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词条 Action of 28 September 1644
释义

  1. The battle

  2. Repercussions

  3. Ships involved

     Knights of Malta  Ottomans 

  4. References

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Action of 28 September 1644
|partof=
|image=Pugna Nautica inter Melitenses, et Turcos, in Mari Mediteraneo (1707, original).png
|image_size = 300px
|caption=A 1707 engraving from the Theatrum Europaeum of the naval battle between Maltese and Ottoman ships
|date=28 September 1644
|place=about {{convert|70|mi|km}} from Rhodes
|result=Knights' victory, pretext for the Ottoman invasion of Crete
|combatant1={{flagicon|SMOM}} Order of Saint John
|combatant2={{flag|Ottoman Empire|1453}}
|commander1= Boisbaudran {{KIA}}
|commander2=
|strength1= 6 galleys[1]
|strength2= 10 ships[2]
|casualties1= 9 knights and

116 men killed[3]


|casualties2= 220 killed [4]

380 persons were captured[5]

1 galleon lost[6]


}}

The Action of 28 September 1644 refers to a battle that took place on 28 September 1644 about {{convert|70|mi|km}} from Rhodes, when six Maltese galleys under Boisbaudran attacked an Ottoman convoy of sailing ships.

The battle

The Maltese San Lorenzo, Santa Maria and Vittoria overhauled and attacked a Turkish galleon, while San Giuseppe and San Giovanni captured a smaller sailing ship and the "capitana" chased a vessel which turned out to be Greek, before returning to fight the galleon. After 7 hours, she was captured, with 220 of the 600 or more on board dead. Boisbaudran was killed, and the senior captain, Cotoner, of the San Lorenzo, took over command. Maltese casualties were 82 killed and 170 wounded, apart from their rowers. On the voyage home, there were several storms, and eventually the galleon was abandoned near Malta, and ended up wrecked on the Calabrian coast.

Repercussions

The Turkish convoy had been heading from Constantinople to Alexandria, and carried a number of pilgrims bound for Mecca, the exiled former Chief Black Eunuch, Sünbül Agha, as well as a woman, originally considered by her captors to be one of the wives of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrahim I, and her young son, who was therefore thought to be an heir to the Ottoman throne. This was eventually disputed, and many historians believe that she was a wife and/or a slave of Sünbül Agha and a former nurse of Mehmet IV.[7] Some history books say that her name was Zafira, and that her son, named Osman, was born on January 2, 1642 - almost three months earlier than Mehmet IV (making Osman the eldest son of Ibrahim I and the true heir to the throne).[8][9] Citizens of Manfredonia, Italy, believe that she was in fact a sultana – originally a girl by the name of Giacometta Beccarino, who was kidnapped from Manfredonia by Turks in 1620.[10] (This practice was quite common among Ottoman rulers of the era; for example, the mother, the grandmother, the great-grandmother, and the first three wives of Ibrahim I were all of non-Turkish origin and were all sold to the harems of their respective husbands as slaves. However, unlike Giacometta Beccarino, they were typically sold to the harem at the age of 12 to 16 and would give birth to their first child by 17.)

On the voyage home, the Maltese vessel carrying the loot stopped at Crete, then a Venetian dominion, where it took on board supplies and unloaded part of the treasure there. The Ottomans, already enraged at the loss of the ships, considered this act a breach of Venetian neutrality, and soon declared war on the Republic.

The capture of "Sultan's wife and son" was widely publicized throughout Europe. Sünbül Agha was killed in the battle, and the woman reportedly died of stress or fright during the battle or soon thereafter (some sources give her date of death as January 6, 1646). The boy was raised on Malta for several years and eventually sent to a monastery, where he became known as "Father Ottoman" or "Padre Ottomano".

Ships involved

Knights of Malta

  • "Capitana" of Boisbaudran.
  • San Lorenzo.
  • Santa Maria.
  • Vittoria.
  • San Giuseppe.
  • San Giovanni.

Ottomans

  • A galleon – captured, and later wrecked.
  • A smaller ship – captured.
  • Several other ships.

References

{{commonscat|Action of 28 September 1644}}
  • Naval wars in the Levant 1559–1853 – R. C. Anderson {{ISBN|1-57898-538-2}}
1. ^The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta, Dennis Angelo Castillo, page 89, 2006
2. ^The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta, Dennis Angelo Castillo, page 89, 2006
3. ^The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta, Dennis Angelo Castillo, page 89, 2006
4. ^The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta, Dennis Angelo Castillo, page 89, 2006
5. ^The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta, Dennis Angelo Castillo, page 89, 2006
6. ^The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta, Dennis Angelo Castillo, page 89, 2006
7. ^The history of the Turkish, or Ottoman Empire, from its foundation in 1300, to the peace of Belgrade in 1740, volume 3, Vincent Mignot, A. Hawkins, 1787. p. 97
8. ^Troisième et dernière Encyclopédie théologique, Volume 59, Jacques-Paul Migne, 1863, p. 1029
9. ^Le grand dictionnaire historique ou le mélange curieux de l'histoire sacrée et profane, Louis Moreri, 1725, p.718
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.manfredonia.fg.it/news_long.php?Rif=941|title=Non è Giacometta|language=Italian}}
{{coord missing|Mediterranean}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Action Of 28 September 1644}}

5 : Conflicts in 1644|1640s in Greece|1640s in the Ottoman Empire|Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire|Naval battles involving the Knights Hospitaller

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