| 词条 | Rūḥ |
| 释义 |
In Islam, especially Sufism, rūḥ ({{lang-ar|روح}}; plural arwah) is a person's immortal, essential self — pneuma, i.e. the "spirit" or "soul".[1][2] The Quran itself does not describe rūḥ as the immortal self.[3] Nevertheless, in some contexts, it animates inanimate matter.[4] Further, it appears to be a metaphorical being, such as an angel.[5] In one instance, rūḥ refers to Jesus.[6]Further, the Quran refers to rūḥ as Ruh al-qudus ({{lang-ar|روح القدس}}, "the holy spirit" or "spirit of holiness") and al-ruh al-amin ("the faithful/trustworthy spirit"). Outside the Quran, rūḥ may also refer to a spirit that roams the earth; a ghost.[7] Among the al-Laṭaʾif as-sitta ({{lang-ar|اللطائف الستة|links=no}}) it is the third purity. Ruh al-qudusRuh al-qudus ({{lang-ar|روح القدس}}, "the holy spirit" or "spirit of holiness"), al-ruh al-amin ("the faithful/trustworthy spirit"), and ruh (spirit) are Quranic expressions that describe a source or means of prophetic revelations, commonly identified with the angel Gabriel.[8][9][10] Quranic commentators disagreed in their identification of Gabriel with various uses of the word ruh.[10][12]The Arabic phrase "al-Qudus" ({{lang|ar|القدس}}) translates into English as "the Holy One" or "the Exalted One". "Al-Quddūs" is one of the 99 Names of God in Islam.[9] In QuranThe phrase ruh al-qudus, commonly translated as the "holy spirit" or the "spirit of holiness", occurs four times in the Quran,[10] in sura 2 (Al-Baqara) ayat 87,[11] sura 2 (Al-Baqara) ayat 253,[12] sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida) ayat 110,[13] and sura 16 (An-Nahl) ayat 102.[14] In three instances, it is described as the means by which God "strengthened" Jesus, and in the fourth it is identified as the one brought down God's truth to his prophet.[10] Muslim commentators commonly connected this expression with the "faithful/trustworthy sprit" (al-ruh al-amin) who is said to have brought down the Quran in verse {{cite quran|26|193|s=ns|b=n}}, and identified with Gabriel.[15][10] Other Muslim commentators viewed it as identical with the created spirit described in other Quranic verses as the means by which God brought Adam to life (e.g., {{cite quran|15|29|s=ns|b=n}}), made Mary conceive Jesus {{cite quran|21|91|s=ns|b=n}} and inspired angels and prophets (e.g., {{cite quran|17|85|s=ns|b=n}}).[10] The spirit who together with "the angels" descends and ascends to God ({{cite quran|16|2|s=ns|b=n}}, {{cite quran|70|4|s=ns|b=n}}, {{cite quran|97|4|s=ns|b=n}}) was also identified with Gabriel in Quranic commentaries. Thus, the figure of Gabriel became a focus of theological reflection on the content of revelation and the nature of cognition itself, with distinctions articulated between reason, prophetic revelation, and mystical knowledge.[16] In Shia IslamIn Shia Islam ruh is described as "a creature (khalq) of God larger than Gabriel or Michael", who was sent to inform and guide Muhammad and is now with the Imams. In some Shia traditions, ruh al-qudus (spirit of holiness) is one of the five spirits possessed by the Imam. Unlike the other four spirits, it is always vigilant and available to inform the Imam on any issue. There is disagreement on whether ruh is an angel.[17] As interpreted to refer to the Archangel GabrielThe term Ruh al-Qudus also applies to the Archangel Gabriel (referred to as Jibral, Jibrīl, Jibrael, 'Džibril, Jabrilæ, Cebrail[18] or Jibrail (جبريل, جبرائيل, {{IPA-ar|dʒibræːʔiːl|}}, {{IPA|[dʒibrɛ̈ʔiːl]}}, or {{IPA|[dʒibriːl]}}),[19][20] who is related as the Angel of revelation and was assigned by God to reveal the Qur'an to the prophet Muhammad and who delivered the Annunciation to Mary.[19] In the two suras in which the Qur'an refers to the angel Gabriel, it does so by name.[21] However, some hadith and parts of the Qur'an may arguably lend support to the alternative view. It appears to be indicated by the Quran in sura Maryam ayat 16–21, that it was the angel Gabriel who gave to Mary the tidings that she was to have a son as a virgin:
It is narrated in hadith that the angel Gabriel accompanied Muhammad during the Mi'raj, an ascension to the heavens in which Muhammad is said to have met other messengers of God and was instructed about the manner of Islamic prayer (sujud). (Bukhari {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|1|8|345}}.) It is also held by Muslims that the angel Gabriel descends to Earth on the night of Laylat al-Qadr ("The Night of Fate"), a night in the last ten days of the holy month of Ramadan (Islamic calendar) which is said to be the night on which the Qur'an was first revealed.[22] As soulGod is believed to endow humans with rūḥ and nafs ({{lang|ar|نَفْس|links=no}}, psyche, i.e. ego or "(inner) soul"). The rūḥ "drives" the nafs, which comprises temporal desires and sensory perceptions.[1] The nafs can assume control of the body if the rūḥ surrenders to bodily urges.[1] The nafs is subject to bodily desire, whereas the rūḥ is a person's immaterial essence, beyond the emotions and instincts shared by humans and other animals; rūḥ makes the body alive.[23] Some arwah (pl. spirits) dwell in the seventh heaven. Unlike the angels, they are supposed to eat and drink. An angel called Ar-Rūḥ (the spirit) is responsible for them.[24]Lataif-e-sitta{{refimprove|section|date=July 2017}}{{context|section|date=July 2017}}To attend Tajalli ar-rūḥ, the Salik needs to achieve the following 13.
