritt was actively involved the local community, taking part in the committee for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Church, Harborne. During a trip abroad in 1846–47, Burritt was touched by the suffering of the Irish peasantry.[1] League of Universal BrotherhoodBurritt founded the peace organisation the League of Universal Brotherhood in 1846.[1] He launched it at Pershore, and it was supported by Sturge, James Silk Buckingham, and John Jefferson of the London Peace Society. The Quaker Edmund Fry (1811–1866) became its Secretary, and Charles Gilpin a supporter. Burritt edited the monthly Bond of Brotherhood, from London.[7] "The peace movement", as an umbrella term that included supporters of William Lloyd Garrison and the "moral force" Chartists, as well as the League and Peace Society radicals, was popularised by Burritt from 1847.[10] Burritt organized the first international congress of the Friends of Peace, which convened in Brussels in September 1848.[1] The League was shortly an international movement, but its British branch became part of the London Peace Society in 1857. It influenced the later work in the United Kingdom of Priscilla Peckover.[11] A second "Peace Congress" met in Paris in 1849, presided over by Victor Hugo. Burritt attended the "Peace Congresses" at Frankfurt in 1850, London in 1851, Manchester in 1852 and Edinburgh in 1853. The outbreak of the Crimean War and then the American Civil War jolted his views. Later lifeBurritt's first stay in Britain ended in 1853. He returned to New England, taking an interest in farming and agricultural methods.[3] Burritt advocated that Britain, which introduced the Uniform Penny Post in 1840, should introduce an international "ocean penny post" and reduce the cost from one shilling (12 pence) to threepence. He argued this would increase international correspondence, trade, and hence universal brotherhood. He urged the use of illustrated propaganda envelopes. Postal rates were gradually reduced, but his objective was not entirely achieved in his lifetime. In 1856–7 Burritt spent much time on abolitionist lecturing in the USA. He was promoting his version of "compensated emancipation".[12] Burritt was appointed United States consul in Birmingham, England by Abraham Lincoln in 1864. When Ulysses S. Grant was elected in 1868, he was not reappointed to the post.[3] He died on March 6, 1879 in New Britain, Connecticut. WorksBurritt published at least 37 books and articles. They included:
LegacyEach August the Town of New Marlborough, Massachusetts hosts an annual crafts and community fair in honor of Elihu Burritt. Burritt resided in the Berkshire County Town in 1830. He is one of several blacksmiths who may have inspired the poem "The Village Blacksmith" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.[15] Burritt College, which operated in Spencer, Tennessee, from 1848 to 1939, was named in his honor.[16]The library at the Central Connecticut State University in New Britain, CT is named in his honor - The Elihu Burritt Library See also
References1. ^1 2 3 Arthur Weinberg and Lila Shaffer Weinberg. Instead of Violence: Writings by the great advocates of peace and nonviolence throughout history.New York,Grossman Publishers, 1963.(p. 340-45). 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.genealogycentral.net/index_files/Page608.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-03-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704083418/http://www.genealogycentral.net/index_files/Page608.html |archivedate=2012-07-04 |df= }} Genealogy Central 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite ODNB|last=Marsh|first=Peter T.|title=Burritt, Elihu (1810–1879)|id=10513|accessdate=22 November 2011}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Beard|first=Elihu Burritt|title=A Diary for 1849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QBNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10|accessdate=9 April 2018|date=2018-02-20|publisher=PBS Publications|isbn=9781545721803|page=10}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Janis|first=Mark W.|title=America and the Law of Nations 1776–1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSmkaK1K6-cC&pg=PA86|accessdate=9 April 2018|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199579341|page=86}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=van der Linden|first=Wilhelmus Hubertus|title=The International Peace Movement, 1815–1874|year=1987|publisher=Tilleul Publications|isbn=9789080013414|pages=197–9}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|last=Brock|first=Peter|title=Pacifism in Europe to 1914|date=2015-03-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400867493|pages=398–9}} 8. ^{{cite news|first=Gordon|last=Chapman|title='Ackle' – a word causing some hassle!|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/145Ackle146-a-word-causing-some-hassle-2.htm|archive-url=https://archive.is/20131123065516/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/145Ackle146-a-word-causing-some-hassle-2.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=23 November 2013|newspaper=Black Country Bugle|publisher=Staffordshire Newspapers|date=23 February 2006|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 9. ^E. Chitham, The Black Country Amberley Publishing, {{ISBN|1848684525}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Ceadel|first=Martin|title=The Origins of War Prevention: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730-1854|year=1996|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=9780198226741|pages=335–6}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Brock|first=Peter|title=Pacifism in Europe to 1914|date=2015-03-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400867493|page=400}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Hinks|first=Peter P.|title=Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7b_trbfXugC&pg=PA142|accessdate=9 April 2018|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313331435|page=142}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.smabs.co.uk/projects/blkcoun/mappingtheblackcountry.pdf|title=Mapping The Black Country|accessdate=22 November 2013|last=Mugridge|first=Stuart|year=2007}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bclm.co.uk/media/pages/library/Press_pack.pdf|title=Press Pack|accessdate=23 November 2013|format=pdf|publisher=Black Country Living Museum|page=3}} 15. ^Della Valle, Paul. Massachusetts Trobulemakers: Rebels, Reformers, and Radicals from the Bay State. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2009: 140. {{ISBN|978-0-7627-4850-1}} 16. ^Francis Marion West, ‘’Pioneer of the Cumberlands: A History of Burritt College’’ (master’s thesis, Tennessee Technological University, 1969). Accessed at ‘’Restoration History’’ website, 4 March 2015. External links{{Wikisource1911Enc|Burritt, Elihu|Elihu Burritt}}
14 : 1811 births|1879 deaths|American pacifists|American pamphlet writers|American philanthropists|American political writers|American male non-fiction writers|19th-century American writers|American consuls|19th-century American diplomats|Writers from New Britain, Connecticut|19th-century American male writers|People from Birmingham, West Midlands|19th-century philanthropists |
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