See also{{Portal|Islam|Sufism}}
References1. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Sultan |title=Islam In Perspective |chapter=Nafs: What Is it? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxT_3zlWc-UC&pg=PA180 |edition=revised |publisher=Author House |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4490-3993-6 |page=180 |via=Google Books |access-date=2017-07-15}} 2. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Carmona |editor-first=Alfonso |last=Bedir |first=Murteza |year=2006 |title=El Sufismo y las normas del Islam—Trabajos del IV Congreso Internacional de Estudios Jurídicos Islámicos: Derecho y Sufismo |chapter=Interplay of Sufism, Law, Theology and Philosophy: A non-Sufi Mystic of 4th–5th/10–11th Centuries |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W8a2UbniY8C&pg=PA262 |pages=262–3 |isbn=84-7564-323-X |oclc=70767145 |access-date=2017-07-15 |via=Google Books}} 3. ^Jane I. Smith, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection State University of New York Press 1981 {{ISBN|9780873955072}} p. 18 4. ^Joseph Lowry, Shawkat Toorawa Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson BRILL 2017 {{ISBN|9789004343290}} p. 7 5. ^Joseph Lowry, Shawkat Toorawa Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson BRILL 2017 {{ISBN|9789004343290}} p. 7 6. ^Joseph Lowry, Shawkat Toorawa Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson BRILL 2017 {{ISBN|9789004343290}} p. 7 7. ^{{cite book |first=Gerda |last=Sengers |title=Women and Demons: Cultic Healing in Islamic Egypt |publisher=BRILL |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12771-5 |oclc=50713550 |page=50}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Ebstein|title=Mysticism and Philosophy in al-Andalus: Ibn Masarra, Ibn al-ʿArabī and the Ismāʿīlī Tradition|publisher=BRILL|year=2013|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=099eAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36e}} {{ISBN|978-9-004-25537-1}} 9. ^{{cite quran|59|23|s=ns}}, {{cite quran|62|1|s=ns}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Sidney H. Griffith | year= 2006 | title=Holy Spirit|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=2|pages=442-444}} 11. ^{{cite quran|2|87|s=ns}} 12. ^{{cite quran|2|253|s=ns}} 13. ^{{cite quran|5|110|s=ns}} 14. ^{{cite quran|16|102|s=ns}} 15. ^1 {{Cite encyclopedia|author=J. Petersen| year=1991| title=D̲j̲abrāʾīl|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editors=P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|volume=2|pages=362-364}} 16. ^{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Gisela Webb | year= 2006 | title=Gabriel|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=2|pages=278-279}} 17. ^1 {{cite book|author=Said Amir Arjomand|title=Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQg2oLkYFrUC&pg=PA26|page=26}} {{ISBN|978-0-887-06638-2}} 18. ^Tözün Issa Alevis in Europe: Voices of Migration, Culture and Identity Routledge 2016 {{ISBN|978-1-317-18265-8}} 19. ^1 What is meant by the Holy Spirit in the Qur'an? Islam Awareness 20. ^http://islam-qa.com/en/ref/14403/Gabriel%20spirit 21. ^{{cite quran|2|97–98|s=ns}}, {{cite quran|66|4|s=ns}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alquran-english.com/97-al-qadr/|title= English Translations of Al-Quran - 3 English Translations of Al-Quran & 1 Commentary of each Surah (97. Al Qadr)|publisher=alquran-english.com |date= |accessdate=27 October 2011}} 23. ^{{cite book |first=Anna-Teresa |last=Tymieniecka |title=Reason, Spirit and the Sacral in the New Enlightenment: Islamic Metaphysics Revived and Recent Phenomenology of Life |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-481-9612-8 |oclc=840883714 |page=75}} 24. ^Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-136-50473-0}} p. 276 25. ^Translated from the Persian book Shahid ul Wojood 6 : Arabic words and phrases|Holy Spirit|Islamic legendary creatures|Islamic terminology|Islamic belief and doctrine|Sufi philosophy |
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